wisconsin vegetable entomology insect pest management...

Wisconsin Vegetable Entomology Insect Pest Management Research

Summer Field Trials 2017

Dr. Russell L. Groves Professor, Entomology

Scott A. Chapman

Ben Z. Bradford

Justin R. Clements

Linda K. Crubaugh

Emily J. Duerr

University of Wisconsin, Madison

Department of Entomology 537 Russell Labs

1630 Linden Drive Madison, WI 53706

Office: (608) 262-3229 [email protected]

www.entomology.wisc.edu/vegento

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/vegento

i

Acknowledgements

Principle Investigators:

• Russell L. Groves and Scott A. Chapman

Additional Foliar PVY Management Principle Investigators:

• Steve Zimmerman – Langlade County Agricultural Extension Agent • Alex Crockford, Dianna Kessler, Kevin Bula, Jolene Spurgeon, James Meyer, Clover Spacek,

Abigail Kutzke – Wisconsin Seed Certification Program, Antigo, WI

We thank the following organizations and representatives for their financial support of this research:

• Arysta – Jan Angel • BASF – Vince Davis • Bayer CropScience – George Simkins • Certis USA – Greg Rogers • DuPont – Keith Diedrick • Marrone Bio Innovations – Brian Mueller • Syngenta Crop Protection – Tim Trower, Tony Burd • Valent – Carlos Granadino • Vestaron – Don Lester

We thank James Steffel, Randy Van Haren, Linda Kotolski, and Pest Pros Inc. for their help conducting some of the laboratory analyses required of these projects.

We thank the following University of Wisconsin faculty and staff for contributing valuable time and expertise to these projects:

• Paul Bethke, Jed Colquhoun – Department of Horticulture • Amy Charkowski and Amanda Gevens – Department of Plant Pathology • Matthew Ruark – Department of Soil Science

We thank the following students for their help implementing and evaluating the projects this summer:

• Anthony Rittmeyer, Caitlyn Emrick, Cody Chadwick, Nicole Philipps

We thank the following people for providing land and resources for this research:

• Don Caine, Brian Flood – Del Monte Foods, Plover, WI • John Bobeck – Trembling Prairie Farms, Kingston, WI • Mike Copas, William Wysocki – Russet Potato Exchange, Bancroft, WI • Paul Miller – Miller Farms, Hancock, WI • Richard and Roderick Gumz – Gumz Muck Farms, Endeavor, WI

Finally, we thank the staff at the Arlington, Hancock, and Langlade Agricultural Research Stations for helping maintain the projects and assisting in the evaluation of research results.

Thank you

ii

Table of Contents

Potatoes

1) Evaluation of several registered insecticides for the control of first generation Colorado potato beetles and other damaging insects in commercial potato production 1ii Foliar. Colorado potato beetle, potato leafhopper, aphids. (Hancock, WI)

2) Demonstration of several full-season Colorado potato beetle management programs that reduce the risk of insecticide resistance development 21 Systemic, Foliar. Colorado potato beetle, potato leafhopper, aphids. (Hancock, WI)

3) Evaluation of several full-season insecticide, fungicide, and soil enhancement programs in commercial potato production 41 Systemic, Foliar. Colorado potato beetle, potato leafhopper, aphids. (Hancock, WI)

4) Evaluation of registered and experimental foliar compounds for the control of potato aphid in commercial potato production 58 Foliar. Potato aphid. (Arlington, WI)

5) Evaluation of a new experimental foliar compound to control the spread of Potato Virus Y in seed potato production 64 Foliar. Potato Virus Y. (Antigo, WI)

Carrot

6) Evaluation of an experimental seed treatment for the prevention of Aster Yellows 68 Systemic. Aster leafhopper, Aster Yellows Phytoplasma. (Hancock, WI)

Cabbage

7) Evaluation of several foliar insecticides for the control of lepidopteran pests in cabbage 76 Foliar. Imported cabbageworm, cabbage looper, diamondback moth. (Arlington, WI)

Snap Bean

8) Evaluation of at-plant insecticides for the control of seedcorn maggot 81 Systemic. Seedcorn maggot. (Arlington, WI)

9) Evaluation of foliar insecticides for the control of European corn borer in snap bean 85 Foliar. European corn borer. (Plover, WI)

1

1. Potato / HARS / CPB Foliar Trial Evaluation of several foliar insecticides for the control of first generation Colorado Potato Beetles in potato

Hancock Agricultural Research Station Hancock, Wisconsin, USA 44.114762ºN, -89.534251ºW

Crop: Potato, Solanum tuberosum, cv. ‘Russet Burbank’ Treatments: 17 foliar treatment programs, one untreated control Targets:

1. Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) 2. Potato Leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) 3. Potato Aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) and other colonizing aphid species on potato

Purpose This trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of several registered foliar insecticides in potato

for the control of damaging insect pests in the early part of the growing season.

Materials and Methods Site. This experiment was conducted at Hancock Agricultural Research Station (HARS) located 1.1

miles southwest of Hancock, Wisconsin, USA (44.114762ºN, -89.534251ºW) on a loamy sand soil (‘Plainfield Sand’) in 2017.

Experimental Design. Plots consisting of four replicates of one control and 17 treatment conditions were arranged in a randomized complete block (see treatment detail, Table 1). Potato, Solanum tuberosum cv. ‘Yukon Gold’, seed pieces were machine planted on April 17. A commercial potato planter was used to cut furrows, deliver uncut, single drop seed pieces spaced approximately 12 in. apart, and cover seed by hilling. Rows were spaced on 3 ft. centers. The two-row plots were 6 ft. wide by 20 ft. long. Plots were arranged in two large blocks of rows separated by a 12 ft. drive alley. Within each row block, one untreated guard row separated plots laterally, and an 8 ft. tilled alley separated plots longitudinally. See plot map, Fig. 1.

Treatments. For treatments receiving three applications on a 7-day interval, material was applied on June 7, 14, and 21. Treatments receiving only two applications on a 7-day interval were sprayed on June 14 and 21. The first foliar applications were initiated after scouting suggested peak egg hatch had occurred and prior to the occurrence of large larva (anticipated within 15-20 days of peak egg hatch). All foliar treatments were applied using a handheld 6-ft. wide, four nozzle boom equipped with Tee Jet XR8001 flat fan spray nozzles powered by a backpack-mounted CO2 tank operating at 30 psi and delivering 20 gallons per acre. All plots received applications of fertilizer and fungicide according to standard commercial production practices by HARS staff (see Table 2 for a record of these inputs).

Potato / HARS / CPB Foliar Trial 2

Insect Counts. Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) counts were taken on 10 randomly selected plants in each plot. CPBs were counts were grouped by the following life stages: adults, egg masses, small larvae (1st-2nd instars), and large larvae (3rd and 4th instars). Potato Leafhopper (PLH) adults were assessed by taking 20 sweep net samples of the plant canopy from each plot. PLH nymphs and aphids were assessed by visual inspection of 25 randomly selected leaves per plot. Data from five dates are shown: June 13, 16, 20, 23, and 30. After June 30, treatment residual activity was reduced and was no longer able to control CPB numbers as second generation adults emerged. Adults, egg masses, small larvae, and large larvae tabular summaries and statistical tests are presented in Tables 4-7. Potato leafhopper adults and nymph counts are summarized in Table 8 and 9. Aphid counts are summarized in Table 10. Insect count data are also presented in graphical form as cumulative counts in Figures 2-8.

Plant Health. Defoliation (DF) percentage ratings were taken by visual observation of the entire plot. No signs of phytotoxicity of any treatments were observed over the course of the experiment. Defoliation ratings are summarized in Table 11 and Figure 9.

Data Analysis. Insect count data was log transformed [log(𝑥𝑥 + 1)] prior to analysis. Defoliation ratings were arcsine square root transformed [sin−1 √𝑥𝑥]. One-way analysis of variance including both treatment and replicate block effects was used to test for statistically significant differences between treatments for each count and date. Means separation letter codes were generated using Tukey’s HSD procedure (α=.05). All statistical analyses were performed in R version 3.4.2 (R Core Team, http://www.r-project.com/).

http://www.r-project.com/


Table 1. Treatments

Trt Product Conc. Type Rate Unit ADJ 7-Jun 14-Jun 21-Jun

1 UTC

2 Minecto Pro 163.5 SC 6 fl oz/a A90 X X 3 Minecto Pro 163.5 SC 8 fl oz/a A90 X X 4 Minecto Pro 163.5 SC 10 fl oz/a A90 X X 5 Blackhawk 36 WG 3.3 oz wt/a A90 X X 6 Besiege 150 ZC 9 fl oz/a A90 X X 7 Exirel 100 SE 10 fl oz/a A90 X X 8 Agri-Mek 84 SC 3 fl oz/a A90 X X 9 Coragen 1.67 SC 7.5 fl oz/a MSO X X

10 Rimon 0.83 EC 10 7

fl oz/a fl oz/a

A90 A90

X

X

X

11 AdmirePro 4.6 SC 1.3 fl oz/a A90 X X 12 Trident 14.32 LC 3 qt/a - X X X 13 Trident 14.32 LC 3 qt/a - X X X 14 Trident 14.32 LC 6 qt/a - X X X 15 Athena 0.87 EC 17 fl oz/a A90 X X 16 Harvanta 50 SL 16.4 fl oz/a A90 X X 17 Grandevo 70 WG 3 lb/a NFP X X X 18 Venerate XC 94.46 SL 8 qt/a NFP X X X

Adjuvants: Activator 90 (“A90”), MSO, and NuFilm P (“NFP”) added at 0.25% v/v.

Table 2. Trial Calendar

Date Day Week Events

4/17/2017 1 1 Planting 6/5/2017 50 8 CPB Precount 6/7/2017 52 8 1st spray date (select treatments)

6/13/2017 58 9 CPB count 6/14/2017 59 9 2nd spray date (all treatments) 6/16/2017 61 9 CPB, PLH, Aphid, DF counts 6/20/2017 65 10 CPB, DF counts 6/21/2017 66 10 3rd spray date (all treatments) 6/23/2017 68 10 CPB, PLH, Aphid, DF counts 6/30/2017 75 11 CPB, PLH-AD, DF counts 7/5/2017 80 12 CPB, PLH, Aphid, DF counts

7/10/2017 85 13 CPB, PLH, Aphid, DF counts


Table 3. Field Management Record

Date Equipment Products Type Rate Unit

4/13/2017 Airflow Fertilizer Applicator 0-0-0-17S-21Ca, Calcium Sulfate FERT 500 lb / acre 4/13/2017 Airflow Fertilizer Applicator 0-0-60 Potash FERT 450 lb / acre 4/17/2017 Potato Planter - Kverneland 6-30-22-4S+micros FERT 550 lb / acre 4/17/2017 Soil Finisher, Brillion

4/19/2017 Spray Coupe Metribuzin 75DF HERB 0.5 lb / acre 4/19/2017 Spray Coupe Parallel HERB 1 pints / acre

6/6/2017 Spray Coupe Matrix FUNG 1.5 dry oz. / acre 6/6/2017 Spray Coupe Non Ionic Surfactant 80/20 ADJ 1 pints / acre

6/20/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik FUNG 1.5 pints / acre 6/29/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik FUNG 1.5 pints / acre

7/6/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik FUNG 1.5 pints / acre 7/6/2017 Spray Coupe Tanos FUNG 8 dry oz. / acre

7/14/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik FUNG 1.5 pints / acre 7/21/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik FUNG 1.5 pints / acre 7/21/2017 Spray Coupe Headline FUNG 12 fluid oz / acre 7/27/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik FUNG 1.5 pints / acre

5

Table 4. CPB Adult Counts

Trt Products 13-Jun 16-Jun 20-Jun 23-Jun 30-Jun

1 UTC 4.50 ± 2.65 a 1.50 ± 1.29 ab 0.25 ± 0.50 ab 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.25 ± 0.50 ab

2 Minecto Pro 6 fl oz/a 2.25 ± 3.30 a 1.50 ± 1.29 ab 5.00 ± 5.60 .bc 1.75 ± 1.71 a 1.75 ± 0.96 .bc

3 Minecto Pro 8 fl oz/a 2.75 ± 1.50 a 1.25 ± 0.96 ab 4.25 ± 0.96 ..c 1.75 ± 1.26 a 0.25 ± 0.50 ab

4 Minecto Pro 10 fl oz/a 3.00 ± 2.94 a 1.00 ± 1.15 ab 3.75 ± 1.71 .bc 1.50 ± 1.29 a 0.50 ± 0.58 abc

5 Blackhawk 3.3 oz wt/a 3.25 ± 2.63 a 3.00 ± 1.83 .b 2.50 ± 1.00 abc 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.75 ± 0.50 abc

6 Besiege 9 fl oz/a 2.25 ± 1.26 a 2.50 ± 2.38 ab 1.25 ± 2.50 abc 0.25 ± 0.50 a 1.00 ± 0.82 abc

7 Exirel 10 fl oz/a 2.00 ± 2.71 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 3.00 ± 3.16 abc 2.00 ± 0.82 a 1.25 ± 0.50 abc

8 Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a 2.00 ± 2.16 a 0.75 ± 0.96 ab 1.00 ± 1.41 abc 0.75 ± 0.96 a 1.00 ± 0.82 abc

9 Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a 5.75 ± 3.40 a 1.50 ± 0.58 ab 1.25 ± 2.50 abc 1.25 ± 0.96 a 2.25 ± 1.50 ..c

10 Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a 3.75 ± 2.22 a 0.75 ± 0.96 ab 0.75 ± 0.96 abc 0.75 ± 0.96 a 0.25 ± 0.50 ab

11 AdmirePro 1.3 fl oz/a 1.75 ± 2.22 a 1.75 ± 0.50 ab 0.75 ± 0.96 abc 1.25 ± 0.96 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a

12 Trident 3 qt/a (1) 4.25 ± 2.06 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.75 ± 0.50 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a

13 Trident 3 qt/a (2) 2.00 ± 0.82 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a

14 Trident 6 qt/a 3.00 ± 2.94 a 0.75 ± 0.96 ab 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a

15 Athena 17 fl oz/a 0.75 ± 0.50 a 1.25 ± 0.96 ab 0.50 ± 0.58 abc 0.00 ± 0.00 a 1.25 ± 1.50 abc

16 Harvanta 16.4 fl oz/a 1.50 1.29 a 0.50 ± 1.00 ab 1.75 ± 0.96 abc 0.25 ± 0.50 a 1.25 ± 0.96 abc

17 Grandevo 3 lb/a 1.50 1.91 a 1.50 ± 1.00 ab 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a

18 Venerate XC 8 qt/a 2.25 1.89 a 0.50 ± 0.58 ab 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a

N.S. P<.01 P<.0001 N.S. P<.0001

Treatments 2-9, 11, 15, 16 received two applications: June 14, and 21. All other treatments sprayed June 7, 14, 21. Figures reported are mean number of adults per 10 plants ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 5. CPB Egg Mass Counts


1 UTC 3.75 ± 4.99 a 1.25 ± 0.96 ab 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0 ± 0 a

2 Minecto Pro 6 fl oz/a 5.25 ± 2.75 a 2.00 ± 1.15 ab 1.00 ± 0.82 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0 ± 0 a

3 Minecto Pro 8 fl oz/a 3.75 ± 1.26 a 2.00 ± 1.63 ab 0.75 ± 0.96 a 1.25 ± 1.89 a 0 ± 0 a

4 Minecto Pro 10 fl oz/a 5.50 ± 3.00 a 3.25 ± 1.26 .b 1.75 ± 1.26 a 0.50 ± 0.58 a 0 ± 0 a

5 Blackhawk 3.3 oz wt/a 2.50 ± 2.38 a 1.75 ± 1.26 ab 2.00 ± 1.41 a 0.50 ± 0.58 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a

6 Besiege 9 fl oz/a 6.75 ± 3.30 a 3.00 ± 0.82 .b 0.75 ± 0.96 a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a

7 Exirel 10 fl oz/a 4.00 ± 3.16 a 0.75 ± 0.96 ab 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 0.58 a 3.50 ± 7.00 a

8 Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a 5.25 ± 3.10 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0 ± 0 a

9 Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a 4.25 ± 2.22 a 3.75 ± 3.30 .b 2.00 ± 2.16 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a

10 Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a 4.00 ± 2.16 a 1.25 ± 1.26 ab 1.25 ± 0.50 a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a

11 AdmirePro 1.3 fl oz/a 4.50 ± 2.08 a 2.00 ± 1.15 ab 0.50 ± 0.58 a 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a

12 Trident 3 qt/a (1) 2.25 ± 1.50 a 1.00 ± 0.82 ab 1.25 ± 0.96 a 1.00 ± 1.15 a 0 ± 0 a

13 Trident 3 qt/a (2) 4.00 ± 2.83 a 1.50 ± 0.58 ab 0.50 ± 0.58 a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 0 ± 0 a

14 Trident 6 qt/a 3.25 ± 0.50 a 1.50 ± 0.58 ab 0.50 ± 0.58 a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a

15 Athena 17 fl oz/a 7.00 ± 2.94 a 1.00 ± 0.82 ab 0.50 ± 0.58 a 0.50 ± 0.58 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a

16 Harvanta 16.4 fl oz/a 4.75 ± 3.10 a 2.75 ± 1.71 .b 0.50 ± 0.58 a 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a

17 Grandevo 3 lb/a 5.50 ± 1.91 a 0.50 ± 1.00 ab 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a

18 Venerate XC 8 qt/a 2.00 ± 1.63 a 1.75 ± 1.50 ab 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a

N.S. P<.01 P<.01 N.S. N.S.

Treatments 2-9, 11, 15, 16 received two applications: June 14, and 21. All other treatments sprayed June 7, 14, 21. Figures reported are mean number of egg masses per 10 plants ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 6. CPB Small Larvae Counts


1 UTC 260.75 ± 103.73 .b 392.25 ± 28.27 .....f 123.75 ± 64.52 .....fg 118.50 ± 77.33 ......gh 4.25 ± 5.32 abc

2 Minecto Pro 6 fl oz/a 203.25 ± 52.31 ab 78.50 ± 18.14 abc 2.00 ± 0.82 ab 1.50 ± 1.29 ab 2.00 ± 1.63 abc

3 Minecto Pro 8 fl oz/a 226.75 ± 25.20 ab 129.25 ± 71.09 abcde 5.00 ± 9.35 a 10.25 ± 17.17 abcd 2.25 ± 1.89 abc

4 Minecto Pro 10 fl oz/a 222.00 ± 88.64 ab 109.50 ± 64.92 abcd 6.00 ± 5.35 abc 5.25 ± 10.50 ab 0.75 ± 0.96 a

5 Blackhawk 3.3 oz wt/a 182.75 ± 107.13 ab 47.75 ± 27.62 a 23.25 ± 19.62 .bcdef 13.00 ± 2.16 ..cdef 20.50 ± 14.29 .bcd

6 Besiege 9 fl oz/a 252.00 ± 98.59 ab 98.00 ± 76.56 abc 23.50 ± 14.71 .bcdef 16.00 ± 14.63 .bcdef 10.75 ± 4.57 abcd

7 Exirel 10 fl oz/a 205.25 ± 58.43 ab 73.00 ± 53.31 ab 6.00 ± 6.27 abc 4.50 ± 8.35 abc 1.25 ± 1.50 ab

8 Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a 175.00 ± 54.45 ab 120.25 ± 70.08 abcd 12.75 ± 12.37 abcd 7.00 ± 6.98 abcd 4.25 ± 5.44 abc

9 Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a 234.00 ± 43.31 ab 114.50 ± 60.98 abcd 23.00 ± 20.23 abcde 19.25 ± 14.24 ...defg 9.25 ± 9.22 abcd

10 Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a 120.25 ± 40.44 a 127.75 ± 13.02 abcdef 31.75 ± 13.96 ..cdefg 19.25 ± 13.05 ...defg 12.50 ± 18.41 abcd

11 AdmirePro 1.3 fl oz/a 229.50 ± 18.52 ab 88.25 ± 48.13 abcd 76.00 ± 32.37 ....efg 70.25 ± 12.45 .....fgh 36.25 ± 21.55 ...d

12 Trident 3 qt/a (1) 167.50 ± 79.60 ab 235.50 ± 55.08 ..cdef 113.25 ± 50.99 .....fg 118.25 ± 32.59 .......h 36.75 ± 31.83 .bcd

13 Trident 3 qt/a (2) 160.75 ± 97.31 ab 175.50 ± 81.97 .bcdef 146.00 ± 64.68 ......g 126.50 ± 54.37 .......h 52.50 ± 24.84 ...d

14 Trident 6 qt/a 141.25 ± 66.30 ab 170.00 ± 46.04 .bcdef 75.00 ± 31.86 ....efg 63.50 ± 40.40 ....efgh 53.50 ± 27.87 ...d

15 Athena 17 fl oz/a 167.25 ± 71.99 ab 61.25 ± 43.61 ab 39.75 ± 59.17 .bcdef 10.50 ± 6.61 .bcde 22.75 ± 16.26 ..cd

16 Harvanta 16.4 fl oz/a 199.00 ± 85.62 ab 89.50 ± 19.02 abcd 7.00 ± 10.39 ab 0.75 ± 1.50 a 0.50 ± 0.58 a

17 Grandevo 3 lb/a 215.25 ± 95.17 ab 349.50 ± 86.77 ....ef 83.75 ± 61.36 ....efg 127.50 ± 67.70 .......h 12.25 ± 13.52 abcd

18 Venerate XC 8 qt/a 155.75 ± 46.98 ab 277.25 ± 109.93 ...def 54.75 ± 44.03 ...defg 99.25 ± 70.12 .....fgh 14.25 ± 15.56 abcd

P<.01 P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001

Treatments 2-9, 11, 15, 16 received two applications: June 14, and 21. All other treatments sprayed June 7, 14, 21. Figures reported are mean number of larvae per 10 plants ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 7. CPB Large Larvae Counts Trt Products 13-Jun 16-Jun 20-Jun 23-Jun 30-Jun

1 UTC 0 ± 0 a 29.00 ± 12.46 .b 145.75 ± 68.44 ......g 127.25 ± 90.75 ......g 35.25 ± 23.33 .bcd

2 Minecto Pro 6 fl oz/a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 1.50 ± 1.73 a 0.75 ± 0.50 ab 0.25 ± 0.50 a

3 Minecto Pro 8 fl oz/a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 4.75 ± 9.50 a 0 ± 0 a 1.00 ± 2.00 a

4 Minecto Pro 10 fl oz/a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 2.75 ± 4.86 a 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 0.58 a

5 Blackhawk 3.3 oz wt/a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 16.75 ± 22.98 abcdef 4.00 ± 2.94 abcd 42.00 ± 23.45 .bcd

6 Besiege 9 fl oz/a 0 ± 0 a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 12.50 ± 17.54 abcde 5.75 ± 5.56 abcde 7.50 ± 7.00 ab

7 Exirel 10 fl oz/a 1.50 ± 3.00 a 0.50 ± 0.58 a 3.75 ± 6.85 ab 0.25 ± 0.50 a 1.25 ± 1.89 a

8 Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0.75 ± 1.50 a 9.50 ± 12.79 abcd 0.25 ± 0.50 a 3.50 ± 6.35 a

9 Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a 1.00 ± 2.00 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 13.50 ± 23.10 abc 2.25 ± 2.63 abcd 2.25 ± 2.87 a

10 Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a 0 ± 0 a 1.50 ± 1.29 a 15.50 ± 21.75 abcde 10.25 ± 7.27 .bcdef 8.25 ± 8.26 abc

11 AdmirePro 1.3 fl oz/a 0 ± 0 a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 41.00 ± 42.31 ..cdefg 38.25 ± 21.93 .....fg 98.00 ± 59.06 ...d

12 Trident 3 qt/a (1) 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.75 ± 1.50 a 70.75 ± 65.60 ....efg 27.50 ± 11.09 ....efg 117.25 ± 38.86 ...d

13 Trident 3 qt/a (2) 0 ± 0 a 2.25 ± 2.63 a 60.75 ± 70.67 ...defg 19.00 ± 17.34 ..cdef 130.75 ± 30.43 ...d

14 Trident 6 qt/a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 33.00 ± 45.64 .bcdefg 26.50 ± 36.65 ...def 70.25 ± 25.85 ...d

15 Athena 17 fl oz/a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0 ± 0 a 34.75 ± 62.24 abcde 1.25 ± 0.50 abc 34.50 ± 27.11 .bcd

16 Harvanta 16.4 fl oz/a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 5.50 ± 11.00 a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a

17 Grandevo 3 lb/a 0 ± 0 a 22.00 ± 4.97 .b 108.50 ± 65.02 ......g 145.25 ± 70.84 ......g 60.75 ± 41.62 ..cd

18 Venerate XC 8 qt/a 2.25 ± 3.86 a 19.75 ± 16.58 .b 77.25 ± 17.75 .....fg 172.00 ± 91.47 ......g 85.00 ± 33.73 ...d

N.S. P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001

Treatments 2-9, 11, 15, 16 received two applications: June 14, and 21. All other treatments sprayed June 7, 14, 21. Figures reported are mean number of insects per 10 plants ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 8. Potato Leafhopper Adult Counts

Trt Products 16-Jun 23-Jun

1 UTC 4.75 ± 3.20 .b 4.75 ± 2.06 .b

2 Minecto Pro 6 fl oz/a 1.75 ± 0.96 ab 0.75 ± 0.50 ab


4 Minecto Pro 10 fl oz/a 1.25 ± 0.50 ab 0.00 ± 0.00 a

5 Blackhawk 3.3 oz wt/a 2.50 ± 1.91 ab 1.75 ± 1.71 ab

6 Besiege 9 fl oz/a 2.25 ± 0.96 ab 0.00 ± 0.00 a

7 Exirel 10 fl oz/a 1.50 ± 1.00 ab 0.50 ± 1.00 ab

8 Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a 6.25 ± 2.87 .b 1.50 ± 1.29 ab

9 Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a 5.00 ± 3.37 .b 1.25 ± 0.96 ab

10 Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a 2.75 ± 1.71 ab 3.00 ± 1.41 ab

11 AdmirePro 1.3 fl oz/a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 1.00 ± 0.82 ab

12 Trident 3 qt/a (1) 3.75 ± 2.87 ab 2.25 ± 1.71 ab

13 Trident 3 qt/a (2) 4.00 ± 2.45 ab 0.50 ± 0.58 ab

14 Trident 6 qt/a 7.00 ± 4.69 .b 2.75 ± 4.86 ab

15 Athena 17 fl oz/a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0.50 ± 1.00 ab

16 Harvanta 16.4 fl oz/a 4.00 ± 1.83 .b 3.25 ± 2.22 ab

17 Grandevo 3 lb/a 3.50 ± 1.73 ab 0.25 ± 0.50 a

18 Venerate XC 8 qt/a 4.00 ± 1.83 .b 1.50 ± 2.38 ab P<.0001 P<.01

Treatments 2-9, 11, 15, 16 received two applications: June 14, and 21. All other treatments sprayed June 7, 14, 21. Figures reported are mean number of adults per 20 sweeps ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 9. Potato Leafhopper Nymph Counts


1 UTC 4.75 ± 3.20 .b 4.75 ± 2.06 .b


3 Minecto Pro 8 fl oz/a 2.00 ± 0 ab 0.75 ± 0.96 ab

4 Minecto Pro 10 fl oz/a 1.25 ± 0.50 ab 0 ± 0 a

5 Blackhawk 3.3 oz wt/a 2.50 ± 1.91 ab 1.75 ± 1.71 ab

6 Besiege 9 fl oz/a 2.25 ± 0.96 ab 0 ± 0 a

7 Exirel 10 fl oz/a 1.50 ± 1.00 ab 0.50 ± 1.00 ab

8 Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a 6.25 ± 2.87 .b 1.50 ± 1.29 ab

9 Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a 5.00 ± 3.37 .b 1.25 ± 0.96 ab

10 Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a 2.75 ± 1.71 ab 3.00 ± 1.41 ab


12 Trident 3 qt/a (1) 3.75 ± 2.87 ab 2.25 ± 1.71 ab

13 Trident 3 qt/a (2) 4.00 ± 2.45 ab 0.50 ± 0.58 ab

14 Trident 6 qt/a 7.00 ± 4.69 .b 2.75 ± 4.86 ab

15 Athena 17 fl oz/a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0.50 ± 1.00 ab

16 Harvanta 16.4 fl oz/a 4.00 ± 1.83 .b 3.25 ± 2.22 ab

17 Grandevo 3 lb/a 3.50 ± 1.73 ab 0.25 ± 0.50 a

18 Venerate XC 8 qt/a 4.00 ± 1.83 .b 1.50 ± 2.38 ab P<.0001 P<.01

Treatments 2-9, 11, 15, 16 received two applications: June 14, and 21. All other treatments sprayed June 7, 14, 21. Figures reported are mean number of nymphs per 25 leaves ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 10. Aphid Counts


1 UTC 4.00 ± 3.37 a 0.50 ± 0.58 ab

2 Minecto Pro 6 fl oz/a 1.25 ± 1.89 a 0 ± 0 a

3 Minecto Pro 8 fl oz/a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 0.50 ± 0.58 ab

4 Minecto Pro 10 fl oz/a 1.00 ± 1.41 a 0 ± 0 a

5 Blackhawk 3.3 oz wt/a 3.75 ± 3.30 a 0.25 ± 0.50 ab

6 Besiege 9 fl oz/a 1.50 ± 1.73 a 0 ± 0 a

7 Exirel 10 fl oz/a 1.25 ± 0.96 a 0 ± 0 a

8 Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a 4.00 ± 2.58 a 0.25 ± 0.50 ab

9 Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a 4.75 ± 4.11 a 0.25 ± 0.50 ab

10 Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a 3.00 ± 1.41 a 0.50 ± 1.00 ab


12 Trident 3 qt/a (1) 3.50 ± 2.65 a 1.25 ± 1.26 ab

13 Trident 3 qt/a (2) 4.00 ± 2.45 a 0.50 ± 1.00 ab

14 Trident 6 qt/a 6.25 ± 3.86 a 0.75 ± 0.50 ab

15 Athena 17 fl oz/a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.25 ± 0.50 ab

16 Harvanta 16.4 fl oz/a 2.50 ± 2.38 a 0.75 ± 0.96 ab

17 Grandevo 3 lb/a 3.25 ± 4.50 a 1.25 ± 0.96 ab

18 Venerate XC 8 qt/a 3.25 ± 1.50 a 2.25 ± 1.50 .b P<.01 P<.05

Treatments 2-9, 11, 15, 16 received two applications: June 14, and 21. All other treatments sprayed June 7, 14, 21. Figures reported are mean number of aphids per 25 leaves ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 11. Defoliation

Trt Products 16-Jun 20-Jun 23-Jun 30-Jun

1 UTC 5% ± 1% ..c 22% ± 10% ..c 46% ± 23% .b 95% ± 0% ...d

2 Minecto Pro 6 fl oz/a 2% ± 1% ab 2% ± 1% a 1% ± 1% a 2% ± 1% a



5 Blackhawk 3.3 oz wt/a 2% ± 1% ab 2% ± 1% a 2% ± 1% a 6% ± 6% a

6 Besiege 9 fl oz/a 2% ± 0% ab 2% ± 1% a 1% ± 0% a 2% ± 0% a

7 Exirel 10 fl oz/a 2% ± 1% ab 2% ± 1% a 1% ± 0% a 2% ± 1% a

8 Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a 2% ± 1% ab 2% ± 1% a 1% ± 1% a 2% ± 1% a

9 Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a 2% ± 1% ab 2% ± 1% a 2% ± 1% a 2% ± 1% a

10 Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a 2% ± 1% ab 2% ± 1% a 2% ± 1% a 2% ± 0% a

11 AdmirePro 1.3 fl oz/a 2% ± 1% ab 2% ± 1% a 3% ± 1% a 5% ± 4% a

12 Trident 3 qt/a (1) 2% ± 0% ab 6% ± 4% ab 7% ± 2% a 22% ± 9% .b

13 Trident 3 qt/a (2) 2% ± 1% ab 4% ± 3% a 4% ± 1% a 23% ± 10% .b

14 Trident 6 qt/a 2% ± 1% ab 3% ± 1% a 3% ± 1% a 4% ± 1% a

15 Athena 17 fl oz/a 1% ± 1% a 2% ± 1% a 1% ± 1% a 2% ± 1% a

16 Harvanta 16.4 fl oz/a 2% ± 1% ab 2% ± 1% a 1% ± 1% a 1% ± 1% a

17 Grandevo 3 lb/a 3% ± 1% .bc 15% ± 8% .bc 46% ± 24% .b 93% ± 3% ..cd

18 Venerate XC 8 qt/a 3% ± 1% abc 22% ± 11% ..c 37% ± 26% .b 76% ± 24% ..c P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001

Treatments 2-9, 11, 15, 16 received two applications: June 14, and 21. All other treatments sprayed June 7, 14, 21. Figures reported are mean percent defoliation ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)

13

Figure 1. Cumulative CPB Adult Counts

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

UTC

Minecto Pro 6 fl oz/a



Blackhawk 3.3 oz wt/a

Besiege 9 fl oz/a

Exirel 10 fl oz/a

Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a

Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a

Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a

AdmirePro 1.3 fl oz/a

Trident 3 qt/a (1)

Trident 3 qt/a (2)

Trident 6 qt/a

Athena 17 fl oz/a

Harvanta 16.4 fl oz/a

Grandevo 3 lb/a

Venerate XC 8 qt/a

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

Count per 10 plants

Cumulative CPB Adult Counts

13-Jun 16-Jun 20-Jun 23-Jun 30-Jun


Figure 2. Cumulative CPB Egg Mass Counts

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

UTC





Besiege 9 fl oz/a

Exirel 10 fl oz/a

Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a

Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a

Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a


Trident 3 qt/a (1)

Trident 3 qt/a (2)

Trident 6 qt/a

Athena 17 fl oz/a


Grandevo 3 lb/a

Venerate XC 8 qt/a

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

Count per 10 plants

Cumulative CPB Egg Mass Counts



Figure 3. Cumulative CPB Small Larva Counts

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

UTC





Besiege 9 fl oz/a

Exirel 10 fl oz/a

Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a

Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a

Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a


Trident 3 qt/a (1)

Trident 3 qt/a (2)

Trident 6 qt/a

Athena 17 fl oz/a


Grandevo 3 lb/a

Venerate XC 8 qt/a

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

Count per 10 plants

Cumulative CPB Small Larva Counts



Figure 4. Cumulative CPB Large Larva Counts

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

UTC





Besiege 9 fl oz/a

Exirel 10 fl oz/a

Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a

Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a

Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a


Trident 3 qt/a (1)

Trident 3 qt/a (2)

Trident 6 qt/a

Athena 17 fl oz/a


Grandevo 3 lb/a

Venerate XC 8 qt/a

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

Count per 10 plants

Cumulative CPB Large Larva Counts



Figure 5. Cumulative Potato Leafhopper Adult Counts

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

UTC





Besiege 9 fl oz/a

Exirel 10 fl oz/a

Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a

Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a

Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a


Trident 3 qt/a (1)

Trident 3 qt/a (2)

Trident 6 qt/a

Athena 17 fl oz/a


Grandevo 3 lb/a

Venerate XC 8 qt/a

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

Count per 10 plants

Cumulative Potato Leafhopper Adult Counts

13-Jun 16-Jun 20-Jun


Figure 6. Cumulative Potato Leafhopper Nymph Counts

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

UTC





Besiege 9 fl oz/a

Exirel 10 fl oz/a

Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a

Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a

Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a


Trident 3 qt/a (1)

Trident 3 qt/a (2)

Trident 6 qt/a

Athena 17 fl oz/a


Grandevo 3 lb/a

Venerate XC 8 qt/a

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

Count per 10 plants

Cumulative Potato Leafhopper Nymph Counts

13-Jun 16-Jun 20-Jun


Figure 7. Cumulative Aphid Counts

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00

UTC





Besiege 9 fl oz/a

Exirel 10 fl oz/a

Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a

Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a

Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a


Trident 3 qt/a (1)

Trident 3 qt/a (2)

Trident 6 qt/a

Athena 17 fl oz/a


Grandevo 3 lb/a

Venerate XC 8 qt/a

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

Count per 10 plants

Cumulative Aphid Counts

13-Jun 16-Jun


Figure 8. Defoliation

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

UTC





Besiege 9 fl oz/a

Exirel 10 fl oz/a

Agri-Mek 3 fl oz/a

Coragen 7.5 fl oz/a

Rimon 10, 7 fl oz/a


Trident 3 qt/a (1)

Trident 3 qt/a (2)

Trident 6 qt/a

Athena 17 fl oz/a


Grandevo 3 lb/a

Venerate XC 8 qt/a

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

Count per 10 plants

Defoliation

13-Jun 16-Jun 20-Jun 23-Jun

21

2. Potato / HARS / CPB Large Plot Demonstration Full season insecticide management programs for Colorado Potato Beetle and insect vectors of plant diseases


Crop: Potato, Solanum tuberosum cv. ‘Russet Burbank’ Treatments: 12 full-season systemic / foliar treatment programs Targets:


Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate various full-season, reduced-risk, insecticide

programs designed to manage Colorado potato beetle (CPB) on potatoes in Wisconsin. With developing nicotinoid insecticide tolerance among CPB populations in the potato production areas in Wisconsin, several systemic based and foliar-based programs were designed to evaluate their effectiveness on managing the CPB on potato.

Materials and Methods Site. This experiment was conducted on a loamy sand soil in 2017 at the Hancock Agricultural

Research station (HARS) located 1.1 miles (1.8 km) southwest of Hancock, Wisconsin (44.119072ºN, -89.549034ºW).

Experimental Design. Four replicates of 12 full-season insecticide programs that rotate mode of action chemistries to discourage development of insecticide resistance were arranged in a randomized complete block design (Table 1). Furrows were cut using a commercial potato planter without closing discs attached. Potato, Solanum tuberosum cv. ‘Russet Burbank’, seed pieces were machine planted on April 25, 2017 spaced approximately 12 in. apart. Rows were spaced 3 ft. center to center. The 4-row plots were 12 feet wide by 34 feet long, for a total of 0.0234 acres/plot. Replicates were separated by either 6 ft. or 12 ft. tilled alleys.

Treatments. Systemic insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting (25 April for treatments 1-6). Immediately after the in-furrow treatments were applied and all seed piece treatments were placed in open furrows, all seed was covered by hilling. The first generation foliar applications (treatments 7-12) were made on June 14 and July 5 and were applied after peak egg hatch and prior to large larval population dominance. Systemic treatments (1-6) all required a rescue foliar application on June 21. Second generation CPB foliar applications were made to all treatments on July 11 and 18. All in-furrow treatments were applied at 11.0 gpa on 25 April using a two nozzle boom equipped with Tee Jet XR8001

Potato / HARS / CPB Systemic Trial 22

flat fan spray nozzles powered by a CO2 backpack sprayer at 30psi. Subsequent in-season foliar insecticide applications were applied using this same equipment. See Table 2 for a calendar of treatment and scouting events.

Insect Counts. Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) counts were taken for each life stage from 10 randomly selected plants in each plot. CPBs were recorded in the following life stages: adults, egg masses, small larvae (roughly 1st-3rd instars), large larvae (4th and 5th instars). Potato Leafhopper adults were sampled using sweep net techniques (20 sweeps per plot). PLH nymphs and aphids were assessed by visual inspection of 25 leaves per plot. CPB counts are reported in Tables 3-6 and Figures 1-4. PLH nymphs, adults, and aphid counts are reported in Tables 7-9 and Figures 5-7.

Plant Health. Defoliation (DF) ratings were taken by visual observation of the entire plot and scored as follows: 1= 0-2% defoliation, 2= 2-5%, 3= 5-10%, 4= >10%. Defoliation ratings are presented in Table 10 and Figure 8. No signs of phytotoxicity of any treatments were observed.

Harvest. A single row from each plot was harvested on Sept 14 to determine yield and tuber quality. Tubers were graded using an AgRay Vision X-Ray grading machine which generated electronic measurements of tuber size and weight. The second-largest value of a tuber’s dimension in the X, Y, and Z directions was considered its “diameter” and compared against the following USDA classification scheme: A-size tubers are larger than 1.875” in diameter, B-size tubers fall between 1.875” and 1.5”, and C-size tubers fall below 1.5” diameter. Yields are reported in Tables 11 and Figure 9.

Data Analysis. Insect count data was log transformed (log(𝑥𝑥 + 1)) prior to analysis. Main effects were determined using analysis of variance including both treatment and replicate effects. Means separation letter codes were generated using Tukey’s HSD procedure (α=.05). All statistical analyses were performed in JMP version 13.1.


Table 1. Treatments Trt Target Product Form Rate ADJ Delivery App

Date Week IRAC Group 3 4A 5 6 15 28

1 1st gen Platinum 75 SG 2.67 oz/a - In-Furrow 25-Apr 0

X

Blackhawk 36 WG 3 oz wt/a MSO Foliar 5-Jul 10

X

2nd gen Minecto Pro 1.37 SC 10 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 11-Jul 11

X

X Minecto Pro 1.37 SC 8.5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 18-Jul 12

X

X

2 1st gen Belay 2.13 SC 10 fl oz/a - In-Furrow 25-Apr 0

X

Agri-Mek 0.7 SC 3.5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 5-Jul 10

X

2nd gen Harvanta 50 SL 16 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 11-Jul 11

X Harvanta 50 SL 13 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 18-Jul 12

X

3 1st gen Belay 2.13 SC 12 fl oz/a - In-Furrow 25-Apr 0

X

Agri-Mek 0.7 SC 3.5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 5-Jul 10

X

2nd gen Exirel 100 SE 13.5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 11-Jul 11

X Exirel 100 SE 10 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 18-Jul 12

X

4 1st gen Verimark 20 SC 10.5 fl oz/a - In-Furrow 25-Apr 0

X Blackhawk 36 WG 3 oz wt/a MSO Foliar 21-Jun 8

X

2nd gen Venom 70 SG 1.5 oz wt/a A90 Foliar 11-Jul 11

X

Venom 70 SG 1.25 oz wt/a A90 Foliar 18-Jul 12

X

5 1st gen Verimark 20 SC 13.5 fl oz/a A90 In-Furrow 25-Apr 0

X Blackhawk 36 WG 3 oz wt/a MSO Foliar 21-Jun 8

X

2nd gen Scorpion 3.24 SL 2.75 fl oz/a A90 Foliar 11-Jul 11

X

Scorpion 3.24 SL 2.5 fl oz/a A90 Foliar 18-Jul 12

X

6 1st gen AdmirePro 4.6 SC 8.7 fl oz/a - In-Furrow 25-Apr 0

X

Agri-Mek 0.7 SC 3.5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 21-Jun 8

X

2nd gen Besiege 1.25 ZC 9 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 11-Jul 11 X

X Besiege 1.25 ZC 7.5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 18-Jul 12 X

X

7 1st gen Rimon 0.83 EC 12 fl oz/a A90 Foliar 14-Jun 7

X

Rimon 0.83 EC 10 fl oz/a A90 Foliar 21-Jun 8

X

2nd gen Assail 30 SG 4 oz wt/a MSO Foliar 11-Jul 11

X

Assail 30 SG 3.5 oz wt/a MSO Foliar 18-Jul 12

X

8 1st gen Harvanta 50 SL 16 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 14-Jun 7

X Harvanta 50 SL 14 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 21-Jun 8

X

2nd gen AdmirePro 4.6 SC 1.3 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 11-Jul 11

X

AdmirePro 4.6 SC 1.1 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 18-Jul 12

X

9 1st gen Besiege 1.25 ZC 9 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 14-Jun 7 X

X Besiege 1.25 ZC 7.5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 21-Jun 8 X

X

2nd gen Actara 25 WDG 3 oz wt/a A90 Foliar 11-Jul 11

X

Actara 25 WDG 2.5 oz wt/a A90 Foliar 18-Jul 12

X

10 1st gen Agri-Mek 0.7 SC 3.5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 14-Jun 7

X

Agri-Mek 0.7 SC 3 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 21-Jun 8

X

2nd gen Besiege 1.25 ZC 9 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 11-Jul 11 X

X Besiege 1.25 ZC 7.5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 18-Jul 12 X

X

11 1st gen Blackhawk 36 WG 3.3 oz wt/a A90 Foliar 14-Jun 7

X

Blackhawk 36 WG 3 oz wt/a A90 Foliar 21-Jun 8

X

2nd gen Belay 2.13 SC 3 fl oz/a A90 Foliar 11-Jul 11

X

Belay 2.13 SC 2.5 fl oz/a A90 Foliar 18-Jul 12

X

12 1st gen Coragen 1.67 SC 7.5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 14-Jun 7

X Coragen 1.67 SC 5 fl oz/a MSO Foliar 21-Jun 8

X

2nd gen Scorpion 3.24 SL 2.75 fl oz/a A90 Foliar 11-Jul 11

X

Scorpion 3.24 SL 2.5 fl oz/a A90 Foliar 18-Jul 12

X

Adjuvants MSO and Activator 90 added at 0.2% v/v. IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) groups: 3: Pyrethroids; 4A: Neonicotinoids; 5: Spinosyns; 6: Avermectins; 15: Benzoylureas; 28: Diamides



Date Days Week Stand CPB PLH AD

PLH NY APH DF Events

Trial initiation 25-Apr 0 0

Planting, At-plant systemics apps

1st Generation 2-Jun 38 5 X

5-Jun 41 6

X

CPB precount 7-Jun 43 6 X

12-Jun 48 7

X X X X X

14-Jun 50 7

Trts 7-12: 1st app 21-Jun 57 8

Trts 1-6: Rescue apps

22-Jun 58 8

X X X X X

30-Jun 66 9

X X

X

5-Jul 71 10

Trts 7-12: 2nd app 7-Jul 73 10

X

X

2nd Generation 11-Jul 77 11

All Trts 3rd app

17-Jul 83 12

X X X X X

18-Jul 84 12

All Trts 4th app 28-Jul 94 13

X

X

3-Aug 100 14

X

X X X

9-Aug 106 15

X X X X X

16-Aug 113 16

X X X X X

14-Sep 142 20

Harvest


Table 3. CPB Adult Counts

Trt Products 12-Jun 22-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 17-Jul 28-Jul 3-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug Cumul. Wk 7 Wk 8 Wk 10 Wk 11 Wk 12 Wk 14 Wk 14 Wk 15 Wk 16 Sum

1 1st: Platinum RES: Blackhawk 2nd: Minecto Pro

2.25 ab 5.25 ..c 2.00 . 0.75 . 1.50 ab. 0.75 a.. 1.00 ab. 1.50 abc.. 2.00 . 17.00 ab..

2 1st: Belay RES: Agri-Mek 2nd: Harvanta

7.25 .b 4.50 ..c 1.00 . 0.00 . 0.50 a.. 3.25 ab. 1.25 ab. 2.00 abc.. 0.50 . 20.25 abc.

3 1st: Belay RES: Agri-Mek 2nd: Exirel

3.25 ab 5.00 .bc 1.75 . 0.50 . 2.00 ab. 1.00 a.. 1.50 ab. 9.25 ...de 2.75 . 27.00 .bcd

4 1st: Verimark RES: Blackhawk 2nd: Venom

4.75 ab 0.75 a.. 1.50 . 0.25 . 0.75 ab. 9.00 .bc 2.00 ab. 1.25 a.... 3.50 . 23.75 abcd

5 1st: Verimark RES: Blackhawk 2nd: Scorpion

5.00 ab 0.50 a.. 0.75 . 0.75 . 0.75 ab. 8.00 .bc 3.25 abc 7.25 .bcde 3.00 . 29.25 .bcd

6 1st: AdmirePro RES: Agri-Mek 2nd: Besiege

6.50 .b 0.25 a.. 0.75 . 0.00 . 1.75 ab. 14.50 ..c 13.50 ..c 17.75 ....e 3.25 . 58.25 ...d

7 1st: Rimon 2nd: Assail 2.25 ab 0.75 a.. 0.75 . 0.75 . 5.00 .bc 1.50 a.. 6.00 .bc 6.75 .bcde 3.75 . 27.50 .bcd

8 1st: Harvanta 2nd: AdmirePro 1.50 ab 0.00 a.. 1.50 . 0.75 . 1.50 ab. 1.25 a.. 1.75 ab. 5.75 abcde 2.75 . 16.75 ab..

9 1st: Besiege 2nd: Actara 2.00 ab 0.75 a.. 0.25 . 1.50 . 11.25 ..c 4.50 abc 13.25 ..c 13.25 ...de 5.00 . 51.75 ..cd

10 1st: Agri-Mek 2nd: Actara 2.00 ab 0.50 a.. 1.00 . 0.25 . 0.75 ab. 1.50 a.. 0.50 a.. 2.25 ab... 3.00 . 11.75 a...

11 1st: Blackhawk 2nd: Belay 0.75 a. 1.00 ab. 0.00 . 0.00 . 3.25 abc 3.50 abc 11.75 ..c 8.00 ..cde 1.50 . 29.75 .bcd

12 1st: Coragen 2nd: Scorpion 2.00 ab 0.25 a.. 0.75 . 0.00 . 4.00 abc 5.00 abc 2.25 ab. 3.00 abcd. 1.75 . 19.00 abc.

P=0.01 P<.0001 N.S. N.S. P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 N.S. P<.0001

Values are mean number of adults per 10 plants. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 4. CPB Egg Mass Counts

Trt Products 12-Jun 22-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 17-Jul 28-Jul 3-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug Cumul.

Sum Wk 7 Wk 8 Wk 10 Wk 11 Wk 12 Wk 14 Wk 14 Wk 15 Wk 16


1.00 a.. 3.75 ab 1.25 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.50 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 7.00 .


2.50 ab. 4.50 .b 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 7.50 .


2.00 ab. 2.00 ab 0.50 . 0.50 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 5.25 .


9.50 .bc 1.25 ab 0.25 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 11.25 .


6.25 abc 1.75 ab 0.50 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 9.00 .


11.00 ..c 2.00 ab 0.25 . 2.75 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 16.25 .

7 1st: Rimon 2nd: Assail 9.00 .bc 0.25 a. 0.50 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 10.00 .

8 1st: Harvanta 2nd: AdmirePro 7.50 abc 0.25 a. 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.50 . 0.50 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 9.00 .

9 1st: Besiege 2nd: Actara 12.75 ..c 0.75 ab 0.50 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.50 . 0.00 . 14.75 .

10 1st: Agri-Mek 2nd: Actara 10.25 ..c 0.25 a. 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.50 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 11.25 .

11 1st: Blackhawk 2nd: Belay 12.25 ..c 1.00 ab 0.25 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 14.25 .

12 1st: Coragen 2nd: Scorpion 12.00 ..c 0.25 a. 0.50 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.25 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 13.75 .

P<.0001 P=.001 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.

Values are mean number of egg masses per 10 plants. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)






0.00 a.. 0.00 a... 6.25 .bcde 10.75 .bc 1.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 a... 0.00 . 18.00 a..


0.00 a.. 5.50 abc. 26.50 ....e 14.50 ..c 0.50 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 a... 0.00 . 47.00 .b.


0.00 a.. 0.75 a... 4.25 abcd. 2.50 ab. 7.75 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 a... 0.00 . 15.25 a..


18.75 .b. 1.00 ab.. 21.50 ...de 13.25 ..c 1.00 . 0.25 . 0.25 . 0.00 a... 1.50 . 57.50 .b.


15.50 .b. 0.50 a... 10.25 ..cde 9.25 .bc 7.75 . 1.25 . 1.00 . 2.75 abcd 2.00 . 50.25 .b.


7.50 .b. 15.50 .bcd 18.50 ...de 15.00 ..c 7.75 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 1.75 abcd 0.25 . 66.50 .b.

7 1st: Rimon 2nd: Assail 186.50 ..c 22.00 ..cd 2.00 abc.. 0.50 a.. 5.25 . 0.75 . 0.00 . 5.25 .bcd 3.00 . 225.25 ..c

8 1st: Harvanta 2nd: AdmirePro 211.25 ..c 0.00 a... 0.00 a.... 0.00 a.. 12.00 . 0.50 . 1.25 . 0.75 ab.. 2.50 . 228.25 ..c

9 1st: Besiege 2nd: Actara 182.50 ..c 40.00 ...d 7.00 .bcde 5.50 abc 5.50 . 1.25 . 1.50 . 1.00 abc. 1.50 . 245.75 ..c

10 1st: Agri-Mek 2nd: Actara 195.25 ..c 1.25 ab.. 0.75 ab... 0.25 a.. 1.50 . 0.75 . 0.25 . 0.25 ab.. 0.00 . 200.25 ..c

11 1st: Blackhawk 2nd: Belay 185.75 ..c 0.75 a... 5.25 .bcde 7.50 .bc 0.50 . 0.50 . 0.00 . 7.25 ..cd 1.50 . 209.00 ..c

12 1st: Coragen 2nd: Scorpion 221.25 ..c 22.75 ..cd 4.75 abcd. 2.50 ab. 5.25 . 4.25 . 0.25 . 9.00 ...d 1.50 . 271.50 ..c

P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 N.S. N.S. N.S. P<.0001 P=0.01 P<.0001

Values are mean number of larvae per 10 plants. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 6. CPB Large Larvae Counts




0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.75 ab. 1.50 abcd 0.00 a.. 0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.00 a. 0.00 . 2.25 ab..


0.00 . 0.00 a. 2.75 abc 1.50 abcd 0.00 a.. 0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.00 a. 0.00 . 4.25 abc.


0.00 . 0.75 a. 6.00 abc 0.25 ab.. 3.00 abc 0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.00 a. 0.00 . 10.00 abc.


0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.25 ab. 4.25 .bcd 0.25 a.. 0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.00 a. 0.75 . 5.50 abc.


0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.00 a.. 3.75 abcd 6.75 ..c 0.75 . 0.25 ab 1.00 ab 1.00 . 13.50 abcd


0.00 . 0.25 a. 0.25 ab. 8.50 ...d 4.00 .bc 0.00 . 0.50 ab 0.50 ab 0.00 . 14.00 .bcd

7 1st: Rimon 2nd: Assail 0.00 . 5.75 .b 0.75 ab. 1.00 abc. 0.25 a.. 0.25 . 0.25 ab 0.00 a. 3.75 . 12.00 abcd

8 1st: Harvanta 2nd: AdmirePro 0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.00 a.. 0.00 a... 0.50 a.. 0.75 . 1.00 ab 0.00 a. 1.25 . 3.50 abc.

9 1st: Besiege 2nd: Actara 0.00 . 8.50 .b 14.50 ..c 5.00 abcd 0.00 a.. 0.25 . 0.00 a. 1.50 ab 1.75 . 31.50 ...d

10 1st: Agri-Mek 2nd: Actara 0.00 . 0.25 a. 0.00 a.. 0.50 ab.. 0.00 a.. 0.25 . 0.25 ab 0.00 a. 0.50 . 1.75 a...

11 1st: Blackhawk 2nd: Belay 0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.25 ab. 7.00 ..cd 2.25 ab. 0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.25 a. 3.50 . 13.25 abcd

12 1st: Coragen 2nd: Scorpion 0.00 . 4.25 .b 8.25 .bc 3.25 abcd 0.25 a.. 0.25 . 2.25 .b 3.75 .b 3.50 . 25.75 ..cd

N.S. P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 N.S. P=0.01 P<.01 P<.01 P<.0001

Values are mean number of larvae per 10 plants. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)



Trt Products 12-Jun 22-Jun 30-Jun 17-Jul 9-Aug 16-Aug Cumul.

Sum Wk 7 Wk 8 Wk 10 Wk 12 Wk 15 Wk 16


3.50 ab. 0.50 a.. 2.25 a. 1.25 a. 0.25 . 0.50 . 8.25 a..


3.00 a.. 1.25 ab. 1.00 a. 2.50 a. 0.00 . 0.00 . 7.75 a..


1.50 a.. 2.25 ab. 0.75 a. 1.50 a. 0.25 . 0.75 . 7.00 a..


20.25 ..c 18.25 ..c 20.75 .b 25.50 .b 0.00 . 0.00 . 84.75 ..d


24.25 ..c 15.75 ..c 14.75 .b 5.00 ab 0.00 . 0.25 . 60.00 ..d


3.00 a.. 3.50 .b. 2.75 a. 1.25 a. 0.00 . 0.00 . 10.50 ab.

7 1st: Rimon 2nd: Assail 14.75 ..c 19.00 ..c 12.25 .b 2.50 a. 0.00 . 0.00 . 48.50 ..d

8 1st: Harvanta 2nd: AdmirePro 16.75 ..c 25.50 ..c 13.50 .b 4.50 ab 0.00 . 0.25 . 60.50 ..d

9 1st: Besiege 2nd: Actara 23.00 ..c 1.00 ab. 2.00 a. 2.00 a. 0.25 . 0.00 . 28.25 .b.

10 1st: Agri-Mek 2nd: Actara 13.00 .bc 28.75 ..c 20.75 .b 0.50 a. 0.00 . 0.00 . 63.00 ..d

11 1st: Blackhawk 2nd: Belay 21.75 ..c 22.50 ..c 27.00 .b 0.75 a. 0.00 . 0.25 . 72.25 ..d

12 1st: Coragen 2nd: Scorpion 15.50 ..c 30.50 ..c 16.75 .b 0.50 a. 0.25 . 0.00 . 63.50 ..d

P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 N.S. N.S. P<.0001

Values are mean number of adults per 20 sweeps. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)



Trt Products 12-Jun 22-Jun 17-Jul 3-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug Cumul.



0.75 . 0.25 ab 0.50 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 1.50 a.


3.75 . 1.25 ab 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 5.25 ab


3.25 . 1.00 ab 24.50 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 28.75 .b


2.00 . 7.50 ab 27.75 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 37.25 .b


2.75 . 5.25 ab 0.75 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 8.75 ab


1.75 . 1.00 ab 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 2.75 ab

7 1st: Rimon 2nd: Assail 1.50 . 8.25 ab 6.00 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 0.00 . 16.00 ab

8 1st: Harvanta 2nd: AdmirePro 1.00 . 6.25 ab 0.50 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 7.75 ab

9 1st: Besiege 2nd: Actara 3.00 . 0.00 a. 0.50 . 0.00 . 2.50 . 0.00 . 6.00 ab

10 1st: Agri-Mek 2nd: Actara 1.25 . 3.75 ab 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 5.00 ab

11 1st: Blackhawk 2nd: Belay 2.25 . 6.75 .b 0.75 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.25 . 10.00 ab

12 1st: Coragen 2nd: Scorpion 2.75 . 2.00 ab 0.25 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 0.00 . 5.00 ab

N.S. P<.01 P<.05 N.S. N.S. N.S. P<.05

Values are mean number of nymphs per 25 leaves. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 9. Aphid Counts

Trt Products 12-Jun 22-Jun 17-Jul 3-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug Cumul.



0.00 a. 0.25 . 0.25 a. 0.00 a. 0.00 a. 0.25 . 0.75 ab.


0.75 ab 0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.25 a. 0.00 a. 0.50 . 1.50 ab.


0.00 a. 0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.00 a. 0.00 a. 0.00 . 0.00 a..


0.25 a. 0.00 . 1.00 ab 3.50 ab 2.25 ab 0.00 . 7.00 .bd


0.50 ab 0.00 . 1.75 ab 4.75 .b 3.75 ab 1.50 . 12.25 ..d


0.25 a. 0.00 . 0.00 a. 0.00 a. 0.00 a. 0.50 . 0.75 ab.

7 1st: Rimon 2nd: Assail 3.00 ab 1.25 . 2.50 ab 1.00 ab 0.75 ab 1.00 . 9.50 ..d

8 1st: Harvanta 2nd: AdmirePro 6.25 .b 0.25 . 1.25 ab 0.75 ab 0.50 ab 0.00 . 9.00 ..d

9 1st: Besiege 2nd: Actara 4.50 ab 0.00 . 0.25 a. 0.25 a. 0.00 a. 2.25 . 7.25 ..d

10 1st: Agri-Mek 2nd: Actara 2.25 ab 0.75 . 0.50 ab 0.50 ab 1.50 ab 1.00 . 6.50 .bd

11 1st: Blackhawk 2nd: Belay 3.00 ab 0.75 . 2.00 ab 1.50 ab 0.50 ab 0.50 . 8.25 ..d

12 1st: Coragen 2nd: Scorpion 4.25 ab 0.75 . 3.75 .b 2.50 ab 4.75 .b 0.25 . 16.25 ..d

P<.001 N.S. P=.001 P<.01 P<.01 N.S. P<.0001

Values are mean number of aphids per 25 leaves. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)



Trt Products 12-Jun 22-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 17-Jul 28-Jul 3-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug Wk 7 Wk 8 Wk 10 Wk 11 Wk 12 Wk 14 Wk 14 Wk 15 Wk 16


1.00 a. 1.00 a.. 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.00 . 1.25 a. 2.00 abc


1.00 a. 1.00 a.. 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.25 1.25 . 1.25 a. 1.75 ab.


1.00 a. 1.00 a.. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.25 . 1.75 ab 1.50 a..


1.00 a. 1.00 a.. 1.25 1.50 1.25 1.25 2.25 . 2.00 ab 2.75 abc


1.00 a. 1.00 a.. 1.00 1.00 1.25 2.00 2.25 . 2.00 ab 2.50 abc


1.00 a. 1.25 ab. 1.25 1.50 1.50 2.00 2.25 . 3.00 .b 3.25 ..c

7 1st: Rimon 2nd: Assail

1.50 ab 2.00 ..c 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.50 2.00 . 2.25 ab 2.75 abc

8 1st: Harvanta 2nd: AdmirePro

1.75 ab 1.00 a.. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 . 2.25 ab 2.50 abc

9 1st: Besiege 2nd: Actara

1.75 ab 1.75 .bc 1.25 1.25 1.50 2.25 2.50 . 3.25 .b 2.50 abc

10 1st: Agri-Mek 2nd: Actara

2.00 .b 1.25 ab. 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 . 1.75 ab 2.25 abc

11 1st: Blackhawk 2nd: Belay

1.75 ab 1.25 ab. 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.75 2.50 . 2.50 ab 3.00 .bc

12 1st: Coragen 2nd: Scorpion

1.75 ab 2.00 ..c 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 2.25 . 2.50 ab 2.50 abc

P<.0001 P<.0001 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. P<.01 P=.001 P<0.01

Defoliation (DF) ratings were taken by visual observation of the entire plot and scored as follows: 1= 0-2% defoliation, 2= 2-5%, 3= 5-10%, 4= >10%


Table 11. Yield

Trt Products Total Yield Market Yield Yield, A's Yield, B's Yield, C's Yield culled


515.3 ± 9.5 ab 503.6 ± 8.3 ab 442.8 ± 3.2 a 60.8 ± 6.4 a 11.7 ± 1.8 a 14.7 ± 8.3 a


495.6 ± 32.3 abcd 482.5 ± 31.0 abcd 422.8 ± 32.4 abcd 59.6 ± 8.6 a 13.1 ± 3.9 a 10.9 ± 4.9 a


525.0 ± 23.6 a 508.3 ± 22.2 a 439.3 ± 27.8 ab 69.0 ± 8.7 a 16.7 ± 3.7 a 12.1 ± 5.9 a


421.5 ± 42.5 ....e 407.0 ± 38.2 ....e 337.5 ± 22.8 ....e 69.5 ± 22.9 a 14.4 ± 6.0 a 14.0 ± 6.4 a


449.2 ± 22.3 .bcde 435.0 ± 18.4 ..cde 375.1 ± 8.5 ...de 59.8 ± 11.5 a 14.2 ± 4.2 a 9.3 ± 7.6 a


501.0 ± 30.1 abc 490.0 ± 28.9 abc 432.0 ± 18.2 abc 58.0 ± 14.0 a 11.0 ± 2.1 a 17.3 ± 15.7 a

7 1st: Rimon 2nd: Assail 462.2 ± 17.1 abcde 453.2 ± 15.4 abcde 393.2 ± 11.6 abcde 60.1 ± 17.2 a 9.0 ± 3.3 a 14.6 ± 6.3 a

8 1st: Harvanta 2nd: AdmirePro 459.9 ± 19.2 abcde 446.0 ± 22.1 abcde 383.8 ± 32.8 ..cde 62.2 ± 11.0 a 13.9 ± 5.7 a 10.8 ± 3.3 a

9 1st: Besiege 2nd: Actara 476.1 ± 41.9 abcde 465.1 ± 42.8 abcde 404.0 ± 36.2 abcde 61.1 ± 16.6 a 11.1 ± 2.7 a 16.0 ± 9.1 a

10 1st: Agri-Mek 2nd: Actara 455.3 ± 35.7 .bcde 444.5 ± 33.9 .bcde 386.6 ± 24.1 .bcde 57.9 ± 10.0 a 10.8 ± 3.2 a 10.2 ± 4.1 a

11 1st: Blackhawk 2nd: Belay 434.0 ± 21.5 ...de 422.1 ± 20.2 ...de 351.9 ± 11.6 ....e 70.1 ± 10.2 a 12.0 ± 1.5 a 8.6 ± 4.3 a

12 1st: Coragen 2nd: Scorpion 448.5 ± 18.8 ..cde 436.7 ± 17.0 ..cde 373.4 ± 4.5 ...de 63.3 ± 19.1 a 11.9 ± 3.0 a 12.6 ± 14.4 a

Grand Mean 470.3 ± 39.9

457.8 ± 39.1

395.2 ± 38.3

62.6 ± 12.9 12.5 ± 3.8 12.6 ± 7.8 P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001 N.S. N.S. N.S.

Means followed by the same letter codes are not statistically different (Tukey’s HSD, P < .05)


Figure 1a. CPB Adult Counts, Full Season

Figure 1b. Cumulative CPB Adults, 1st and 2nd generation

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1st:

Plat

inum

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Min

ecto

Pro

1st:

Bel

ayR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: H

arva

nta

1st:

Bel

ayR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: E

xire

l1s

t: V

erim

ark

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Ven

om1s

t: V

erim

ark

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n1s

t: A

dmire

Pro

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Bes

iege

1st:

Rim

on2n

d: A

ssai

l

1st:

Har

vant

a2n

d: A

dmire

Pro

1st:

Bes

iege

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Bel

ay

1st:

Cor

agen

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

CPB

adu

lts /

10 p

lant

s

12-Jun 22-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul 17-Jul 28-Jul 3-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

CPB

adu

lts /

10 p

lant

s

Treatment No.

1st generation12-Jun 22-Jun 30-Jun 7-Jul

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Treatment No.

2nd generation17-Jul 28-Jul 3-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug


Figure 2a. CPB Egg Mass Counts, Full Season

Figure 2b. Cumulative CPB Egg Masses, 1st and 2nd generation

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

141s

t: Pl

atin

umR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: M

inec

to P

ro1s

t: B

elay

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Har

vant

a1s

t: B

elay

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Exi

rel

1st:

Ver

imar

kR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: V

enom

1st:

Ver

imar

kR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: S

corp

ion

1st:

Adm

irePr

oR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: B

esie

ge

1st:

Rim

on2n

d: A

ssai

l

1st:

Har

vant

a2n

d: A

dmire

Pro

1st:

Bes

iege

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Bel

ay

1st:

Cor

agen

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

CPB

egg

mas

ses

/ 10

plan

ts


0

5

10

15

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

CPB

egg

mas

ses

/ 10

plan

ts

Treatment No.


0

0.5

1

1.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Treatment No.



Figure 3a. CPB Small Larva Counts, Full Season

Figure 3b. Cumulative CPB Small Larvae, 1st and 2nd generation

0

50

100

150

200

2501s

t: Pl

atin

umR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: M

inec

to P

ro1s

t: B

elay

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Har

vant

a1s

t: B

elay

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Exi

rel

1st:

Ver

imar

kR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: V

enom

1st:

Ver

imar

kR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: S

corp

ion

1st:

Adm

irePr

oR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: B

esie

ge

1st:

Rim

on2n

d: A

ssai

l

1st:

Har

vant

a2n

d: A

dmire

Pro

1st:

Bes

iege

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Bel

ay

1st:

Cor

agen

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

CPB

smal

l lar

vae

/ 10

plan

ts


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

CPB

smal

l lar

vae

/ 10

plan

ts

Treatment No.


0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Treatment No.



Figure 4a. CPB Large Larva Counts, Full Season

Figure 4b. Cumulative CPB Large Larvae, 1st and 2nd generation

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

161s

t: Pl

atin

umR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: M

inec

to P

ro1s

t: B

elay

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Har

vant

a1s

t: B

elay

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Exi

rel

1st:

Ver

imar

kR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: V

enom

1st:

Ver

imar

kR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: S

corp

ion

1st:

Adm

irePr

oR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: B

esie

ge

1st:

Rim

on2n

d: A

ssai

l

1st:

Har

vant

a2n

d: A

dmire

Pro

1st:

Bes

iege

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Bel

ay

1st:

Cor

agen

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

CPB

Sm

all L

arva

e / 1

0 pl

ants


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

CPB

larg

e la

rvae

/ 10

pla

nts

Treatment No.


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Treatment No.



Figure 5. Potato Leafhopper Adults

Figure 6. Potato Leafhopper Nymphs

1

2

4

8

16

321s

t: Pl

atin

umR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: M

inec

to P

ro1s

t: B

elay

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Har

vant

a1s

t: B

elay

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Exi

rel

1st:

Ver

imar

kR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: V

enom

1st:

Ver

imar

kR

ES: B

lack

haw

k2n

d: S

corp

ion

1st:

Adm

irePr

oR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: B

esie

ge

1st:

Rim

on2n

d: A

ssai

l

1st:

Har

vant

a2n

d: A

dmire

Pro

1st:

Bes

iege

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Bel

ay

1st:

Cor

agen

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

PLH

adu

lts /

20 sw

eeps

12-Jun 22-Jun 30-Jun 17-Jul 9-Aug 16-Aug

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1st:

Plat

inum

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Min

ecto

Pro

1st:

Bel

ayR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: H

arva

nta

1st:

Bel

ayR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: E

xire

l1s

t: V

erim

ark

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Ven

om1s

t: V

erim

ark

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n1s

t: A

dmire

Pro

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Bes

iege

1st:

Rim

on2n

d: A

ssai

l

1st:

Har

vant

a2n

d: A

dmire

Pro

1st:

Bes

iege

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Bel

ay

1st:

Cor

agen

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

PLH

nym

phs

/ 25

leav

es

12-Jun 22-Jun 17-Jul 3-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug


Figure 7. Aphid counts

Figure 8. Defoliation ratings

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1st:

Plat

inum

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Min

ecto

Pro

1st:

Bel

ayR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: H

arva

nta

1st:

Bel

ayR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: E

xire

l1s

t: V

erim

ark

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Ven

om1s

t: V

erim

ark

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n1s

t: A

dmire

Pro

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Bes

iege

1st:

Rim

on2n

d: A

ssai

l

1st:

Har

vant

a2n

d: A

dmire

Pro

1st:

Bes

iege

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Bel

ay

1st:

Cor

agen

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Aph

ids

/ 25

leav

es

12-Jun 22-Jun 17-Jul 3-Aug 9-Aug 16-Aug

1

2

3

4

1st:

Plat

inum

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Min

ecto

Pro

1st:

Bel

ayR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: H

arva

nta

1st:

Bel

ayR

ES: A

gri-M

ek2n

d: E

xire

l1s

t: V

erim

ark

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Ven

om1s

t: V

erim

ark

RES

: Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n1s

t: A

dmire

Pro

RES

: Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Bes

iege

1st:

Rim

on2n

d: A

ssai

l

1st:

Har

vant

a2n

d: A

dmire

Pro

1st:

Bes

iege

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Agr

i-Mek

2nd:

Act

ara

1st:

Bla

ckha

wk

2nd:

Bel

ay

1st:

Cor

agen

2nd:

Sco

rpio

n

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Def

olia

tion

ratin

g(1

=0-2

%, 2

=2-5

%, 3

=5-1

0%, 4

=>10

%)



Figure 9. Yield

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

1st: PlatinumRES: Blackhawk2nd: Minecto Pro

1st: BelayRES: Agri-Mek2nd: Harvanta

1st: BelayRES: Agri-Mek

2nd: Exirel

1st: VerimarkRES: Blackhawk

2nd: Venom

1st: VerimarkRES: Blackhawk

2nd: Scorpion

1st: AdmireProRES: Agri-Mek

2nd: Besiege

1st: Rimon2nd: Assail

1st: Harvanta2nd: AdmirePro

1st: Besiege2nd: Actara

1st: Agri-Mek2nd: Actara

1st: Blackhawk2nd: Belay

1st: Coragen2nd: Scorpion

12

34

56

78

910

1112

Yield (cwt/a)

A's B's C's


3. Potato / HARS / CPB Systemic Trial Soil-applied crop protectants in potato production for full-season pest management and yield enhancement


Crop: Potato, Solanum tuberosum cv. ‘Russet Burbank’ Treatments: 5 full-season treatment programs including systemic insecticides, fungicides, nematicides, and soil enhancers applied in-furrow and as foliar sprays Targets:


Purpose This experiment was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a proposed regimen of at-plant

systemic insecticides, fungicides, and soil enhancers for season-long control of pest insects and damaging fungal pathogens in potato. Target insects: Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata, potato leafhopper (PLH), Empoasca fabae, and potato colonizing aphid species.

Objectives 1. Evaluate mixing and crop safety of Belay at 12.0 fl oz/A + Elumin (V-10208) at 8 fl oz/A (0.25 lb

ai/A) + EndoMaxx 6 gr/A and AveoEZ at 0.7 fl oz/A as crop protectants and enhancers when delivered as in-furrow application

2. Measure the control performance of Belay 12.0 fl oz/A for CPB when combined with additional soil protectants and enhancers

3. Capture yield enhancements vs. standards

Materials and Methods Site. This experiment was conducted at Hancock Agricultural Research Station (HARS) located 1.1

mile (1.8 km) southwest of Hancock, Wisconsin in field E-23 (44.115262ºN, -89.533582ºW) in 2017. Soil was of a loamy sand type (‘Plainfield Sand’).

Experimental Design. Four replicates of 5 experimental treatments and 1 untreated control were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Furrows were cut using a commercial potato planter without closing discs attached. Potato, Solanum tuberosum cv. ‘Russet Burbank’, seed pieces were machine planted on May 1. Seed pieces were spaced approximately 12 inches apart within rows. Rows were spaced on 3 ft. centers. The four-row plots were 12 ft wide by 40 ft long, for a total of 0.011 acres. One untreated guard row separated plots.


Treatments. In-furrow treatments (single compound and tank mixes) were applied at planting with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer operating at 30 psi with a 2 nozzle boom equipped with Tee Jet 8001 flat fan nozzles delivering 11.1 gallons per acre (see Treatments, Table 1). Immediately after the in-furrow treatments were applied, all seed was covered by hilling. Foliar applications (Phostrol) were performed on June 22 and July 6. See trial calendar, Table 2. All plots were maintained according to standard commercial production practices by HARS staff (see Table 3 for field management events and agronomic inputs).

Insect Counts. Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) populations were assessed on 10 randomly selected plants in each plot for the following life stages: adults, egg masses, small larvae (1st-2nd instars), large larvae (3rd and 4th instars). Potato Leafhopper adults were sampled using sweep net techniques (20 sweeps per plot). PLH nymphs and aphids were assessed by visual inspection of 25 leaves per plot. CPB counts by life stage are reported in Tables 4-7 and summarized graphically as cumulative counts in Figures 1-4. PLH nymphs, adults, and aphid counts are reported in Tables 8-10 and graphically in Figures 5-7.

Plant Health. Stand counts were conducted by counting the number of emerged plants in each of the two center rows in each plot. Stand counts are not reported here but can be found in the supporting data. No signs of phytotoxicity were observed among experimental treatments. Defoliation ratings (% DF) were determined by visual observation of the entire plot. Stand counts were within the expected range and can be found in the raw data files if desired. Defoliation is presented in Figure 8. No signs of phytotoxicity were observed in any of the treatments during the course of the experiment.

Harvest. A single row from each plot was harvested on Aug 25 to determine yield and tuber quality. Tubers were graded using an AgRay Vision X-Ray grading machine which generated electronic measurements of tuber size and weight. The second-largest value of a tuber’s dimension in the X, Y, and Z directions was considered its “diameter” and compared against the following USDA classification scheme: A-size tubers are larger than 1.875” in diameter, B-size tubers fall between 1.875” and 1.5”, and C-size tubers fall below 1.5” diameter. Yields, including relative performance of experimental treatments versus control and commercial standards plots, are reported in Tables 12-13 and Figure 9. Additional grading data generated by the grading machine, including proportion hollow tubers, proportion knobbed tubers, and proportion double tubers is presented in Table 14. Specific gravity measurements, based on dry and submerged weights of approximately 15 tubers from each plot, is also presented in Table 14.

Data Analysis. Insect count data was log transformed (log(𝑥𝑥 + 1)) and percentages were arcsine square root transformed (sin−1 √𝑥𝑥) prior to analysis. Main effects were determined using analysis of variance including both treatment and replicate effects. Means separation letter codes were generated using Tukey’s HSD procedure (α=.05). All statistical analyses were performed in JMP version 13.1.


Table 1. Treatments

Trt Product Type Form Conc.

Form Type

Form Unit Rate Rate Unit Delivery

1 Untreated UTC

2 Belay INSE 2.13 SC lb ai/gal 12 fl oz/a In-Furrow Elumin FUNG 4 SC lb ai/gal 8 fl oz/a In-Furrow Phostrol FUNG 6.69 SL lb ai/gal 10 pt/a Foliar, 2 apps

3 Belay INSE 2.13 SC lb ai/gal 12 fl oz/a In-Furrow 4 Belay INSE 2.13 SC lb ai/gal 12 fl oz/a In-Furrow

Elumin FUNG 4 SC lb ai/gal 8 fl oz/a In-Furrow Phostrol FUNG 6.69 SL lb ai/gal 10 pt/a Foliar, 2 apps MA Endomaxx INOC 22.5 WP K CFU/g 6 g/a In-Furrow

5 Belay INSE 2.13 SC lb ai/gal 12 fl oz/a In-Furrow Elumin FUNG 4 SC lb ai/gal 8 fl oz/a In-Furrow Phostrol FUNG 6.69 SL lb ai/gal 10 pt/a Foliar, 2 apps MA Endomaxx INOC 22.5 WP K CFU/g 6 g/a In-Furrow Aveo EZ NEMA 115.6 SC B CFU/mL 0.7 fl oz/a In-Furrow

6 Platinum INSE 75 SG % w/w 2.67 oz wt/a In-Furrow Ridomil Gold SL FUNG 4 SL lb ai/gal 0.42 fl oz/1000 row-ft In-Furrow Phostrol FUNG 6.69 SL lb ai/gal 10 pt/a Foliar, 2 apps

In-Furrow applications performed May 3. Foliar applications (Phostrol) on Jun 22 and July 6.



3-May 1 1 Planting, In-furrow applications 2-Jun 31 5 Stand count, CPB pre-count 5-Jun 34 5 Stand count, Vigor, CPB pre-count

15-Jun 44 7 CPB, PLH, Aphid, Defoliation counts 19-Jun 48 7 CPB, PLH, Aphid, Defoliation counts 22-Jun 51 8 Phostrol first application 26-Jun 55 8 CPB, PLH, Aphid, Defoliation counts

6-Jul 65 10 Phostrol second application 7-Jul 66 10 CPB, PLH, Aphid, Defoliation counts

12-Jul 71 11 CPB, PLH, Aphid, Defoliation counts 20-Jul 79 12 CPB, PLH, Aphid, Defoliation counts

25-Aug 115 17 Harvest



Date Equipment Product Type Rate Unit

5/3/2017 Hiller, Row Closer

5/3/2017 Potato Planter - Kverneland 6-30-22-4S+micros FERT 550 lb / acre 5/3/2017 Soil Finisher, Brillion

5/22/2017 Hiller/Sidedresser 21-0-0-24S Ammonium Sulfate FERT 360 lb / acre 5/22/2017 Hiller/Sidedresser IrrigAid Gold ADJ 0.5 pints / acre 5/23/2017 Spray Coupe Parallel HERB 1 pints / acre 5/23/2017 Spray Coupe Metribuzin 75DF HERB 0.5 lb / acre 6/8/2017 Airflow Fertilizer Applicator 34-0-0 Ammonium Nitrate FERT 350 lb / acre 6/14/2017 Spray Coupe Matrix HERB 1.5 dry oz. / acre 6/14/2017 Spray Coupe Non Ionic Surfactant 80/20 ADJ 1 pints / acre 6/20/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik ADJ 1.5 pints / acre 6/21/2017 Spray Coupe Coragen INSE 7.5 fluid oz / acre 6/21/2017 Spray Coupe MSO ADJ 4 fluid oz / acre 6/29/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik ADJ 1.5 pints / acre 6/30/2017 Airflow Fertilizer Applicator 34-0-0 Ammonium Nitrate FERT 110 lb / acre 6/30/2017 Spray Coupe Coragen INSE 5 fluid oz / acre 6/30/2017 Spray Coupe MSO ADJ 4 fluid oz / acre 7/6/2017 Spray Coupe Tanos FUNG 8 dry oz. / acre 7/6/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik ADJ 1.5 pints / acre 7/13/2017 Airflow Fertilizer Applicator 34-0-0 Ammonium Nitrate FERT 150 lb / acre 7/14/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik ADJ 1.5 pints / acre 7/21/2017 Spray Coupe Headline FUNG 12 fluid oz / acre 7/21/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik ADJ 1.5 pints / acre 7/27/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik ADJ 1.5 pints / acre 8/4/2017 Spray Coupe Revus Top FUNG 7 fluid oz / acre 8/4/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik ADJ 1.5 pints / acre 8/4/2017 Spray Coupe Non Ionic Surfactant 80/20 ADJ 1 pints / acre 8/11/2017 Spray Coupe Bravo Weather Stik ADJ 1.5 pints / acre 8/14/2017 Spray Coupe Diquat E HERB 1.5 pints / acre 8/14/2017 Spray Coupe Non Ionic Surfactant 80/20 ADJ 1 pints / acre 8/21/2017 Spray Coupe Diquat E HERB 1.5 pints / acre 8/21/2017 Spray Coupe Non Ionic Surfactant 80/20 ADJ 1 pints / acre 8/25/2017 Potato Digger, Blue


Table 4. CPB Adult Counts Jun 02 Jun 05 Jun 15 Jun 19 Jun 26 Jul 07 Jul 12 Jul 20 Cumul.

Trt Products (day 32) (day 35) (day 45) (day 49) (day 56) (day 67) (day 72) (day 80) sum

1 UTC 4.75 ± 2.63 a 4.75 ± 4.99 a 4.25 ± 1.71 a 3.75 ± 2.63 a 2.00 ± 1.83 a 4.25 ± 2.87 a 10.50 ± 5.92 ab 43.25 ± 25.72 a 77.50 ± 37.33 a

2 BEL+ELU +PHO 2.50 ± 0.58 a 1.25 ± 0.50 a 8.00 ± 4.69 a 12.00 ± 4.97 ab 13.25 ± 5.56 .b 2.75 ± 1.89 a 12.75 ± 4.72 .b 119.50 ± 70.53 a 172.00 ± 77.46 a

3 BEL 3.50 ± 2.08 a 3.00 ± 0.82 a 7.75 ± 3.30 a 10.50 ± 6.45 ab 12.00 ± 7.79 ab 3.75 ± 3.86 a 7.00 ± 2.83 ab 60.50 ± 59.95 a 108.00 ± 52.77 a

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA 4.25 ± 2.22 a 4.25 ± 1.71 a 7.50 ± 3.00 a 8.50 ± 3.87 ab 6.25 ± 5.32 ab 2.50 ± 1.91 a 3.50 ± 2.65 a 27.00 ± 16.31 a 63.75 ± 22.16 a

5 BEL+ELU+PHO +MA+AVE 1.25 ± 1.26 a 2.25 ± 2.63 a 9.75 ± 5.19 a 16.25 ± 12.01 ab 21.00 ± 4.08 .b 5.00 ± 4.08 a 7.00 ± 4.55 ab 92.50 ± 55.26 a 155.00 ± 63.09 a

6 PLA+RID +PHO 2.75 ± 0.50 a 2.75 ± 1.50 a 13.00 ± 8.68 a 19.50 ± 5.74 .b 9.00 ± 5.48 ab 2.25 ± 0.50 a 6.75 ± 0.96 ab 61.25 ± 75.94 a 117.25 ± 85.24 a

N.S. N.S. N.S. P<.05 P<.05 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.

Figures reported are mean count per 10 plants ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)

Table 5. CPB Egg Mass Counts Jun 02 Jun 05 Jun 15 Jun 19 Jun 26 Jul 07 Jul 12 Jul 20 Cumul.

Trt Products (day 32) (day 35) (day 45) (day 49) (day 56) (day 67) (day 72) (day 80) sum

1 UTC 0 ± 0 a 10.25 ± 7.18 .b 4.25 ± 3.10 a 2.50 ± 0.58 a 1.25 ± 0.96 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 2.25 ± 1.26 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 21.00 ± 3.37 a

2 BEL+ELU +PHO 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 1.00 ± 1.41 a 5.00 ± 2.16 a 3.75 ± 2.75 a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 2.00 ± 0.82 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 13.00 ± 2.31 a

3 BEL 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 2.50 ± 0.58 a 7.25 ± 3.59 a 4.75 ± 3.50 a 1.00 ± 2.00 a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 0 ± 0 a 16.50 ± 5.92 a

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 2.00 ± 1.83 a 5.75 ± 3.77 a 3.00 ± 2.16 a 2.00 ± 2.71 a 0.50 ± 0.58 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 13.50 ± 7.94 a

5 BEL+ELU+PHO +MA+AVE 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 1.75 ± 1.26 a 5.00 ± 2.45 a 4.00 ± 2.45 a 1.00 ± 0.82 a 1.00 ± 0.82 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 13.25 ± 4.19 a

6 PLA+RID +PHO 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 2.50 ± 1.29 a 4.00 ± 2.45 a 3.25 ± 2.22 a 0 ± 0 a 1.00 ± 0.82 a 1.00 ± 1.41 a 12.00 ± 3.74 a

N.S. P<.0001 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.




Jun 02 Jun 05 Jun 15 Jun 19 Jun 26 Jul 07 Jul 12 Jul 20 Cumul. Trt Products (day 32) (day 35) (day 45) (day 49) (day 56) (day 67) (day 72) (day 80) sum

1 UTC 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 56.25 ± 34.04 .b 186.25 ± 70.22 .b 41.00 ± 19.66 .b 1.75 ± 2.36 a 6.25 ± 5.68 a 1.00 ± 2.00 a 292.50 ± 113.74 .b 2 BEL+ELU

+PHO 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 7.00 ± 12.08 a 1.00 ± 2.00 a 8.00 ± 11.46 a

3 BEL 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 11.75 ± 12.42 ab 0 ± 0 a 1.00 ± 0.82 a 5.25 ± 9.84 a 18.50 ± 19.74 a

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA

0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 2.00 ± 2.31 a 0.75 ± 1.50 a 5.50 ± 10.34 a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 2.00 ± 2.71 a 11.00 ± 10.23 a

5 BEL+ELU+PHO +MA+AVE

0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 6.75 ± 6.18 ab 0.75 ± 0.50 a 0 ± 0 a 2.25 ± 2.63 a 9.75 ± 4.57 a

6 PLA+RID +PHO

0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 5.50 ± 4.65 a 3.50 ± 3.51 a 10 ± 7.53 a

P ns ns P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.001 ns ns ns P<.001


Table 7. CPB Large Larvae Counts

Jun 02 Jun 05 Jun 15 Jun 19 Jun 26 Jul 07 Jul 12 Jul 20 Cumul. Trt Products (day 32) (day 35) (day 45) (day 49) (day 56) (day 67) (day 72) (day 80) sum

1 UTC 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 11.00 ± 12.19 .b 3.25 ± 2.50 .b 1.25 ± 0.50 .b 0.75 ± 0.50 a 1.75 ± 2.36 a 18.00 ± 16.19 .b 2 BEL+ELU

+PHO 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a

3 BEL 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 1.00 ± 0.82 ab

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA

0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 1.50 ± 3.00 a 1.50 ± 3.00 a


0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 3.50 ± 6.35 a 3.50 ± 6.35 ab

6 PLA+RID +PHO

0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 1.25 ± 2.50 a 1.50 ± 2.38 ab

P ns ns ns P<.05 P<.01 P<.0001 ns ns P<.05




Jun 15 Jun 19 Jun 26 Jul 07 Jul 12 Jul 20 Cumul. Trt Products (day 45) (day 49) (day 56) (day 67) (day 72) (day 80) sum

1 UTC 10.25 ± 6.02 .b 13.25 ± 4.57 .b 0.25 ± 0.50 a 6.00 ± 1.63 .b 16.25 ± 3.77 .b 15.50 ± 1.73 .b 61.50 ± 10.79 .b

2 BEL+ELU +PHO

1.00 ± 0.82 a 1.00 ± 0.82 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 3.50 ± 4.04 a 1.50 ± 1.29 a 7.50 ± 3.70 a

3 BEL 0.75 ± 0.96 a 1.75 ± 1.71 a 0 ± 0 a 1.50 ± 2.38 a 4.25 ± 2.22 ab 2.75 ± 2.50 a 11.00 ± 4.24 a

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA

1.50 ± 1.29 a 1.00 ± 1.41 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.50 ± 0.58 a 1.75 ± 1.50 a 2.75 ± 2.06 a 7.75 ± 2.75 a


1.00 ± 1.41 a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.50 ± 0.58 a 1.00 ± 0.82 a 1.00 ± 0.82 a 4.50 ± 2.08 a

6 PLA+RID +PHO

1.00 ± 1.15 a 1.75 ± 1.26 a 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 4.00 ± 3.65 ab 4.50 ± 4.43 ab 11.75 ± 8.26 a

P<.0001 P<.001 ns P<.01 P<.01 P<.01 P<.001

Figures reported are mean count per 20 sweeps ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Jun 15 Jun 19 Jun 26 Jul 07 Jul 12 Jul 20 Cumul. Trt Products (day 45) (day 49) (day 56) (day 67) (day 72) (day 80) sum

1 UTC 3.75 ± 1.89 a 4.00 ± 1.83 .b 0.75 ± 0.96 a 2.50 ± 1.29 .b 10 ± 3.74 .b 8.75 ± 9.22 .b 29.75 ± 15.37 .b

2 BEL+ELU +PHO

1.25 ± 1.89 a 1.50 ± 1.00 ab 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 2.75 ± 1.71 a

3 BEL 1.75 ± 0.96 a 1.00 ± 0.82 ab 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 2.75 ± 1.50 a

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA

1.00 ± 1.15 a 3.75 ± 0.50 .b 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 4.75 ± 1.50 a


1.00 ± 1.15 a 1.25 ± 1.89 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 2.25 ± 2.87 a

6 PLA+RID +PHO

0.50 ± 0.58 a 1.75 ± 0.96 ab 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 2.25 ± 1.50 a

P ns P<.05 ns P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.01 P<.0001

Figures reported are mean count per 25 leaves ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 10. Aphid Counts Jun 15 Jun 19 Jun 26 Jul 07 Jul 12 Jul 20 Cumul.

Trt Products (day 45) (day 49) (day 56) (day 67) (day 72) (day 80) sum

1 UTC 0.75 ± 0.96 a 8.00 ± 2.16 .b 0.75 ± 0.96 a 1.50 ± 0.58 .b 4.25 ± 2.50 .b 8.00 ± 7.12 .b 23.25 ± 11.18 .b

2 BEL+ELU +PHO 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a

3 BEL 0 ± 0 a 0.75 ± 0.96 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 1.00 ± 1.15 a

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.75 ± 1.50 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 1.75 ± 2.36 a

5 BEL+ELU+PHO +MA+AVE 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a

6 PLA+RID +PHO 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 1.25 ± 0.96 a

ns P<.0001 ns P<.0001 P<.001 P<.01 P<.0001

Figures reported are mean count per 25 leaves ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Trt Products Jun 15 Jun 19 Jun 26 Jul 07 Jul 12 Jul 20 (day 45) (day 49) (day 56) (day 67) (day 72) (day 80)

1 UTC 1.8% ± 0.5% .b 2.5% ± 0.6% .b 2.0% ± 0.8% .b 1.8% ± 1.0% a 1.5% ± 0.6% a 4.8% ± 4.9% a

2 BEL+ELU+PHO 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 13.5% ± 11.0% a 3 BEL 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 0.8% ± 0.5% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 3.0% ± 2.7% a

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA

1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 2.0% ± 0.8% a


1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 8.3% ± 6.2% a

6 PLA+RID +PHO

1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 1.0% ± 0.0% a 7.5% ± 11.7% a

P P<.001 P<.0001 P<.01 ns P<.05 ns


Figures reported are mean percent defoliation ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 12. Yield Performance

Trt Products Total Yield Mkt Yield (A+B) Class A Class B Class C Culls

1 UTC 237.03 ± 39.48 a 244.92 ± 37.99 a 215.67 ± 41.26 a 21.35 ± 6.30 a 7.90 ± 6.30 a 7.53 ± 1.47 a 2 BEL+ELU

+PHO 260.19 ± 11.06 a 277.16 ± 11.61 a 220.99 ± 10.30 a 39.20 ± 2.58 a 16.97 ± 2.58 a 7.84 ± 3.02 a

3 BEL 278.32 ± 83.39 a 291.73 ± 77.70 a 253.27 ± 92.61 a 25.05 ± 11.54 a 13.41 ± 11.54 a 6.33 ± 3.44 a 4 BEL+ELU

+PHO+MA 287.63 ± 6.37 a 300.10 ± 8.43 a 259.89 ± 6.18 a 27.74 ± 5.41 a 12.47 ± 5.41 a 5.30 ± 2.53 a


271.62 ± 13.97 a 285.38 ± 15.54 a 241.90 ± 13.83 a 29.72 ± 7.01 a 13.76 ± 7.01 a 7.33 ± 4.38 a

6 PLA+RID +PHO

260.89 ± 7.91 a 274.80 ± 10.77 a 233.52 ± 9.09 a 27.37 ± 11.25 a 13.91 ± 11.25 a 7.45 ± 2.82 a

P ns ns ns ns ns ns

Yields reported in units of cwt/a, calculated from a harvested area per plot of 120 sq. ft. (one 40 ft. row). Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Table 13. Yield Performance Relative to Controls

Trt Products Total Yield Mkt Yield (A+B) Class A Class B Class C Culls

Performance relative to control 1 UTC 237.03

244.92

215.67

21.35

7.90

7.53

2 BEL+ELU +PHO

+23.16 = 260.19

+32.24 = 277.16

+5.32 = 220.99

+17.85 = 39.20

+9.07 = 16.97

+0.31 = 7.84

3 BEL +41.29 = 278.32

+46.81 = 291.73

+37.59 = 253.27

+3.70 = 25.05

+5.52 = 13.41

-1.20 = 6.33

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA

+50.61 = 287.63

+55.18 = 300.10

+44.22 = 259.89

+6.39 = 27.74

+4.57 = 12.47

-2.23 = 5.30


+34.60 = 271.62

+40.46 = 285.38

+26.22 = 241.90

+8.37 = 29.72

+5.86 = 13.76

-0.19 = 7.33

Performance relative to commercial standard 6 PLA+RID

+PHO 260.89

274.80

233.52

27.37

13.91

7.45

2 BEL+ELU +PHO

-0.70 = 260.19

+2.36 = 277.16

-12.53 = 220.99

+11.83 = 39.20

+3.06 = 16.97

+0.39 = 7.84

3 BEL +17.43 = 278.32

+16.94 = 291.73

+19.75 = 253.27

-2.32 = 25.05

-0.49 = 13.41

-1.12 = 6.33

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA

+26.75 = 287.63

+25.31 = 300.10

+26.37 = 259.89

+0.38 = 27.74

-1.44 = 12.47

-2.15 = 5.30


+10.74 = 271.62

+10.58 = 285.38

+8.38 = 241.90

+2.36 = 29.72

-0.15 = 13.76

-0.12 = 7.33

Yields reported in units of cwt/a, calculated from a harvested area per plot of 120 sq. ft. (one 40 ft. row)


Table 14. Tuber Quality

Trt Products Proportion A's Proportion B's Proportion C's Prp Hollow Prp Double Prp Knob Specific Gravity

1 UTC 74.3% ± 6.7%

17.1% ± 4.0%

8.7% ± 3.0%

3.9% ± 1.3%

1.6% ± 1.2%

14.8% ± 3.8%

1.078 ± 0.003

2 BEL+ELU +PHO

63.3% ± 0.4%

22.8% ± 0.4%

13.9% ± 0.4%

2.8% ± 0.7%

0.8% ± 0.7%

15.4% ± 1.6%

1.074 ± 0.003

3 BEL 71.9% ± 13.6%

16.6% ± 7.3%

11.5% ± 6.5%

2.8% ± 0.9%

1.1% ± 0.8%

17.5% ± 3.7%

1.077 ± 0.004

4 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA

72.5% ± 5.2%

16.8% ± 2.6%

10.7% ± 2.8%

3.1% ± 0.7%

0.9% ± 0.5%

16.9% ± 1.5%

1.080 ± 0.004

5 BEL+ELU +PHO+MA +AVE

70.2% ± 6.0%

18.1% ± 2.7%

11.7% ± 3.4%

3.0% ± 0.8%

1.1% ± 0.5%

16.0% ± 2.0%

1.075 ± 0.002

6 PLA+RID +PHO

70.5% ± 6.9%

17.2% ± 4.2%

12.2% ± 3.3%

2.4% ± 1.0%

0.8% ± 0.5%

16.0% ± 1.3%

1.077 ± 0.004

P N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.

Hollow, double, and knobbed tubers were flagged by the AgRay Vision X-ray grading machine. Specific gravity calculations based on comparison of dry and submerged weight of approximately 15 tubers.


Figure 1. Cumulative CPB Adult Counts

Figure 2. Cumulative CPB Egg Mass Counts

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

29-May 5-Jun 12-Jun 19-Jun 26-Jun 3-Jul 10-Jul 17-Jul 24-Jul

CPB

adu

lts /

10 p

lant

s

Trt 1.UTC

Trt 2.BEL+ELU+PHO

Trt 3.BEL

Trt 4.BEL+ELU+PHO+MA

Trt 5.BEL+ELU+PHO+MA+AVE

Trt 6.PLA+RID+PHO

PhostrolApp Dates

Logscale

1

2

4

8

16

32


CPB

egg

mas

ses

/ 10

plan

ts

Trt 1.UTC

Trt 2.BEL+ELU+PHO

Trt 3.BEL



Trt 6.PLA+RID+PHO

PhostrolApp Dates

Logscale


Figure 3. Cumulative CPB Small Larvae Counts

Figure 4. Cumulative CPB Large Larvae Counts

1

2

4

8

16

32

64

128

256

512


CPB

smal

l lar

vae

/ 10

plan

ts

Trt 1.UTC

Trt 2.BEL+ELU+PHO

Trt 3.BEL



Trt 6.PLA+RID+PHO

PhostrolApp Dates

Logscale

1

2

4

8

16

32


CPB

larg

e la

rvae

/ 10

pla

nts

Trt 1.UTC

Trt 2.BEL+ELU+PHO

Trt 3.BEL



Trt 6.PLA+RID+PHO

PhostrolApp Dates

Logscale


Figure 5. Cumulative Potato Leafhopper Adult Counts

Figure 6. Cumulative Potato Leafhopper Nymph Counts

1

2

4

8

16

32

64


PLH

adu

lts /

20 sw

eeps

Trt 1.UTC

Trt 2.BEL+ELU+PHO

Trt 3.BEL



Trt 6.PLA+RID+PHO

PhostrolApp Dates

Logscale

1

2

4

8

16

32


PLH

nym

phs

/ 25

leav

es

Trt 1.UTC

Trt 2.BEL+ELU+PHO

Trt 3.BEL



Trt 6.PLA+RID+PHO

PhostrolApp Dates

Logscale


Figure 7. Cumulative Aphid Counts

Figure 8. Defoliation

1

2

4

8

16

32


Aph

ids

/ 25

leav

es

Trt 1.UTC

Trt 2.BEL+ELU+PHO

Trt 3.BEL



Trt 6.PLA+RID+PHO

PhostrolApp Dates

Logscale

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

UTC BEL+ELU+PHO

BEL BEL+ELU+PHO+MA

BEL+ELU+PHO+MA

+AVE

PLA+RID+PHO

1 2 3 4 5 6

Perc

ent D

efol

iatio

n

15-Jun 19-Jun 26-Jun 7-Jul 12-Jul 20-Jul


Figure 9. Total Yield

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

UTC BEL+ELU+PHO

BEL BEL+ELU+PHO+MA

BEL+ELU+PHO+MA

+AVE

PLA+RID+PHO

1 2 3 4 5 6

Yie

ld (c

wt/a

)

A's B's C's

58

4. Potato / AARS / Aphid Foliar Trial Evaluation of registered and experimental foliar insecticides for the control of aphids in potato

Arlington Agricultural Research Station Arlington, Wisconsin, USA 43.314247ºN, -89.337053ºW

Crop: Potato, Solanum tuberosum, cv. ‘Yukon Gold’ Treatments: 23 foliar insecticide programs and two controls Target: Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of several foliar insecticides applied to

potato for control of Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, with comparison to industry standards and untreated check plots.

Materials and Methods Site. This experiment was conducted at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station (AARS), 2.5

miles southeast of Arlington, WI on a loamy sand soil in 2017 (43.314247N, -89.337053W).

Experimental Design. Four replicates of 23 foliar treatments and 2 untreated controls were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Potato, Solanum tuberosum cv. ‘Yukon Gold’ seed pieces were machine planted on June 6. Seed pieces were spaced approximately 12 inches apart within rows. Rows were spaced 3 ft. center-to-center. The two-row plots were 6 ft. wide by 20 ft. long, for a total of 0.003 acres. Two guard rows separated the plots.

Treatments. Plots were managed according to commercial pest management (herbicide and fungicide) practices as well as fertility recommendations prescribed by AARS. Foliar treatments were applied Aug 2 and 9. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a 6 ft. boom operating at 30 psi delivering 20 gpa through 4 flat-fan nozzles (Tee Jet XR8002XR) spaced 18” apart while travelling at 3.5 ft./sec. No sign of phytotoxicity were observed.

Insect Counts. Aphid adults and nymphs were assessed by counting the number of each life stage on 25 randomly selected leaves from the center two rows in each plot. Insect counts occurred on three dates during August: Aug 4 (2 days after first application), Aug 9 (7 days after first application and immediately prior to second application), and Aug 16 (7 days after second application). In this report, we cover only counts from Aug 9 and 16 as on these dates there was better separation in aphid counts between treatments.

Data Analysis. All statistical analyses were performed in JMP version 13.2 (The SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Insect counts were log transformed prior to analysis [log(𝑥𝑥 + 1)]. Overall treatment effects were determined by analysis of variance, incorporating both block and treatment effects. Means separations were determined using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference method (α=.05).

Potato / AARS / Aphid Foliar 59

Table 1. Treatments

Trt Product Form. Rate Adjuvant Rate

1 UTC (1)

2 Minecto PRO 163.5 SC 8 fl oz/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 3 Minecto PRO 163.5 SC 10 fl oz/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 4 EXP L Induce 0.25 % v/v 5 EXP M Induce 0.25 % v/v 6 EXP H Induce 0.25 % v/v 7 Exirel 100 SE 10.1 fl oz/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 8 Exirel 100 SE 20 fl oz/a Induce 0.25 % v/v 9 Sivanto 200 SL 8 fl oz/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v

10 Sivanto 200 SL 10.5 fl oz/a Induce 0.25 % v/v 11 Fulfill 50 WG 3 oz wt/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 12 Fulfill 50 WG 5.5 oz wt/a Induce 0.25 % v/v 13 Beleaf 50 SG 2.5 oz wt/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 14 Beleaf 50 SG 2.8 oz wt/a Induce 0.25 % v/v 15 Transform 50 WG 1 oz wt/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 16 Transform 50 WG 1.5 oz wt/a Induce 0.25 % v/v 17 Movento 240 SC 5 fl oz/a Induce 0.25 % v/v 18 Movento HL 480 SC 5 fl oz/a Dyne-amic 0.25 % v/v 19 UTC (2)

20 AdmirePro 4.6 SC 1.3 fl oz/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 21 PFR-97 20 WDG 1 lb/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 22 PFR-97 20 WDG 2 lb/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 23 Trilogy 70 SL 1 % v/v -

24 Grandevo 70 WG 3 lb/a -

25 Venerate XC 94.46 SL 8 qt/a -


Table 2. Aphid Nymph Counts

Trt Product 9-Aug 16-Aug Mean

1 UTC (1) 10.25 ± 6.55 ..cd 6.50 ± 3.70 .bcdefg 8.38 ± 5.32 ..cdef

2 MinectoPro (L) + A90 1.75 ± 2.06 abcd 1.25 ± 0.50 abcde 1.50 ± 1.41 abc

3 MinectoPro (H) + A90 4.00 ± 2.94 abcd 4.25 ± 5.32 abcdefg 4.13 ± 3.98 abcdef

4 EXP (L) + Induce 1.25 ± 1.50 abcd 3.50 ± 2.65 abcdefg 2.38 ± 2.33 abcd

5 EXP (M) + Induce 4.00 ± 4.69 abcd 1.75 ± 0.96 abcdef 2.88 ± 3.36 abcde

6 EXP (H) + Induce 1.50 ± 2.38 abcd 0.25 ± 0.50 ab 0.88 ± 1.73 ab

7 Exirel + A90 1.50 ± 1.29 abcd 6.25 ± 4.72 .bcdefg 3.88 ± 4.09 abcdef

8 Exirel + Induce 2.00 ± 1.83 abcd 1.75 ± 1.71 abcdef 1.88 ± 1.64 abcd

9 Sivanto + A90 0.75 ± 0.96 abc 1.00 ± 2.00 abc 0.88 ± 1.46 ab

10 Sivanto + Induce 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a

11 Fulfill + A90 1.00 ± 1.41 abc 8.00 ± 2.45 ..cdefg 4.50 ± 4.17 .bcdef

12 Fulfill + Induce 3.00 ± 3.46 abcd 6.75 ± 3.40 .bcdefg 4.88 ± 3.76 .bcdef

13 Beleaf + A90 2.50 ± 1.91 abcd 3.00 ± 2.94 abcdefg 2.75 ± 2.31 abcde

14 Beleaf + Induce 2.50 ± 1.73 abcd 2.50 ± 3.11 abcdef 2.50 ± 2.33 abcd

15 Transform + A90 1.50 ± 3.00 abc 2.75 ± 1.26 abcdefg 2.13 ± 2.23 abcd

16 Transform + Induce 2.50 ± 2.65 abcd 2.75 ± 3.10 abcdef 2.63 ± 2.67 abcd

17 Movento + Induce 4.50 ± 1.91 abcd 11.75 ± 9.57 ....efg 8.13 ± 7.47 ..cdef

18 MoventoHL + Dyne-amic 4.00 ± 3.27 abcd 4.50 ± 4.65 abcdefg 4.25 ± 3.73 abcdef

19 UTC (2) 10.75 ± 8.38 ..cd 18.25 ± 8.54 ......g 14.50 ± 8.80 .....f

20 AdmirePro + A90 0.25 ± 0.50 ab 0.75 ± 0.96 abcd 0.50 ± 0.76 ab

21 PFR-97 (L) + A90 6.50 ± 4.80 abcd 13.50 ± 6.24 .....fg 10.00 ± 6.37 ...def

22 PFR-97 (H) + A90 4.75 ± 2.22 abcd 11.50 ± 1.91 ....efg 8.13 ± 4.09 ..cdef

23 Trilogy 7.75 ± 3.59 ..cd 8.75 ± 3.77 ...defg 8.25 ± 3.45 ...def

24 Grandevo 11.25 ± 5.12 ...d 10.25 ± 3.86 ....efg 10.75 ± 4.23 ....ef

25 VenerateXC 6.75 ± 1.26 .bcd 11.50 ± 7.85 ....efg 9.13 ± 5.79 ...def

P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001

Aphid counts per 25 leaves presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD α=.05). Treatments applied Aug 2 and Aug 9 (after insect counts). For products with multiple application rates, L=low rate, M=medium rate, H=high rate.


Figure 1. Aphid Nymph Counts

0 5 10 15 20 25

UTC (1)

MinectoPro (L) + A90

MinectoPro (H) + A90

EXP (L) + Induce

EXP (M) + Induce

EXP (H) + Induce

Exirel + A90

Exirel + Induce

Sivanto + A90

Sivanto + Induce

Fulfill + A90

Fulfill + Induce

Beleaf + A90

Beleaf + Induce

Transform + A90

Transform + Induce

Movento + Induce

MoventoHL + Dyne-amic

UTC (2)

AdmirePro + A90

PFR-97 (L) + A90

PFR-97 (H) + A90

Trilogy

Grandevo

VenerateXC

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

25

Nymphs per 25 leaves

Mean Aphid Nymph Count


Table 3. Adult Aphid Counts

Trt Product 9-Aug 16-Aug Mean

1 UTC (1) 13.25 ± 4.03 ..c 7.75 ± 5.56 .bc 10.50 ± 5.37 ...de

2 MinectoPro (L) + A90 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.75 ± 1.50 ab 0.50 ± 1.07 ab

3 MinectoPro (H) + A90 1.25 ± 1.50 ab 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.63 ± 1.19 ab

4 EXP (L) + Induce 0.00 ± 0.00 a 1.00 ± 2.00 ab 0.50 ± 1.41 a

5 EXP (M) + Induce 1.25 ± 2.50 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.63 ± 1.77 a

6 EXP (H) + Induce 0.75 ± 1.50 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.38 ± 1.06 a

7 Exirel + A90 0.50 ± 1.00 a 0.50 ± 0.58 ab 0.50 ± 0.76 ab

8 Exirel + Induce 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.25 ± 0.50 ab 0.25 ± 0.46 a

9 Sivanto + A90 0.25 ± 0.50 a 1.00 ± 1.41 abc 0.63 ± 1.06 ab

10 Sivanto + Induce 1.25 ± 1.50 ab 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.63 ± 1.19 ab

11 Fulfill + A90 0.75 ± 1.50 a 1.25 ± 0.96 abc 1.00 ± 1.20 ab

12 Fulfill + Induce 1.25 ± 1.50 ab 0.75 ± 0.50 abc 1.00 ± 1.07 abc

13 Beleaf + A90 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.25 ± 0.50 ab 0.13 ± 0.35 a

14 Beleaf + Induce 1.25 ± 2.50 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.63 ± 1.77 a

15 Transform + A90 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.13 ± 0.35 a

16 Transform + Induce 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.25 ± 0.50 ab 0.13 ± 0.35 a

17 Movento + Induce 0.25 ± 0.50 a 3.00 ± 3.83 abc 1.63 ± 2.92 abc

18 MoventoHL + Dyne-amic 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a 0.00 ± 0.00 a

19 UTC (2) 10.00 ± 2.71 ..c 6.75 ± 6.29 .bc 8.38 ± 4.81 ...de

20 AdmirePro + A90 0.00 ± 0.00 a 3.00 ± 6.00 abc 1.50 ± 4.24 ab

21 PFR-97 (L) + A90 8.00 ± 4.97 ..c 1.00 ± 0.82 abc 4.50 ± 4.99 .bcd

22 PFR-97 (H) + A90 6.50 ± 3.87 .bc 3.25 ± 1.26 abc 4.88 ± 3.18 ..cde

23 Trilogy 9.25 ± 4.03 ..c 4.00 ± 2.45 abc 6.63 ± 4.17 ...de

24 Grandevo 20.50 ± 14.53 ..c 13.50 ± 9.26 ..c 17.00 ± 11.88 ....e

25 VenerateXC 9.75 ± 6.60 ..c 4.25 ± 1.71 abc 7.00 ± 5.35 ...de

P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001

Aphid counts per 25 leaves presented as Mean ± Standard Deviation. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different from one another (Tukey’s HSD α=.05). Treatments applied Aug 2 and Aug 9 (after insect counts). For products with multiple application rates, L=low rate, M=medium rate, H=high rate.


Figure 2. Adult Aphid Counts

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

UTC (1)

MinectoPro (L) + A90

MinectoPro (H) + A90

EXP (L) + Induce

EXP (M) + Induce

EXP (H) + Induce

Exirel + A90

Exirel + Induce

Sivanto + A90

Sivanto + Induce

Fulfill + A90

Fulfill + Induce

Beleaf + A90

Beleaf + Induce

Transform + A90

Transform + Induce

Movento + Induce

MoventoHL + Dyne-amic

UTC (2)

AdmirePro + A90

PFR-97 (L) + A90

PFR-97 (H) + A90

Trilogy

Grandevo

VenerateXC

12

34

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

25

Adults per 25 leaves

Mean Adult Aphid Count

64

5. Potato / Antigo / PVY Management Trial Evaluation of a new experimental foliar compound for the prevention of PVY in seed potato production

Langlade Agricultural Research Station, Hancock, Wisconsin, USA 45.157660ºN, -89.113785ºW

Crop: Potato, Solanum tuberosum cv. ‘Silverton Russet’ Treatments: 7 foliar spray programs Target: Potato Virus Y

Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of a new foliar-applied experimental

compound, “EXP”, alone and in combination with mineral oil, in limiting the spread of potato virus Y (PVY) to foundation and certified seed potato. The goal is the refinement of PVY ‘best management practices’ to limit current season spread of the virus in seed potato using different application timing, application intervals, and tank mixes of mineral oils and plant defense activators in the PVY susceptible variety, Silverton Russet.

Materials and Methods Site. This experiment was conducted at the Langlade Agricultural Research Station, 2.2 miles

Northeast of Antigo, Wisconsin, USA, on the grounds of the Langlade County Airport (45.157660, -89.113785). Soil type was Antigo silt loam.

Experimental Design. Trial consisted of 8 treatments (one control and 7 experimental) arranged in a randomized complete block with four replicates (see plot map Figure 1). Each plot consisted of four rows spaced on 3 ft. centers measuring 12 ft. wide by 40 ft. long. Plots were arranged in pairs to facilitate applications via tractor-mounted spray booms. Plot pairs were separated by 6 ft. drive alleys laterally and 12 ft. alleys longitudinally. Seed pieces were spaced approximately 12 inches apart within rows. Potato, Solanum tuberosum cv. ‘Silverton Russet’ was machine planted on June 8.

Treatments. Treatments consisted of one control condition, LifeGard (4.5 oz/100 gal) applied bimonthly with and without Aphoil (2% v/v), the experimental product “EXP” applied bimonthly with and without Aphoil (2% v/v), Aphoil (2% v/v) applied weekly, Aphoil (4% v/v) applied weekly, and Phostrol (7.5 pt/a) applied bimonthly. See Table 1 for additional information. Treatment applications were initiated on July 17.

Harvest. On Oct 3 the center two rows of each plot were machine harvested and tubers were graded as A’s (> 1 7/8” dia.), B’s (< 1 7/8” dia.), or culls (damaged or rotten tubers). Total weights were taken for each tuber class.

Potato / Antigo / PVY Management Trial 65

Table 1. Treatments

Trt Type Product Form Type Rate Unit Timing

1 CHK UTC

2 INSE LifeGard 40 WG 4.5 oz/100 gal Bimonthly 3 INSE LifeGard 40 WG 4.5 oz/100 gal Bimonthly ADJ Aphoil 100 SL 2 % v/v Bimonthly

4 INSE EXP Bimonthly 5 INSE EXP Bimonthly ADJ Aphoil 100 SL 2 % v/v Bimonthly

6 ADJ Aphoil 100 SL 2 % v/v Weekly 7 ADJ Aphoil 100 SL 4 % v/v Weekly 8 INSE Phostrol 50 SL 7.5 pt/a Bimonthly


Table 2. Yield

Trt Products A-size B-size A+B Culls

Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD

1 UTC 371.17 ± 59.31 a 15.65 ± 1.55 ab 386.82 ± 58.95 a 2.72 ± 1.92 a

2 LifeGard (bimonthly) 372.08 ± 34.79 a 13.61 ± 2.67 ab 385.69 ± 34.64 a 3.09 ± 1.89 a

3 LifeGard + Aphoil 2% (bimonthly) 359.37 ± 40.50 a 13.84 ± 1.87 ab 373.21 ± 38.66 a 2.86 ± 2.15 a

4 EXP (bimonthly) 390.68 ± 28.98 a 10.21 ± 1.14 .b 400.89 ± 30.11 a 3.49 ± 3.17 a

5 EXP + Aphoil 2% (bimonthly) 342.58 ± 50.63 a 14.75 ± 4.15 ab 357.33 ± 47.43 a 3.18 ± 1.30 a

6 Aphoil 2% (weekly) 336.68 ± 59.06 a 16.11 ± 3.00 ab 352.79 ± 58.51 a 1.68 ± 1.27 a

7 Aphoil 4% (weekly) 329.42 ± 33.09 a 18.60 ± 2.28 a 348.03 ± 34.29 a 4.04 ± 2.27 a

8 Phostrol (bimonthly) 370.71 ± 37.62 a 15.65 ± 4.34 ab 386.37 ± 40.10 a 5.58 ± 5.08 a

N.S. P=.01 N.S. N.S.

Tubers graded according to USDA classification guidelines: A-size, >1.875 in. dia., B-size <1.875 in. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Figure 1. Yield

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460

UTC LifeGard(bimonthly)

LifeGard +Aphoil 2%(bimonthly)

EXP(bimonthly)

EXP +Aphoil 2%(bimonthly)

Aphoil 2%(weekly)

Aphoil 4%(weekly)

Phostrol(bimonthly)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Yie

ld (c

wt/a

)

YieldA-size B-size

68

6. Carrot / HARS / ALH Seed Treatment Trial Evaluation of a new experimental seed treatment for the control of Aster Leafhopper and Aster Yellows Phytoplasma in carrot

Hancock Agricultural Research Station, Hancock, Wisconsin, USA 44.122582ºW, -89.536953ºN

Crop: Carrot, Daucus carota cv. ‘Canada’ Treatments: 6 treatment programs, including seed treatment and in-furrow applications Target: Aster Leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus

Purpose This trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and insecticidal performance of the seed treatment

“EXP-5” in carrot in comparison to other standard seed treatments (“EXP-4”) and an at-plant in-furrow treatment (“EXP-6”).

Objectives 1. Determine if EXP-5 is safe to use on carrot seed. 2. Determine if EXP-5 provides the same level of aster leafhopper control compared to equal rates of

EXP-4 and the in-furrow standard treatment (EXP-6).

Materials and Methods Site. This experiment was conducted at Hancock Agricultural Research Station (HARS), located 1.1

miles (1.8 km) southwest of Hancock, Wisconsin (44.122582ºW, -89.536953ºN) on a loamy sand soil (“Plainfield Sand”) in 2017. The results of a soil quality test are as follows:

Mineral content (ppm) pH Buffer pH O.M. % P K Ca Mg CEC B Mn Zn S Texture Density 6.4 7.2 0.3 92 95 271 50 2 0.5 15 2.5 3.2 1 1.32

Experimental Design. Five replicates of 6 treatments (30 total plots) were arranged in a randomized complete block design (see plot map Fig. 1). Carrots beds were 6 ft. wide by 20 ft. long, consisting of a raised central portion containing three parallel rows of carrots. Outer rows of each bed were machine-planted with carrot, Daucus carota cv. “Canada”, seeded at a rate of 225,000 seed/acre (approximately 10.5 seeds per linear foot). Central row of each plot was seeded with the appropriate pelletized treated carrot seed using a hand-operated cone seeder at an equivalent rate to the machine-planted guard rows. See treatment details in Tables 1. See Table 2 for a calendar of various events pertaining to this trial. See Table 3 for a record of field management actions and agronomic inputs. See Table 4 for a record of rainfall and irrigation.

Carrot / HARS / Aster Leafhopper Seed Treatment Trial 69

Plant Health. Stand counts were taken by randomly placing a 5-ft pole in the middle of each plot and counting the number of emergent shoots in the central row along the span of the pole. Phytotoxicity was assessed by visual observation of the entire plot each time a stand or insect count was performed. Stand Counts are summarized in Table 5 and Figure 2. No signs of phytotoxicity were observed during the course of this experiment.

Insect Counts. Aster Leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus) adult counts were assessed by taking 20 sweeps of the carrot foliage in each plot and counting the number of insects present in the sweep net. Aster Leafhopper adult counts are summarized in Table 6 and Figure 3.

Harvest. Carrot harvest was performed Oct 27. Immediately prior to digging, carrots were gently lifted using a tractor-mounted cultivator. In each plot, a 5 ft. rod was randomly placed along the central portion of the middle row of carrots. Each carrot along the length of the rod was collected and sorted into one of three categories for counting: normal, forked, or aster-yellows symptomatic (presence of hairy roots and/or witches broom). After counting, all carrots from each plot were gathered and weighed. Yield and root quality at harvest are summarized in Table 7 and Figures 4 and 5.

Data Analysis. Statistical analysis was performed in JMP version 13.2.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Aster Leafhopper counts were log transformed prior to analysis (log𝑥𝑥 + 1) to satisfy assumptions of normality. Yield values were square root transformed. Proportion values were arcsine square root transformed (sin−1 √𝑥𝑥). Significance of treatment effects were calculated with analysis of variance (ANOVA). Means separation was performed using Tukey’s HSD method (α=.05).


Table 1. Treatments

Trt Product

EXP-1 EXP-2 EXP-3 EXP-4 EXP-5 EXP-6

1 X X X

2 X X X L

3 X X X L

4 X X X H

5 X X X H

6 X X X X App. Seed Seed Seed Seed Seed Furrow

X indicates the treatment included the single rate of that experimental compound. L=low rate, H=high rate.



15-May 1 1 Planting, At-Plant applications (trt 6) 12-Jun 29 5 Stand count 29-Jun 46 7 ALH counts 10-Jul 57 9 ALH counts 20-Jul 67 10 ALH counts 27-Oct 166 24 Harvest


Date Equipment Products Type Rate Unit

4/13/2017 Airflow Fertilizer Applicator 0-0-60 Potash FERT 575 lb / acre 5/4/2017 Soil Finisher, Brillion

5/17/2017 Spray Coupe Prowl H2O HERB 2 pints / acre 6/8/2017 Spray Coupe Select Max HERB 8 fluid oz / acre

Non Ionic Surfactant 80/20 ADJ 1 pints / acre 6/21/2017 Spray Coupe Vegetable Pro HERB 2 pints / acre

Non Ionic Surfactant 80/20 ADJ 1 pints / acre 6/26/2017 Spray Coupe Select Max HERB 16 fluid oz / acre

Non Ionic Surfactant 80/20 ADJ 1 pints / acre 6/30/2017 Airflow Fertilizer Applicator 34-0-0 Ammonium Nitrate FERT 110 lb / acre 7/6/2017 Airflow Fertilizer Applicator 34-0-0 Ammonium Nitrate FERT 110 lb / acre 7/7/2017 Spray Coupe Vegetable Pro HERB 2 pints / acre

Non Ionic Surfactant 80/20 ADJ 1 pints / acre 7/14/2017 Airflow Fertilizer Applicator 34-0-0 Ammonium Nitrate FERT 100 lb / acre 7/25/2017 Airflow Fertilizer Applicator 34-0-0 Ammonium Nitrate FERT 100 lb / acre


Table 4. Rainfall and Irrigation Record Date Precip.

(in.) Irrig. (in.)

Day Total

Running Total

Apr-03 0.1

0.1 0.1 Apr-04 0.66

0.66 0.76

Apr-05 0.06

0.06 0.82 Apr-10 0.03

0.03 0.85

Apr-11 0.05

0.05 0.9 Apr-13 0.29

0.29 1.19

Apr-17 1.13

1.13 2.32 Apr-20 1.31

1.31 3.63

Apr-21 0.08

0.08 3.71 Apr-26 0.02

0.02 3.73

Apr-27 0.75

0.75 4.48 Apr-28 0.28

0.28 4.76

May-01 0.61

0.61 5.37 May-02 0.25

0.25 5.62

May-05 0.03

0.03 5.65 May-06 0.21

0.21 5.86

May-10 0.02

0.02 5.88 May-11 0.14

0.14 6.02

May-12

0.5 0.5 6.52 May-16 0.82

0.82 7.34

May-17 0.05

0.05 7.39 May-18 0.67

0.67 8.06

May-19 0.03

0.03 8.09 May-21 0.31

0.31 8.4

May-23 0.28

0.28 8.68 May-24 0.25

0.25 8.93

May-26 0.04

0.04 8.97 May-28

0.3 0.3 9.27

May-30 0.08

0.08 9.35 May-31 0.05

0.05 9.4

Jun-01

0.3 0.3 9.7 Jun-02

0.4 0.4 10.1

Jun-04 0.1 0.3 0.4 10.5 Jun-06

0.3 0.3 10.8

Jun-08

0.6 0.6 11.4 Jun-09 0.01 0.2 0.21 11.61 Jun-11

0.4 0.4 12.01

Jun-13 1.83

1.83 13.84 Jun-14 1.8

1.8 15.64

Jun-15 0.67

0.67 16.31 Jun-17 0.22

0.22 16.53

Jun-18 0.25

0.25 16.78 Jun-20 0.04

0.04 16.82

Jun-21 0.4

0.4 17.22 Jun-22 0.94

0.94 18.16

Jun-23 1.32

1.32 19.48 Jun-24 0.05

0.05 19.53

Jun-25 0.02

0.02 19.55 Jun-26 0.01

0.01 19.56

Jun-28 0.01

0.01 19.57 Jun-29 0.3

0.3 19.87

Jul-01

0.4 0.4 20.27 Jul-02 0.54

0.54 20.81

Jul-05

0.4 0.4 21.21 Jul-06 0.83

0.83 22.04

Jul-07 0.34

0.34 22.38 Jul-08 0.08

0.08 22.46

Jul-09 0.23

0.23 22.69

Date Precip. (in.)

Irrig. (in.)

Day Total

Running Total

Jul-10

0.3 0.3 22.99 Jul-12 0.13 0.3 0.43 23.42 Jul-13 0.31

0.31 23.73

Jul-14

0.3 0.3 24.03 Jul-16 0.15

0.15 24.18

Jul-18

0.3 0.3 24.48 Jul-19 0.4

0.4 24.88

Jul-20 0.4

0.4 25.28 Jul-22 0.1

0.1 25.38

Jul-23

0.4 0.4 25.78 Jul-25

0.4 0.4 26.18

Jul-27 0.05 0.4 0.45 26.63 Jul-29

0.4 0.4 27.03

Jul-31

0.4 0.4 27.43 Aug-01 0.33

0.33 27.76

Aug-02 0.17

0.17 27.93 Aug-03 1.01

1.01 28.94

Aug-04 0.86

0.86 29.8 Aug-05 0.03

0.03 29.83

Aug-07 0.02

0.02 29.85 Aug-08

0.4 0.4 30.25

Aug-10 0.02 0.4 0.42 30.67 Aug-12

0.4 0.4 31.07

Aug-14

0.4 0.4 31.47 Aug-15 0.07

0.07 31.54

Aug-16

0.4 0.4 31.94 Aug-17 0.32

0.32 32.26

Aug-18 0.04

0.04 32.3 Aug-20

0.4 0.4 32.7

Aug-22 0.02 0.4 0.42 33.12 Aug-24

0.4 0.4 33.52

Aug-26

0.3 0.3 33.82 Aug-27 0.04

0.04 33.86

Aug-28 0.71

0.71 34.57 Aug-29 0.06

0.06 34.63

Aug-31 0.73

0.73 35.36 Sep-03 0.4

0.4 35.76

Sep-05 0.01

0.01 35.77 Sep-06 0.06

0.06 35.83

Sep-08 0.12

0.12 35.95 Sep-13

0.4 0.4 36.35

Sep-15

0.3 0.3 36.65 Sep-17 0.25

0.25 36.9

Sep-21 1.5

1.5 38.4 Sep-26 0.12

0.12 38.52

Sep-27 0.02

0.02 38.54 Oct-06 0.08

0.08 38.62

Oct-07 1.47

1.47 40.09 Oct-08 0.15

0.15 40.24

Oct-11 0.33

0.33 40.57 Oct-12 0.03

0.03 40.6

Oct-13 0.02

0.02 40.62 Oct-15 1.34

1.34 41.96

Oct-16 0.02

0.02 41.98 Oct-22 0.22

0.22 42.2

Oct-24 0.42

0.42 42.62 Total 31.2 11.5 42.62


Table 5. Stand Counts

Trt Products 12-Jun 27-Oct

Mean ± SD Mean ± SD

1 EXP-1, EXP-2, EXP-3 7.80 ± 5.26 a 16.40 ± 9.84 a

2 + EXP-4 (L) 12.00 ± 1.87 a 15.60 ± 6.11 a

3 + EXP-5 (L) 10.00 ± 2.55 a 14.00 ± 1.87 a

4 + EXP-4 (H) 14.60 ± 7.33 a 21.20 ± 7.85 a

5 + EXP-5 (H) 9.80 ± 3.96 a 13.80 ± 2.77 a

6 + EXP-6 10.00 ± 2.55 a 11.00 ± 2.24 a

N.S.

N.S.

Treatments followed by same letter code are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05). Stand counts are per 5-ft. section. Seeding rate was approximately 52 seeds per 5 ft. section.

Figure 2. Stand Counts

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

EXP-1, EXP-2,EXP-3

+ EXP-4 (L) + EXP-5 (L) + EXP-4 (H) + EXP-5 (H) + EXP-6

1 2 3 4 5 6

Car

rots

/ 5

ft. s

ectio

n

Stand Count12-Jun 27-Oct


Table 6. Aster Leafhopper Adult Counts

Trt Products 29-Jun 10-Jul 20-Jul

Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD

1 EXP-1, EXP-2, EXP-3 0.60 ± 0.89 a 1.00 ± 0.71 a 2.40 ± 1.52 a

2 + EXP-4 (L) 1.00 ± 0.71 a 1.00 ± 1.00 a 1.20 ± 1.30 a

3 + EXP-5 (L) 0.40 ± 0.55 a 1.60 ± 1.52 a 1.40 ± 1.34 a

4 + EXP-4 (H) 1.20 ± 1.30 a 1.40 ± 1.14 a 2.00 ± 1.22 a

5 + EXP-5 (H) 1.00 ± 0.71 a 1.00 ± 1.41 a 1.80 ± 2.95 a

6 + EXP-6 0.80 ± 1.30 a 1.20 ± 1.30 a 2.40 ± 1.82 a P ns ns ns

Treatments followed by same letter code are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05). Leafhopper counts are per 20 sweeps

Figure 3. Aster Leafhopper Adult Counts

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

EXP-1, EXP-2,EXP-3


1 2 3 4 5 6

Adu

lts /

20 sw

eeps

Aster Leafhopper Counts29-Jun 10-Jul 20-Jul


Table 7. Yield and Quality

Trt Products Yield (ton/a) Prp. Normal Prp. Forked Prp. Ast. Yell.

Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD

1 EXP-1, EXP-2, EXP-3 24.13 ± 11.23 a 51% ± 18% a 24% ± 21% a 25% ± 11% a 2 + EXP-4 (L) 26.96 ± 10.60 a 51% ± 17% a 18% ± 14% a 30% ± 21% a 3 + EXP-5 (L) 21.17 ± 1.26 a 61% ± 19% a 23% ± 11% a 17% ± 13% a 4 + EXP-4 (H) 31.45 ± 8.88 a 56% ± 14% a 26% ± 12% a 18% ± 18% a 5 + EXP-5 (H) 21.00 ± 2.89 a 57% ± 23% a 39% ± 23% a 4% ± 9% a

6 + EXP-6 17.29 ± 4.52 a 52% ± 35% a 30% ± 33% a 19% ± 25% a P ns ns ns ns

Treatments followed by same letter code are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05). Presence of ‘hairy roots’ and ‘witches broom’ symptoms were considered diagnostic of Aster Yellows infection in carrots.

Figure 4. Yield Performance

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

EXP-1, EXP-2,EXP-3


1 2 3 4 5 6

US

Ton

nes/

Acr

e

Yield


Figure 5. Carrot Quality at Harvest

51% 51%61% 56% 57% 52%

24% 18%

23% 26%

39%

30%

25% 30%17% 18%

4%19%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

EXP-1, EXP-2, EXP-3


1 2 3 4 5 6

Prop

ortio

n of

Car

rots

Carrot Quality at Harvest

Aster Yellows

Forked Roots

Normal

76

7. Cabbage / AARS / Lepidoptera Foliar Trial Field applications of Venerate XC for the control of damaging lepidopteran pests on cabbage

Arlington Agricultural Research Station Arlington, Wisconsin, USA 43.315658ºN, -89.335564ºW

Crop: Cabbage, Brassica oleracea cv. ‘Katlin’ Treatments: 4 foliar spray programs Targets:

1. Imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae 2. Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni 3. Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of Venerate XC and two commercial

standards (Exirel and Bigade) when applied as foliar sprays for the control of common lepidopteran pests (Imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae, Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, and Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella) on cabbage (Brassica oleracea cv. ‘Katlin’).

Materials and Methods Site. This experiment was conducted at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station (AARS), 2.5

miles southeast of Arlington, WI on a loamy sand soil in 2017 (43.315658, -89.335564).

Experimental Design. Four replicates of 4 foliar treatments and 1 untreated control were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Cabbage, Brassica oleracea cv. ‘Katlin’ transplants were planted on June 1. Plants were spaced 18 in. apart within rows. Rows were spaced 3 ft. apart. Two-row plots were 6 ft. wide by 20 ft. long and were separated by one untreated guard row. No alleys separated replications.

Treatments. Treatments consisted of the commercial standards Exirel and Brigade, the product of interest Venerate XC in two rates, and an untreated control. All treatments were applied as foliar sprays on July 13 and July 27. See Table 1 for additional details. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer operating at 30 psi, with a 6’ boom equipped with Tee Jet XR8002VS flat-fan nozzles spaced 18” apart, delivering 20.2 gpa while travelling at 3.5 ft./sec. All plots were maintained according to standard commercial management practices.

Evaluation. Populations of each of the three target lepidopteran pests were assessed. Immature life stages of Imported Cabbage Worm, Pieris rapae (ICW), Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni, and diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (DBM), were assessed by counting the number of larvae per plant on 5 destructively sampled, randomly selected plants in each plot. Two pre-treatment counts were performed, on July 6 and 11, on 8 plots randomly selected from the entire field. Post-treatment counts


were performed on July 17, 21, and 26 (4, 8, and 13 days after first application), and on Aug 2, 7, and 15 (6, 11, and 19 days after second application). See Table 2 for a calendar of spray and evaluation dates. Here we report insect counts on Aug 2 (6 days after second application) because the highest insect counts occurred on this date and so differences in treatment performance would be most apparent (Table 3). Additionally, we report the cumulative insect count for each insect and treatment including all post-treatment count dates (Table 4). Insect counts are also reported graphically as counts over time for Imported Cabbage Worm (Figure 1), Cabbage Looper (Figure 2), and Diamondback Moth (Figure 3).

Plant Health. Plant health and vigor was normal throughout the course of this experiment. No signs of phytotoxicity were observed.

Data Analysis. All statistical analyses were performed in JMP version 13.2 (The SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Insect counts were log transformed prior to analysis [log(𝑥𝑥 + 1)]. Overall treatment effects were determined by analysis of variance, incorporating both block and treatment effects. Means separations were determined using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference method (α=.05).


Table 1. Treatments

Trt Products Form App. Rate Adjuvant Rate

1 Exirel 0.83 SC 1 13.5 fl oz/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 2 10.5 fl oz/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 2 Brigade 2 EC 1 6.4 fl oz/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 2 5 fl oz/a Activator 90 0.25 % v/v 3 Venerate XC 94.46 SL 1 1 qt/a NuFilm P 0.25 % v/v 2 1 qt/a NuFilm P 0.25 % v/v 4 Venerate XC 94.46 SL 1 2 qt/a NuFilm P 0.25 % v/v 2 1 qt/a NuFilm P 0.25 % v/v 5 Control

Application 1 delivered via foliar spray on July 13; application 2 delivered on July 27.

Table 2. Trial Calendar Date Day Week Events

1-Jun 1 1 Planting 6-Jul 36 6 Pre-count

11-Jul 41 6 Pre-count 13-Jul 43 7 First application 17-Jul 47 7 Insect counts 21-Jul 51 8 Insect counts 26-Jul 56 8 Insect counts 27-Jul 57 9 Second application 2-Aug 63 9 Insect counts 7-Aug 68 10 Insect counts

15-Aug 76 11 Insect counts


Table 3. Insect Counts, Aug 2 (diagnostic date)

Trt Product ICW Loopers DBM

1 Exirel 1.00 ± 0.94 ab 0.85 ± 0.34 ab 1.35 ± 0.72 a

2 Brigade 0.20 ± 0.28 a 0.30 ± 0.48 a 1.35 ± 0.97 a

3 Venerate XC (L) 2.90 ± 2.38 ab 1.50 ± 0.84 .b 5.70 ± 1.95 .b

4 Venerate XC (H) 3.80 ± 3.25 .b 2.45 ± 0.57 .b 7.70 ± 2.32 .b

5 Control 4.00 ± 2.26 .b 3.30 ± 1.78 .b 10.00 ± 5.28 .b P<.05 P<.001 P<.0001

Insect counts (larvae / plant) are presented as means ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)

Table 4. Insect Counts, Cumulative (excluding pre-count)

Trt Product ICW Loopers DBM

1 Exirel 1.85 ± 0.96 .b 1.25 ± 0.60 .b 2.15 ± 0.30 a

2 Brigade 0.45 ± 0.30 a 0.40 ± 0.43 a 2.05 ± 0.94 a

3 Venerate XC (L) 6.15 ± 2.54 ..c 3.20 ± 1.19 .bc 13.95 ± 2.73 .b

4 Venerate XC (H) 9.80 ± 5.45 ..c 5.30 ± 1.06 ..c 16.00 ± 4.99 .b

5 Control 10.65 ± 1.84 ..c 5.40 ± 2.27 ..c 19.75 ± 7.16 .b P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.0001

Insect counts (larvae / plant) are presented as means ± standard deviations. Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)

Figure 1. Imported Cabbageworm Counts

0

1

2

3

4

5

1-Jul 8-Jul 15-Jul 22-Jul 29-Jul 5-Aug 12-Aug 19-Aug

Larv

ae /

plan

t

Imported Cabbageworm Counts

Exirel Brigade Venerate XC (L) Venerate XC (H) Control Spray Dates


Figure 2. Cabbage Looper Counts

Figure 3. Diamondback Moth Counts

0

1

2

3

4


Larv

ae /

plan

t

Cabbage Looper Counts


0

2

4

6

8

10

12


Larv

ae /

plan

t

Diamondback Moth Counts


81

8. Snap Bean / AARS / Seedcorn Maggot At-Plant Trial In-furrow application of Venerate XC for the control of seed corn maggot in snap beans


Crop: Green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. ‘Hystyle’ Treatments: Four treatment programs, including one seed treatment and three in-furrow applications Target: Seedcorn maggot, Delia platura

Purpose This trial was conducted to evaluate the performance of EXP as a seed treatment relative to Venerate

XC and Grandevo applied in-furrow at plant in protecting green beans against seed corn maggot damage.

Materials and Methods Site. This experiment was conducted at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station, 2.7 miles

southeast of Arlington, Wisconsin, USA (43.314185, -89.336354) on a silt loam soil in 2017.

Experimental Design. This trial was set up as a randomized complete block with four replicates of five treatments including one control. Each plot consisted of a single 3 ft. wide row 22 ft. in length. Plots were seeded with green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. ‘Hystyle’, on June 23 with a hand-operated cone-type seeder delivering 9 seeds/ft. No guard rows separated plots.

Treatments. Treatments include “EXP” applied as a seed treatment, Venerate XC (1 and 2 qt/a) applied in-furrow at plant, Grandevo (1.5 lb/a) applied in-furrow at plant, and a control plot with no insecticide. In-furrow treatments were applied at-plant (June 23) using a single-nozzle handheld sprayer equipped with a TeeJet 80-015 VXS flat-fan nozzle powered by a backpack-mounted CO2 tank operating at 30 psi delivering 11 gal/a.

Plant Counts. Stand counts and damage assessments were performed on July 6, 11, and 17. On each date, the number of emergent plants was recorded in each plot, as well as the number of plants with “fiddleheads” (recorded as “damaged plants”).

Results Mean number of plants per plot varied significantly by treatment for all three dates (July 6, 11, and

17, P<.05). Mean proportion of plants per treatment that showed seed corn maggot damage was not significantly different across treatments. Treatment 1 (“EXP”) plots generally had lower stand counts than other treatment plots. See Table 2 for a summary of results. Counts of healthy and damaged plants are also presented graphically for each date in Figures 2-4.

Snap Bean / AARS / Seedcorn Maggot At-Plant Trial 82

Table 1. Treatments

Trt Products Form Conc.

Form Unit

Form Type

App. Rate

App. Unit

App. Method

1 EXP Seed treatment 2 Venerate XC 94.46 %AW/W SL 1 qt/a In-furrow 3 Venerate XC 94.46 %AW/W SL 2 qt/a In-furrow 4 Grandevo 70 %AW/W WG 1.5 lb/a In-furrow 5 Untreated Control In-furrow

Table 2. Stand Counts and SCM Damage

Date Trt Product Stand Count Fiddleheads Emergence Rate

Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD

6-Jul 1 EXP 43.75 ± 7.14 .b 41% ± 12% a 22% ± 4% .b 2 Venerate XC (1 qt/a) 66.50 ± 11.39 ab 35% ± 17% a 34% ± 6% ab 3 Venerate XC (2 qt/a) 65.50 ± 9.54 ab 32% ± 8% a 33% ± 5% ab 4 Grandevo (1.5 lb/a) 75.50 ± 12.07 a 36% ± 8% a 38% ± 6% a 5 UTC 69.00 ± 8.98 a 35% ± 16% a 35% ± 5% a P<.05 N.S. P<.05

11-Jul

1 EXP 48.25 ± 7.59 .b 26% ± 10% a 24% ± 4% .b 2 Venerate XC (1 qt/a) 68.00 ± 18.81 ab 25% ± 7% a 34% ± 10% ab 3 Venerate XC (2 qt/a) 77.75 ± 18.79 a 21% ± 4% a 39% ± 9% a 4 Grandevo (1.5 lb/a) 81.50 ± 9.98 a 19% ± 2% a 41% ± 5% a 5 UTC 75.00 ± 11.52 a 20% ± 10% a 38% ± 6% a P<.05 N.S. P<.05

17-Jul

1 EXP 53.00 ± 13.52 .b 24% ± 9% a 27% ± 7% .b 2 Venerate XC (1 qt/a) 71.00 ± 10.42 ab 19% ± 4% a 36% ± 5% ab 3 Venerate XC (2 qt/a) 78.25 ± 14.91 ab 16% ± 7% a 40% ± 8% ab 4 Grandevo (1.5 lb/a) 87.75 ± 15.63 a 16% ± 8% a 44% ± 8% a 5 UTC 78.50 ± 8.43 ab 18% ± 7% a 40% ± 4% ab P<.05 N.S. P<.05

Emergence rate calculated from a seeding rate of 9 seeds/ft. (=198 seeds per plot). Means followed by same letter codes are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)


Figure 1. Stand Counts and SCM Damage (July 6)


59%64% 67% 64% 64%

41%

36% 33%36%

36%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

EXP Venerate XC(1 qt/a)

Venerate XC(2 qt/a)

Grandevo(1.5 lb/a)

UTC

1 2 3 4 5

Num

ber o

f pla

nts

Stand and Damage CountsJuly 6

Healthy Damaged

75%75%

80% 80% 79%

25%

25%20% 20%

21%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


Venerate XC(2 qt/a)

Grandevo(1.5 lb/a)

UTC

1 2 3 4 5

Num

ber o

f pla

nts


Healthy Damaged



77%80%

84% 83%82%

23%

20%16%

17%18%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


Venerate XC(2 qt/a)

Grandevo(1.5 lb/a)

UTC

1 2 3 4 5

Num

ber o

f pla

nts


Healthy Damaged

85

9. Snap Bean / Plover / European Corn Borer Foliar Trial Foliar treatments for the control of European Corn Borer in Snap Bean

Del Monte Experimental Plots Plover, Wisconsin, USA 44.451582, -89.492600

Crop: Green bean, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. ‘Blue Lakes 04-95’ Treatments: 7 foliar treatment programs Target: European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of several foliar insecticides

targeting European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) on green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. ‘Blue Lakes 04-95’).

Materials and Methods Site. This experiment was conducted at the Del Monte Foods Experimental Plots, near Plover, WI in

2017 (44.451582, -89.492600).

Experimental Design. Four replicates of 7 foliar treatments and 1 untreated control were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris var. ‘Blue Lakes 04-95’ was seeded on May 30 at a rate of 8 seeds per foot within rows. Rows were 30 inches apart. The two-row plots were 5 ft wide by 20 ft long. Replicates were separated by one untreated guard row. See plot map, Figure 1.

Infestation. On 11 July, each plot was infested with egg masses of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (ECB). Ten successive plants were infested with 10 egg masses, for a total of 100 egg masses, each containing approximately 20-30 eggs / mass. Egg masses were pinned within the lower canopy plants.

Treatments. Treatments were applied 14 July when plants had reached the flowering and pin-bean development stage. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer operating at 30 psi with a 6’ boom equipped with four Tee Jet XR8002VS flat-fan nozzles spaced 18” apart delivering 20.2 gpa while travelling at 3.5 ft./sec. All plots were managed per commercial management practices. See Table 1 for additional treatment details.

Evaluation. Populations of ECB and associated damage estimates were surveyed 28 July. The following information was collected from 10 plants from the central portion of each plot by counting the total number of (1) damaged plants, (2) damaged stems, (3) number of pods, (4) number of damaged pods, (5) number of early ECB larvae, and (6) number of late larvae. Results are presented in Table 2. No signs of phytotoxicity were observed.

Data Analysis. All statistical analyses were performed in JMP version 13.2 (The SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Insect counts were log transformed prior to analysis [log(𝑥𝑥 + 1)]. Proportions were arcsine square root transformed [sin−1 √𝑥𝑥]. Overall treatment effects were determined by analysis of variance, incorporating both block and treatment effects. Means separations were determined using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference method (α=.05).

Snap Bean / Plover / European Corn Borer Foliar Trial 86

Table 1. Treatments

Trt Type Name Form Rate

1 INSE Exirel 0.83 SC 13.5 fl oz/a ADJ MSO 90 SL 0.25 % v/v

2 INSE Exirel 0.83 SC 17.5 fl oz/a ADJ MSO 90 SL 0.25 % v/v

3 INSE Besiege 1.252 SC 8 fl oz/a ADJ MSO 90 SL 0.25 % v/v

4 INSE Blackhawk 36 WG 3.3 oz wt/a ADJ Activator 90 90 SL 0.25 % v/v

5 INSE Brigade 2 EC 6.4 fl oz/a ADJ Activator 90 90 SL 0.25 % v/v

6 INSE Prevathon 0.43 SC 17.5 fl oz/a ADJ MSO 100 SL 0.25 % v/v

7 INSE Radiant 1 SC 8 fl oz/a ADJ Activator 90 90 SL 0.25 % v/v

8 CHK Control

Snap Bean / Plover / European Corn Borer Foliar Trial 87

Table 2. Results

Trt Products Prp Dmg Plants N Pods Prp Dmg Pods N Early Larvae N Late Larvae

1 Exirel 13.5 fl oz/a + MSO 0% ± 0% a 81.00 ± 16.39 .b 0% ± 0% a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a

2 Exirel 17.5 fl oz/a + MSO 0% ± 0% a 135.75 ± 12.61 a 0% ± 0% a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a

3 Besiege 8 fl oz/a + MSO 0% ± 0% a 110.25 ± 11.32 ab 0% ± 0% a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a

4 Blackhawk 3.3 oz wt/a + A90 0% ± 0% a 114.00 ± 21.42 ab 1% ± 2% a 0 ± 0 a 0.50 ± 1.00 a

5 Brigade 6.4 fl oz/a + A90 0% ± 0% a 111.75 ± 19.72 ab 0% ± 0% a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a

6 Prevathon 17.5 fl oz/a + MSO 0% ± 0% a 101.00 ± 21.43 ab 0% ± 0% a 0 ± 0 a 0 ± 0 a

7 Radiant 8 fl oz/a + A90 0% ± 0% a 91.75 ± 31.86 ab 0% ± 1% a 0.25 ± 0.50 a 0 ± 0 a

8 Control 25% ± 19% .b 95.00 ± 23.69 ab 12% ± 9% .b 6.50 ± 5.80 .b 5.25 ± 4.57 .b P<.0001 P<.05 P<.0001 P<.0001 P<.001

Means followed by same letter are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD, α=.05)

wisconsin vegetable entomology insect pest management...

Documents