Grammar Book 3Wilfredo Summers

Tabla de contenidos1. Preterite vs Imperfect2. Por and para3. Possessive adjectives

and pronouns4. Commands5. El Modo Subjunctivo6. Verbs of will and

influence7. Verbs of emotion8. Doubt, disbelief and

denial9. Conjunctions

1. Subjunctive in adjective clauses

2. Tu commands3. Nosotros commands4. Past participles used

as adjectives5. Present Perfect6. Past Perfect7. Future tense8. Conditional tense9. Past subjenctuve

Preterite vs Imperfect

hablar comer vivir

hablé comí viví

hablaste comiste viviste

habló comió vivió

hablamos

comimos vivimos

hablasteis

comisteis vivisteis

hablaron comieron vivieron

hablar comer vivir

hablaba comía vivía

hablabas comías vivías

hablaba comía vivía

hablábamos comíamos vivíamo

s

hablabais comíais vivíais

hablaban comían vivían

Definite Indefinite

Por and Para

Por• Motion or a general

location• Duration of an action• Object of a search• Means by which

something is done• Exchange or

substitution• Unit of measure

Para• Destination• Deadline or a specific

time in the future• Purpose or goal +

infinitive• Purpose + infinitive• The recipient of

something• Comparison or opinions• Employment

Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns

Short Form

Mi(s) Nuestro(a/os/aas)

Tu(s) Vuestro(a/os/as)

Su(s) Su(s)

Long Form

Singular

Mio(a) Nuestro(a)

Tuyo(a) Vuestro(a)

Suyo(a) Suyo(a)

Long Form Plural

Mios(as) Nuestros(as)

Tuyos(as) Vuestros(as)

Suyos(as) Suyos(as)

To form a possessive pronoun:• Use the long form of

the possessive adjective.

• Add el, la, los, las based on the gender and number of the noun.

Attach the pronouns to a reflexive when using a

reflexive in the infinitive form

Commands

Tu Ud./Uds. DOP + IOP + “se”

Affirmative

Simply drop the s

Irregulars- di, haz, ve pon, sal,

sé, ten, ven

Put it in ‘yo’ form and change to

opposite vowel

Can attach to an affirmative

Negative

Put in ‘yo’ form and change to

opposite vowel, add an ‘s’

Irregulars-TV DISHES

Same as aboveMust go before the negative

command

El Modo Subjunctivo• For most verbs, the

present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:• Start with the yo form of

the present indicative.• Then drop the -o ending.• Finally, add the following

endings:

• -ar verbs:-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en

• -er and -ir verbs:-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an

• dar - to give• dé

desdédemosdeisden

• estar - to be• esté

estésestéestemosestéisestén

• haber - to have (auxiliary verb)• haya

hayashayahayamoshayáishayan

• ir - to go• vaya

vayasvayavayamosvayáisvayan

• saber - to know• sepa

sepassepasepamossepáissepan

• ser - to be• sea

seasseaseamosseáissean

Verbs of will and influnce

Verbs of will and

influence

Aconsejar- to advise Importar-

to be important

: to matter

Insistir (en)- to

insist (on)

Mandar- to order

Prohibir- to prohibit

Recomendar

(e>ie)- to recomme

nd

Rogar (o>ue)- to

beg, to plead

Sugerir (e>ie)- to suggest

Verbs of Emotion

Sorprender

To surprise

Sentir (e-ie)To be sorry, to regret

EsperarTo hope, to wish

Alegrarse (de)To be happy

Ojála (que)I hope (that); I wish

(that)

Es tristeIt’s sad

TemerTo be afraid; to fear

Doubt, disbelief and denial

Dudar• To doubt

Negar (e-ie)• To deny

Es imposible• It’s

impossible

Es improbable• It’s

improbable

No es cierto• It’s not

true/certain

No es seguro• It’s not

certain

No es verdad• It’s not true

Conjunctions

A menos que• Unless

Antes (de) que• Before

Con tal (de) que• Provided

that

En caso (de) que• In case

(that)

Para que• So that

Sin que• without

Subjunctive in adjective clauses• The subjunctive can be used in adjective clauses

to indicate that the existence of someone or something is uncertain or indefinite.

• The subjunctive is used in an adjective clause that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea that either does not exist or whose existence is uncertain or indefinite.

• The indicative is used when the adjective clause refers to a person, place , thing, or idea that is clearly known, certain, or definite.

Tu commands

Tu

AffirmativeSimply drop the s

Irregulars- di, haz, ve pon, sal, sé, ten, ven

Negative

Put in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel, add an ‘s’

Irregulars-TV DISHES

Nosotros Commands

• Put in first person form• Add amos/emos and change the vowel• If IOP or DOP, add them on the end if

affirmative and before the verb for negative; add accent• If reflexive, add nos or se at the end and

take away the s on amos/emos Ex. Comámonos; add accent•Also called monkey verbs

Past participles used as adjectives

•Use this when writing an english adjective endind in –ed•His car is washed.•Su coche está lavado.

• Ar-ado• Ir/Er-ido

Present Perfect• He• Has• Ha• Hemos• Han

• Use when writing someone has done something.

• The second verb looks like a past participle

• He has ran.• El ha corrido.

Past Perfect• To say that

something in the past has done something

• Use infinitive + past participle

habíahabíashabíahabíamoshabíaishabían

Future Tense• I will• Infinitive +

-é -emos

-ás -éis

-á -án

Los Irregulares

Decir Dir-

Hacer Har-

Poner Pondr-

Salir Saldr-

Tener Tendr-

Venir Vendr-

Poder Podr

Querer Querr-

Saber Sabr-

Haber Habr-

Conditional Tense• Would/should/could• Infinitive+

-iá -iámos

-iás -iáis

-iá -ián

All endings are the same for er, ir, and ar berbs. The irregulars are the same as the future tense

Past subjective

Drop the ending –

ron ending from the preterite

-ra, -ras, -ra, -

ramos, -ran

The IMPERFEC

T SUBJUNCTI

VE

NOTE: Used in same context and situations as the present subjunctive. It generally describes actions, events and conditions that have already happened.