william g. huitt educational psychology interactive william g. huitt educational psychology...
TRANSCRIPT
William G. HuittEducational Psychology Interactive
Operant ConditioningPart I
Last rev: June 2012
Ivan Pavlov—Russian scientist trained in biology and medicine
Studied digestive system in dogs
Operant Conditioning
The study of the impact of consequences on voluntary behavior.
Major theorists– Edward Thorndike– John Watson– B. F. Skinner
Dominant learning paradigm in USA psychology from the 1930s to the 1950s
Operant Conditioning
Classical conditioning: stimuli elicits involuntary behavior
Operant conditioning: stimuli connected to changes in voluntary behavior
Organism treated as a “black box.”
Stimulus
(S)
Organism
(O)Response
(R)
Operant Conditioning
Three-term model
Antecedent Stimulus
(S)
Response
(R)
Consequence
(S)
Antecedent stimulus – signals next response will be followed by a consequence
Operant Conditioning
Three-term model
Antecedent Stimulus
(S)
Response
(R)
Consequence
(S)
Antecedent stimulus – when organism changes behavior, called discriminative stimulus
Operant Conditioning
Three-term model
Antecedent Stimulus
(S)
Response
(R)
Consequence
(S)
Response– target overt behavior
Operant Conditioning
Three-term model
Antecedent Stimulus
(S)
Response
(R)
Consequence
(S)
Consequence -- a stimulus following a target behavior that changes the probability that it occurs again
Operant Conditioning
Two types of stimuli that can serve as consequences• Positive (sometimes called pleasant)• Negative (sometimes called aversive)
Neutral stimulus -- a stimulus following a target behavior that does not change the probability that it occurs again
Operant Conditioning
Two actions can be taken with the stimuli:• They can be ADDED to the learner’s
environment• They can be SUBTRACTED from the
learner’s environment
Operant Conditioning
Two results can be achieved:• Adding or subtracting (removing) the
stimulus results in an INCREASE in the probability the behavior occurs again
• Adding or subtracting (removing) the stimulus results in a DECREASE in the probability the behavior occurs again
Operant Conditioning
Neutral stimulus – If adding or subtracting a stimulus following a target behavior does not change the probability that it occurs again
Four major operant conditioning techniques result from
• Considering the purpose (increase or decrease a target behavior
• Selecting a stimulus (positive/pleasant or negative/aversive
Operant Conditioning
• Determine action to be taken (add or subtract)
Operant Conditioning
Outcomes of Conditioning
Increase Behavior
Decrease Behavior
Operant Conditioning
Outcomes of Conditioning
Increase Behavior
Decrease Behavior
Stimulus
Positive/pleasant
Negative/Aversive
Operant Conditioning
Outcomes of Conditioning
Decrease Behavior
Stimulus
Positive/pleasant
Negative/Aversive
Add Positive
Reinforcement
Subtract Response Cost
Subtract Negative
Reinforcement
Add Punishment
Increase Behavior
Operant Conditioning
Outcomes of Conditioning
Decrease Behavior
Stimulus
Positive/pleasant
Negative/Aversive
Add Positive
Reinforcement
Subtract Response Cost
Subtract Negative
Reinforcement
Add Punishment
Increase Behavior
Operant Conditioning
To learn about using schedules when deciding how to apply operant conditioning