william kunstler - the man, the myth, the legend

8/9/2019 William Kunstler - The Man, The Myth, The Legend

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William KunstlerFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search William Kunstler

William Kunstler, c. 1989Born William Moses Kunstler(1919-07-07)July 7, 1919New York CityDied September 4, 1995(1995-09-04) (aged 76)Manhattan, New YorkCitizenship AmericanOccupation Lawyer, civil rights activist

William Moses Kunstler (July 7, 1919 September 4, 1995) was an American self-described "radical lawyer" and civil rights activist, known for his politically unpopular clients.[1] Kunstler was a board member of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the co-founder of the Law Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), the "leading gathering place for radical lawyers in the country".[2]

Kunstler's defense of the "Chicago Seven" from 19691970 led The New York Times tolabel him "the country's most controversial and, perhaps, its best-known lawyer..."[2] Kunstler is also well known for defending members of the Catonsville Nine, Black Panther Party, Weather Underground Organization, the Attica Prison rioters, and the American Indian Movement.[2] He also won a de facto segregation ca

se regarding the District of Columbia's public schools and "disinterred, singlehandedly" the concept of federal removal jurisdiction in the 1960s.[2] Kunstler refused to defend right-wing groups such as the Minutemen, on the grounds that: "I only defend those whose goals I share. I'm not a lawyer for hire. I only defend those I love."[2]

He was a polarizing figure; many on the right wished to see him disbarred, whilemany on the left admired him as a "symbol of a certain kind of radical lawyer."[2] Even some other civil rights lawyers regarded Kunstler as a "publicity houndand a hit-and-run lawyer" who "brings cases on Page 1 and wins them on Page 68."[2] Legal writer Sidney Zion quipped that Kunstler was "one of the few lawyersin town who knows how to talk to the press. His stories always check out and he's not afraid to talk to you, and he's got credibilityalthough you've got to ask s

ometimes, 'Bill, is it really true?'"[2]

Contents [hide]1 Early life2 Civil rights career2.1 Rise to prominence (19571964)2.2 ACLU director (19641972)2.3 "Chicago Seven" (19691972)2.4 American Indian Movement (19731976)2.5 Attica (19741976)2.6 Assata Shakur (1977)2.7 Collaboration with Kuby (19831995)

3 Representation of mobsters4 Other work5 Death and legacy6 Bibliography7 Pop culture references8 Notes9 References10 External links

Early life[edit]The son of a physician, Kunstler was born to a Jewish family in


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New York City and attended DeWitt Clinton High School.[3] He was educated at Yale College, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1941,[4] and Columbia University Law School from which he graduated in 1948. While in school, Kunstler was an avid poet,and represented Yale in the Glascock Prize competition at Mount Holyoke College.

Kunstler served in the U.S. Army during World War II in the Pacific theater, attaining the rank of Major, and received the Bronze Star. While in the army, he was noted for his theatric portrayals in the Fort Monmouth Dramatic Association.[4]

After his discharge from the Army he attended law school, was admitted to the bar in New York in 1948 and began practicing law. Kunstler went through R.H. Macy's executive training program in the late 1940s and practiced family and small business law in the 1950s before entering civil rights litigation in the 1960s.[2]He was an associate professor of law at New York Law School (19501951).

Kunstler won honorable mention for the National Legal Aid Association's press award in 1957 for his series of radio broadcasts on WNEW, "The Law on Trial."[5] At WNEW, Kunstler also conducted interviews on controversial topics, such as theAlger Hiss case, on a program called "Counterpoint."[6]

Civil rights career[edit]Rise to prominence (19571964)[edit]Kunstler first made headlines in 1957 defending William Worthy, a correspondent for the Baltimore Afr

o-American, who was one of forty-two Americans who had their passports seized after violating the State Department's travel ban on Communist China (after attending a Communist youth conference in Moscow).[7] Kunstler refused a State Department compromise which would have returned Worthy's passport if he agreed to ceasevisiting Communist countries, a condition Worthy considered unconstitutional.[8]

Kunstler played an important role as a civil rights lawyer in the 1960s, traveling to many of the segregated battlegrounds to work to free those who had been jailed. Working on behalf of the ACLU, Kunstler defended the "Freedom Riders" in Mississippi in 1961.[9] Kunstler filed for a writ of habeas corpus with Sidney Mize, a federal judge in Biloxi, and appealed to the Fifth Circuit; he also filedsimilar pleas in state courts.[9] Judge Leon Hendrick in Hinds County refused Ku

nstler's motion to cancel the mass appearance (involving hundreds of miles of travel) of all 187 convicted riders.[10] The riders were convicted in a bench trial in Jackson and appealed to a county jury trial, where Kunstler argued that thecounty systematically discriminated against African-American jurors.[11]

In 1962, Kunstler took part in efforts to integrate public parks and libraries in Albany, Georgia.[12] Later that year, he published The Case for Courage (modeled on President Kennedy's Profiles in Courage) highlighting the efforts of otherlawyers who risked their careers for controversial clients as well as similar acts by public servants.[13] At the time of the publication, Kunstler was alreadywell known for his work with the Freedom Riders, his book on the Caryl Chessmancase, and his radio coverage of trials.[13] Kunstler also joined a group of lawyers criticizing the application of Alabama's civil libel laws and spoke at a ra

lly against HUAC.[14][15]

Kunstler represented the first Title IX federal removal cases under the Civil Rights Act of 1964: protesters at the 1964 New York World's Fair.In 1963, for theGandhi Society of New York, Kunstler filed to remove the cases of more than 100arrested African-American demonstrators from the Danville Corporation Court to the Charlottesville District Court, under a Reconstruction Era statute.[16] Although the district judge remanded the cases to city court, he dissolved the city'sinjunction against demonstrations.[16] In doing so, Judge Thomas J. Michie reje


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cted a Justice Department amicus curiae brief urging the removal to create a test case for the statute.[16] Kunstler appealed to the Fourth Circuit.[16] That year Kunstler also sued public housing authorities in Westchester County.[17]

In 1964, Kunstler defended a group of four accused of kidnapping a white couple,and succeeded in getting the alleged weapons thrown out as evidence, as they could not be positively identified as ones used.[18] That year he also challengedMississippi's unpledged elector law as well as racial segregation in primary elections; he also defended three members of the Blood Brothers, a Harlem gang, charged with murder.[19][20]

Kunstler went to St. Augustine, Florida in 1964 during the demonstrations led byDr. Martin Luther King and Dr. Robert B. Hayling that resulted in the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964. Kunstler brought the first federal caseunder Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which allowed the removal of cases from county court to be appealed; the defendants were protestors at the 1964New York World's Fair.[21]

ACLU director (19641972)[edit]He was a director of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) from 1964 to 1972, when he became a member of the ACLU National Council. In 1966 he co-founded the Center for Constitutional Rights. Kunstler also worked with the National Lawyers Guild.

In 1965, Kunstler's firm Kunstler, Kunstler, and Kinoy was asked to defend JackRuby by his brother Earl, but dropped the case because they "did not wish to bein a situation where we have to fight to get into the case".[22][23] Ruby was eventually permitted to replace his original defense team with Kunstler,[24][25] who got him a new trial.[26] In 1966, he also defended an arsonist who burned down a Jewish Community Center, killing twelve, because he was not provided a lawyer before he signed a confession.[27]

Kunstler's other notable clients include: Salvador Agron, H. Rap Brown,[28][29][30][31] Lenny Bruce,[32] Stokely Carmichael,[2] the Catonsville Nine,[33] AngelaDavis, Larry Davis, Gregory Lee Johnson, Martin Luther King,[2] Gary McGivern,Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.,[34] Filiberto Ojeda Rios, Assata Shakur, Lemuel Smith,[35] Morton Sobell,[36] Wayne Williams, and Michael X.

"Chicago Seven" (19691972)[edit]While defending the Chicago Seven, he put the warin Vietnam on trial - asking Judy Collins to sing "Where Have All The Flowers Gone" from the witness stand, placing a Viet Cong flag on the defence table, andwearing a black armband to commemorate the war dead. Ron Kuby, in his 1995 eulogy of Kunstler.[37]

Kunstler gained national renown for defending the "Chicago Seven" (originally "Chicago Eight"), in a five-month trial in 19691970, against charges of conspiringto incite riots in Chicago during the 1968 Democratic National Convention.[38] Under cross-examination, Kunstler got a key police witness to contradict his previous testimony and admit that he had not witnessed Jerry Rubin, but had rather b

een given his name two weeks later by the FBI.[39] Another prosecution witness,photographer Louis Salzberg, admitted under Kunstler's cross-examination that hewas still on the payroll of the FBI.[40]

The trial was marked by frequent clashes between Kunstler and U.S. Attorney Thomas Foran, with Kunstler taking the opportunity to accuse the government of failing to "realize the extent of antiwar sentiment".[41] Kunstler also sparred withJudge Julius Hoffman, on one occasion remarking (with respect to the number of federal marshals): "this courtroom has the appearance of an armed camp. I would note that the Supreme Court has ruled that the appearance of an armed camp is a r


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eversible error".[42] During one heated exchange, Kunstler informed Hoffman thathis entry on "Who's Who" was three times longer than the judge's, to which thejudge replied "I hope you get a better obituary".[35] Kunstler and co-defense attorney Leonard Weinglass were cited for contempt (the convictions were later overturned unanimously by the Seventh Circuit).[38] If Hoffman's contempt conviction had been allowed to stand, Kunstler would have been imprisoned for an unprecedented four years.[2][43]

The progress of the trialwhich had many aspects of guerrilla theatre--was coveredon the nightly news and made Kunstler the best-known lawyer in the country, andsomething of a folk hero.[2] After much deadlock, the jury acquitted all sevenon the conspiracy charge, but convicted five of violating the anti-riot provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1968.[44] The Seventh Circuit overturned all the convictions on November 21, 1972 due to Hoffman's refusal to let defense lawyersquestion the prospective jurors on racial and cultural biases; the Justice Department did not retry the case.

American Indian Movement (19731976)[edit]Kunstler arrived in Pine Ridge, South Dakota on March 4, 1973 to draw up the demands of the American Indian Movement (AIM) members involved in the Wounded Knee incident.[45] Kunstler, who headed the defense, called the trial "the most important Indian trial of the 20th century",attempting to center the defense on the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868).[46] Kunstler's team represented Russell Means and Dennis Banks, two of the leaders of theoccupation.[47]

Kunstler objected to the heavy trial security on the grounds that it could prejudice the jury and Judge Fred J. Nichol agreed to ease measures.[47] The trial was moved to Minnesota.[48] Two authors and three Sioux were called as defense witnesses, mostly focusing on the historical (and more recent) injustice against the Sioux on the part of the U.S. government, shocking the prosecution.[49]

In 1975, Kunstler again defended AIM members in the slaying of two FBI agents atPine Ridge Indian Reservation, not far from the site of the Wounded Knee incident.[50] At the trial in 1976, Kunstler subpoenaed prominent government officialsto testify about the existence of a Counter-Intelligence Program (COINTELPRO) against Native American activists.[51] District Judge Edward J. McManus approvedKunstler's attempt to subpoena FBI director Clarence M. Kelley.[52]

Kunstler also defended a Native American woman who refused to send her daughterwith muscular dystrophy to school.[53]

Attica (19741976)[edit]In 19741975, Kunstler defended a prisoner charged with killing a guard during the Attica Prison riot.[54] Under cross-examination, Kunstlerforced Correction Officer Donald Melven to retract his sworn identification ofJohn Hill, Kunstler's client, and Charles Pernasilice (defended by Richard Miller), admitting he still retained "slight" doubts that he confessed to investigators at the time of the incident.[55] Kunstler focused on pointing out that all the other prosecution witnesses were testifying under reduced-sentencing agreements and called five prison inmates as defense witnesses (Miller called none), whotestified that other prisoners hit the guard.[56]

Despite Justice King's repeated warnings to Kunstler to "be careful, sir", Kunstler quickly became "the star of the trial, the man the jurors watch most attentively, and the lawyer whose voice carries most forcefully".[57] Although the prosecution was careful to avoid personal confrontation with Kunstler, who frequently charmed the jury with jokes, on one instance Kunstler provoked a shouting match with the lead prosecutor, allegedly to wake up a sleeping jury member.[57] Thejury convicted Hill of murder and Pernasilice of attempted assault.[56] When Kunstler protested that the defendants would risk being murdered due to the judgesremanding them, King threatened to send Kunstler with them.[56] New York Govern


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or Hugh Carey granted executive clemency to Hill and the other inmates in 1976,even though Hill's name was not on the recommended list of pardons delivered tothe governor and his appeals were still pending.[58]

In June, Kunstler and Barbara Handshu, representing another inmate at Attica, Mariano Gonzales, asked for a new hearing on the role of FBI informant Mary Jo Cook.[59]

Assata Shakur (1977)[edit]Kunstler joined the defense staff of Assata Shakur in1977, charged in New Jersey with a variety of felonies in connection with a 1973shootout with New Jersey State Troopers.[60]

Collaboration with Kuby (19831995)[edit]Kunstler was defending Omar Abdel-Rahman ("the Blind Sheik") for the 1993 WorldTrade Center bombing at the time of his death.From 1983 until Kunstler's death in 1995, he employed future radio personality Ron Kuby as a junior partner. The two took on controversial civil rights and criminal cases, including cases wherethey represented Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman, head of the Egyptian-based terroristgroup Gama'a al-Islamiyah, responsible for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing;Colin Ferguson, the man responsible for the LIRR shootings, who would later reject Kuby & Kunstler's legal counsel and choose to represent himself at trial; Qubilah Shabazz, the daughter of Malcolm X, accused of plotting to murder Louis Farrakhan of the Nation of Islam; Glenn Harris, a New York City public school teacher who absconded with a fifteen-year-old girl for two months; Nico Minardos, a f

lamboyant actor indicted by Rudy Giuliani for conspiracy to ship arms to Iran; Darrell Cabey, one of the persons shot by Bernard Goetz; and associates of the Gambino crime family.

Kunstler's defense of the three clerics made him "more visible, more venerated,more vilified than ever".[32]

During the first Gulf War, they represented dozens of American soldiers who refused to fight and claimed conscientious objector status. They also represented El-Sayyid Nosair, the assassin of the late Jewish leader Rabbi Meir Kahane who wasacquitted of murder charges.

Representation of mobsters[edit]Kunstler represented a number of convicted mobst

ers during his career, claiming "they were victims of government persecution" [61] and "I never made a nickel on an OC [organized crime] case."[62] Some of themore prominent mobsters were Joe Bonanno, Raymond Patriarca, John Gotti, and Louis Ferrante, who claimed in his memoir, Unlocked: the Life and Crimes of a MafiaInsider, that "he [Kunstler] took a hundred grand off me."[63]

Other work[edit]In 1979, Kunstler represented Marvin Barnes, an ABA and NBA basketball player, with past legal troubles and league discipline problems.[64]

During the 1994-95 television season, Kunstler starred as himself in an episodeof Law & Order titled "White Rabbit", defending a woman charged with complicityin the 1971 murder of a policeman during the robbery of a Brinks truck, who previously had been in hiding ever since; the plot was based on the real activities

of the Weather Underground.

Kunstler appeared as a lawyer in the movie The Doors in 1991, as a judge in themovie Malcolm X in 1992 and as himself in several television documentaries.[65]

Death and legacy[edit]In late 1995, Kunstler died in New York of heart failure at the age of 76. In his last major public appearance, at the commencement ceremonies for the University at Buffalo's School of Architecture and Planning, Kunstler lambasted the death penalty, saying, "We have become the charnel house of theWestern world with reference to executions; the next closest to us is the Repub


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lic of South Africa."

William Kunstler was survived by his wife Margaret Ratner Kunstler and daughtersKarin Kunstler Goldman, Jane Drazek, Sarah Kunstler and Emily Kunstler and grandchildren Jessica Goldman, Daniel Goldman and Andrew Drazek. Emily Kunstler andSarah Kunstler have completed a documentary about their father entitled WilliamKunstler: Disturbing the Universe which had its world premiere screening as partof the Documentary Competition of the 2009 Sundance Film Festival. Karin Goldman is currently the charities bureau section chief at the attorney general's office of New York.

Bibliography[edit]Our Pleasant Voices, 1941The Law of Accidents, 1954First Degree, 1960Beyond a Reasonable Doubt? The Original Trial of Caryl Chessman, 1961 & 1973The Case for Courage: The Stories of Ten Famous American Attorneys Who Risked Their Careers in the Cause of Justice, 1962And Justice For All, 1963The Minister and the Choir Singer: The Hall-Mills Murder Case, 1964 & 1980Deep in My Heart, 1966Trials and Tribulations, 1985My Life as a Radical Lawyer, 1994Hints & Allegation: The World (In Poetry and Prose), 1994Politics on Trial: Five Famous Trials of the 20th Century, 2002

The Emerging Police State: Resisting Illegitimate Authority, 2004"William M. Kunstler: The Most Hated Lawyer in America," David J. Langum, Sr. (New York University Press, 1999)Pop culture references[edit]In the film The Big Lebowski, Jeff "The Dude" Lebowski (played by Jeff Bridges) demands representation by Kunstler or Ron Kuby during the Malibu Police Station scene.Kunstler appeared as himself for one episode of the television series Law & Order in the 1994 episode of "White Rabbit".Kunstler appeared as a lawyer for Jim Morrison in The Doors (Oliver Stone, 1991)Kunstler appeared as a judge in Malcolm X (Spike Lee, 1992).Kunstler was parodied as an attorney representing R. Kelly during his trial for soliciting a minorand/or sex with a minoron the animated comedy series The Boondocks.

In the 1996 Law & Order episode "Blood Libel", Jack McCoy says, "He's a political prisoner? Alice please, Bill Kunstler is spinning in his grave."Chicago 10, an animated documentary covering the trial of the Chicago Seven, includes original footage of Kunstler, and he is featured prominently in the animated reenactments.According to Lionel Shriver, the character of Joel Litvinoff in Zo Heller's 2008novel The Believers may be modelled on Kunstler.[66]Notes[edit]1.Jump up ^ "Onetime counterculture hero reexamined by his daughters". Philadelphia Media Network. December 11, 2009.2.^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Victor S. Navasky. 1970, April 19. "Right On! With Lawyer William Kunstler". New York Times. p. 217. "William Kunstleris without doubt the country's most controversial and, perhaps, its best-knownlawyer period".

3.Jump up ^ Langum, David J. "William M. Kunstler: the most hated lawyer in America", p. 25. New York University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8147-5150-4. "Kunstler attended DeWitt Clinton High School at its annex on West End Avenue."4.^ Jump up to: a b Brooks Atkinson. 1941, December 21. "Acting on the Camp Grounds." New York Times. p. X1.5.Jump up ^ Warren Weaver. 1957. "Public Defender in State Opposed." New York Times. p. 53.6.Jump up ^ Jack Gould. 1957, July 15. "TV-Radio: 2 New Comics". New York Times.p. 41.7.Jump up ^ Dana Adams Schmidt. 1957, September 19. "U.S. Youths in China Will L


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ose Passports." New York Times. p. 1.8.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1957, December 30. "Reporter Rejects Passport Condition". p. 35.9.^ Jump up to: a b New York Times. 1961, July 22. "New Challenges Made." p. 46.10.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1961, August 11. "Riders Lose Appeal." p. 45.11.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1961, August 23. "Jury List Scored in Trial of Rider". p. 31.12.Jump up ^ Hendrick Smith. 1962, August 12. "Albany, Ga., Closes and Parks andLibraries To Balk Integration". New York Times. p. 1.13.^ Jump up to: a b Alan F. Westin. 1961, October 14. "Counsel for the DefenseWas on Trial Too". New York Times. p. 283.14.Jump up ^ Leonard E. Ryan. 1964, October 14. "Suits in Alabama Stir New Protest". New York Times. p. 74.15.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1962, October 24. "Display Ad 61--No Title". p. 9.16.^ Jump up to: a b c d Ben A. Franklin. 1963, July 12. "Dr. King Steps Up Danville Protest". New York Times. p. 8.17.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1963, October 26. "'Westchester Suit' Scores Rent Aid". p. 41.18.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1964, February 27. "State Rests Case in KidnappingTrial". p. 20.19.Jump up ^ Claude Sittons. 1964, June 20. "U.S. Official Warns Mississippi-Bound Students". New York Times. p. 12.20.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1964, July 2. "Writ Denied 3 Boys Indicted in Murder". p. 26.

21.Jump up ^ Alfred E. Clark. 1964, August 27. "U.S. Judge to Hear Rights Case Here". New York Times. p. 37.22.Jump up ^ Alfred E. Clark. 1965, February 13. "Law Firm Here Steps Out of Ruby Case". New York Times. p. 50.23.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1965, February 18. "Ruby Family Bid Ignored by Texas Appeals Court". p. 26.24.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1966, February 27. "Jack Ruby Draws and Colors to While Away Time in Jail". p. 72.25.Jump up ^ Waldron, Martin. 1966, June 14. "Ruby Ruled Sane by a Texas Jury".New York Times. p. 27.26.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1967, April 30. "Tennessee Teacher Wins Support inEvolution Case". p. 68.27.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1966, February 20. "Youth Held For Grand Jury in Yo

nkers Center Fire". p. 47.28.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1967, August 26. "Judge Lets Brown Leave Jurisdiction to Make Speeches". p. 23.29.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1967, September 17. "A Hearing is Set on Bond for Brown". p. 60.30.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1967, October 5. "Brown Asks Appeals Court to EaseCurbs on Travel". p. 30.31.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1971, March 20. "Rap Brown Case to be Reviewed". p.23.32.^ Jump up to: a b David Margolick. 1993, July 6. "Still Radical After All These Years". New York Times. p. B1.33.Jump up ^ Sidney E. Zion. 1968, October 13. "Law". New York Times. p. E8.34.Jump up ^ Homer Bigart. 1967, July 22. "Powell Remains in Island Exile". New

York Times. p. 10.35.^ Jump up to: a b David Stout. 1995, September 5. "William Kunstler, 76, Dies; Lawyer for Social Outcasts". New York Times. p. A1.36.Jump up ^ Sidney E. Zion. 1966, September 13. "Handwriting Expert Casts Doubton Evidence Used Against Sobell. New York Times. p. 31.37.Jump up ^ Tobias, Ted. "In Tribute", Pg 8438.^ Jump up to: a b New York Times. 1972, May 14. "A Judge Judged". p. E5.39.Jump up ^ Seth S. Kings. "'Chicago 8' Man Accused of Urging Attack on Police.New York Times. p. 27.40.Jump up ^ John Kifner. 1969, October 24. "F.B.I. Paid 'Friend' of the 'Chicag


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o 8'". New York Times. p. 28.41.Jump up ^ Seth Kings. 1969, October 15. "'Chicago 8' Denied Moratorium Day".New York Times. p. 15.42.Jump up ^ Seth S. Kings. 1969, October 17. "Chicago 8 Lawyer Sees A Conviction". New York Times. p. 25.43.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1970, February 22. "Judge Hoffman and the ContemptWeapon". New York Times. p. E2.44.Jump up ^ John Kifner. 1970, December 4. "Hoffman Recalls 2 Jury Messages". New York Times. p. 35.45.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1973, March 5. "Indians Get Offer on Ending Seizure". p. 26.46.Jump up ^ Martin Waldron. 1974, January 8. "Judge Defers Ruling on Treaty forFirst Wounded Knee Trial". New York Times. p. 11.47.^ Jump up to: a b Martin Waldrons. 1974, January 27. "Security Eased At Indians' Trial". New York Times. p. 47.48.Jump up ^ Martin Waldrons. 1974, January 27. "Kunstler Works; Disbarment Effort Fails". New York Times. p. 32.49.Jump up ^ Martin Waldrons. 1974, August 17. "2 Indians Summon Only 5 Witnesses". New York Times. p. 50.50.Jump up ^ Grace Lichtenstein. 1975, June 28. "16 Sioux Sought by F.B.I. in Slaying of 2 Agents". New York Times. p. 59.51.Jump up ^ New York Times. 1976, June 9. "Two Indians Go on Trial in Deaths ofF.B.I. Agents". p. 16.52.Jump up ^ Paul Delaney. 1976, June 7. "U.S. Judge Orders F.B.I. Chief to Test

ify at Trial of Two Indians". New York Times. p. 26.53.Jump up ^ Kevin R. Reilly, 1975, December 14. "Indian is Fighting School OverRights". New York Times. p. BQLI149.54.Jump up ^ Tom Wicker. 1974, October 1. "Hindsight on Attica Won't Wash". NewYork Times. p. 41.55.Jump up ^ Mary Breasted. 1975, February 28. "Attica Witness Has Some Doubts".New York Times. p. 38.56.^ Jump up to: a b c Michael T. Kaufman. 1975, April 6. "Attica Jury ConvictsOne of Murder, 2d of Assault". New York Times. p. 1.57.^ Jump up to: a b Mary Breasted. 1975, March 4. "Attica Drama Unfolds in BackRows and Halls as well as on Stand". New York Times. p. 66.58.Jump up ^ Tom Goldstein. 1976, December 31. "Governor Pardons 7 to 'Close theBook' on Attica Episode". New York Times. p. 31.

59.Jump up ^ Mary Breasted. 1975, June 10. "Attica Witness Tells of Slaying". New York Times. p. 80.60.Jump up ^ Walter H. Waggoner. 1977, February 4. "Mrs. Chesimards' Defense Seeks to Change Site of Murder Trial". New York Times. p. 39.61.Jump up ^ Langum, David J. "William M. Kunstler: the most hated lawyer in America," p. 275. New York University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8147-5150-4.62.Jump up ^ Hamill, Denis. 1988, July 27. "A road map to the trial." Newsday. p. 7.63.Jump up ^ Ferrante, Louis. "Unlocked: the life and crimes of a mafia insider," p. 161. HarperCollins Publishers, 2009. ISBN 978-0-06-113386-2.64.Jump up ^ Jane Gross. 1979, June 8. "Barnes is Kunstler's New Cause". New York Times. p. A22.65.Jump up ^ "William Kunstler". IMDB.

66.Jump up ^ "Review: The Believers by Zo Heller". The Daily Telegraph. 26 Sep 2008.References[edit]

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