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Who decides how many Who decides how many members of the US members of the US House of House of Representatives each Representatives each state receives? state receives? Read on to find out! Read on to find out!

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Page 1: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

Who decides how many Who decides how many members of the US House members of the US House of Representatives each of Representatives each

state receives?state receives?

Read on to find out!Read on to find out!

Page 2: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

1 &2. The US Census & 1 &2. The US Census & ReapportionmentReapportionment

Every ten years the US Census Bureau records the Every ten years the US Census Bureau records the population of the United States. In addition to recording population of the United States. In addition to recording the population they record lots of demographic the population they record lots of demographic information.information.““Reapportionment” is the process of dividing the Reapportionment” is the process of dividing the 435 435 memberships, or seats, in the House of memberships, or seats, in the House of Representatives among the 50 states-Representatives among the 50 states--Census Bureau -Census Bureau conducts the census at 10-year intervals. At the conducts the census at 10-year intervals. At the conclusion of each census, it uses the results for conclusion of each census, it uses the results for calculating the number of House memberships each calculating the number of House memberships each state is entitled to have. The latter process is the initial state is entitled to have. The latter process is the initial use of the basic results of each census. use of the basic results of each census.

Page 3: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

3. What happens after 3. What happens after Reapportionment?Reapportionment?

Title 13, U.S. CodeTitle 13, U.S. Code requires that the apportionment population requires that the apportionment population counts be delivered to the President within 9 months of the census counts be delivered to the President within 9 months of the census date. In Census 2000 and most 20th century censuses, the census date. In Census 2000 and most 20th century censuses, the census date has been April 1, meaning that the Office of the President date has been April 1, meaning that the Office of the President received the counts by December 31 of each census year.received the counts by December 31 of each census year.According to Title 2, U.S. Code, within one week of the opening of According to Title 2, U.S. Code, within one week of the opening of the next session of the Congress, the President must report to the the next session of the Congress, the President must report to the Clerk of the House of Representatives the apportionment population Clerk of the House of Representatives the apportionment population counts for each state and the number of Representatives to which counts for each state and the number of Representatives to which each state is entitled.each state is entitled.Also according to Title 2, U.S. Code, within 15 days, the Clerk of the Also according to Title 2, U.S. Code, within 15 days, the Clerk of the House must inform each state governor of the number of House must inform each state governor of the number of representatives to which each state is entitled.representatives to which each state is entitled.The legislatures in each state are responsible for geographically The legislatures in each state are responsible for geographically defining the boundaries of their congressional and other election defining the boundaries of their congressional and other election districts--a process known as districts--a process known as REDISTRICTINGREDISTRICTING--and more detailed --and more detailed census results are used for these purposes.census results are used for these purposes.

Page 4: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

4 & 5. Reapportionment last took place 4 & 5. Reapportionment last took place in 2001. The results are below:in 2001. The results are below:

Page 5: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

6 & 7. Redistricting- After the 435 House of 6 & 7. Redistricting- After the 435 House of Representative seats are divided among all Representative seats are divided among all

50 states the state legislatures are 50 states the state legislatures are responsible for drawing the new House of responsible for drawing the new House of

Representative district boundaries.Representative district boundaries.

The state legislature, in Maryland the General The state legislature, in Maryland the General Assembly, must draw the boundaries for each Assembly, must draw the boundaries for each district of the US House of Representatives and district of the US House of Representatives and the Governor must approve of the new the Governor must approve of the new boundaries. Checks and balances are used to boundaries. Checks and balances are used to make sure that no one party has total control make sure that no one party has total control over drawing legislative districts unless the over drawing legislative districts unless the people of that state only vote for one party.people of that state only vote for one party.

Page 6: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

8. Redistricting in Maryland8. Redistricting in Maryland

Maryland currently is appropriated 8 members of Maryland currently is appropriated 8 members of the House of Representatives and two US the House of Representatives and two US Senators like every other state. In 2000 the Senators like every other state. In 2000 the General Assembly was given the opportunity to General Assembly was given the opportunity to redistrict the boundaries of the House of redistrict the boundaries of the House of Representative districts. At that time the Representative districts. At that time the Governor was a Democrat and the General Governor was a Democrat and the General Assembly was dominated by Democrats. As a Assembly was dominated by Democrats. As a result the district boundaries were drawn in a result the district boundaries were drawn in a way that favored Democrats.way that favored Democrats.

Page 7: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

Compare the maps in the next two slides. The one Compare the maps in the next two slides. The one below existed between 1991-2001below existed between 1991-2001

Page 8: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

The legislative map below is the current map of The legislative map below is the current map of district boundaries for members of the US House district boundaries for members of the US House

of Representatives in Marylandof Representatives in Maryland..

Page 9: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

Redistricting in Maryland resulted in 2 Republicans Redistricting in Maryland resulted in 2 Republicans being voted out of office and replaced by being voted out of office and replaced by

Democrats in the 2002 election.Democrats in the 2002 election.

To learn more about how redistricting To learn more about how redistricting affected Maryland click belowaffected Maryland click below

Redistricting in MarylandRedistricting in Maryland

Or Or

More on RedistrictingMore on Redistricting

Page 10: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

If you look closely you will notice that district 8’s If you look closely you will notice that district 8’s boundaries were changed to include Leisure World, boundaries were changed to include Leisure World, downtown Silver Spring and Takoma Park, all areas downtown Silver Spring and Takoma Park, all areas where over 75% of the residents vote for Democrats.where over 75% of the residents vote for Democrats.

Page 11: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

9.9. At the same time, much of northern Montgomery At the same time, much of northern Montgomery county, an area where much more evenly divided county, an area where much more evenly divided

between Democrats and Republicans was added to between Democrats and Republicans was added to district 4. As a result, the Republican incumbent, district 4. As a result, the Republican incumbent,

Connie Morella of district 8 lost her seat to the Connie Morella of district 8 lost her seat to the Democrat Chris Van Hollen in 2002Democrat Chris Van Hollen in 2002 ..

Page 12: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

As you might imagine Connie, the Republican, was sad and Chris, the As you might imagine Connie, the Republican, was sad and Chris, the Democrat, was happy! That’s the nature of politics, but Connie’s loss and Democrat, was happy! That’s the nature of politics, but Connie’s loss and

Chris’ win had less to do with their ideas than the Congressional districts they Chris’ win had less to do with their ideas than the Congressional districts they ran in. Chris can tribute his victory to the fact that Democrats controlled both ran in. Chris can tribute his victory to the fact that Democrats controlled both

the Governor’s office and the General Assembly during the redistricting process the Governor’s office and the General Assembly during the redistricting process that takes place every 10 years. Connie claimed that the district boundaries that takes place every 10 years. Connie claimed that the district boundaries

had been had been gerrymanderedgerrymandered!!

Page 13: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

10. What is gerrymandering?10. What is gerrymandering?

Gerrymandering is a verb that Gerrymandering is a verb that describes how Congressional districts describes how Congressional districts

are drawn to favor one party over are drawn to favor one party over another. Gerrymandering a district another. Gerrymandering a district based on race is illegal, but all other based on race is illegal, but all other forms of gerrymandering done during forms of gerrymandering done during

the redistricting process are legal.the redistricting process are legal.

Page 14: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

11. The Congressional district below was drawn to 11. The Congressional district below was drawn to make sure that a Democrat won it. If you look make sure that a Democrat won it. If you look

closely it contains many different cities that have closely it contains many different cities that have little in common like Annapolis, Baltimore and little in common like Annapolis, Baltimore and

Columbia, MD. Columbia, MD.

Page 15: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

The Electoral CollegeThe Electoral College

How is the President elected?How is the President elected?

Page 16: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

13. Before Presidents were directly voted for by the 13. Before Presidents were directly voted for by the citizens of the US they were chosen by members of the citizens of the US they were chosen by members of the House of Representatives. The Electoral College is relic House of Representatives. The Electoral College is relic

(historical artifact) of that time in the United States.(historical artifact) of that time in the United States.Specified in Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution, the Electoral Specified in Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution, the Electoral

College elects the nation's president. The Electoral College was a College elects the nation's president. The Electoral College was a compromise worked out during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that compromise worked out during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that allowed small and large states, and Federalists and Antifederalists, to feel allowed small and large states, and Federalists and Antifederalists, to feel that their interests were being met. The Electoral College placed power in that their interests were being met. The Electoral College placed power in the hands of the states by allowing state delegates to choose the president. the hands of the states by allowing state delegates to choose the president. The Electoral College is an important invention of the early republic and The Electoral College is an important invention of the early republic and signifies the Founding Fathers' distrust of popular sovereignty. The electoral signifies the Founding Fathers' distrust of popular sovereignty. The electoral college system came about after great debate regarding the division of college system came about after great debate regarding the division of powers within the new nation. Delegates to the convention voted down four powers within the new nation. Delegates to the convention voted down four proposals to allow Congress to elect the president. Twice they voted that the proposals to allow Congress to elect the president. Twice they voted that the citizenry should not choose the president. Believing that the average citizen citizenry should not choose the president. Believing that the average citizen was not sufficiently educated enough to vote, delegates feared such popular was not sufficiently educated enough to vote, delegates feared such popular democracy. Slave states like Virginia and North Carolina also feared that democracy. Slave states like Virginia and North Carolina also feared that since they had fewer white inhabitants than northern states, their since they had fewer white inhabitants than northern states, their attachments to slavery might be compromised. attachments to slavery might be compromised.

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14. Electoral College Continued14. Electoral College ContinuedWithin the convention, a group known as the Committee of Eleven began Within the convention, a group known as the Committee of Eleven began

studying various means of electing the president and recommended on September 4 studying various means of electing the president and recommended on September 4 that a college of electors would elect the president. The plan held that each state that a college of electors would elect the president. The plan held that each state would have electors, chosen by the state legislature, and equal in number to the sum would have electors, chosen by the state legislature, and equal in number to the sum of the state's representatives and senators. The only task of the electors would be to of the state's representatives and senators. The only task of the electors would be to decide who would be president and vice president. If no candidate gained a majority, decide who would be president and vice president. If no candidate gained a majority, as happened in 1800 and 1824, then the House of Representatives would choose the as happened in 1800 and 1824, then the House of Representatives would choose the president. With little debate, the Constitutional Convention adopted the electoral president. With little debate, the Constitutional Convention adopted the electoral college plan on September 8, 1787. Alexander Hamilton wrote of the Electoral college plan on September 8, 1787. Alexander Hamilton wrote of the Electoral College in the College in the Federalist PapersFederalist Papers in 1788, "If the manner of it be not perfect, it is at in 1788, "If the manner of it be not perfect, it is at least excellent." The Electoral College kept the presidency out of the reach of direct least excellent." The Electoral College kept the presidency out of the reach of direct democracy. democracy.

One reason there was so little debate on the Electoral College was that One reason there was so little debate on the Electoral College was that everyone assumed that George Washington would be chosen president, regardless everyone assumed that George Washington would be chosen president, regardless of the system of election. With so many pressing issues to solve, they agreed quickly of the system of election. With so many pressing issues to solve, they agreed quickly on the electoral college system. Convention delegates also assumed that once on the electoral college system. Convention delegates also assumed that once Washington's tenure as president was over, there would be no possibility of gaining Washington's tenure as president was over, there would be no possibility of gaining an absolute majority for any one candidate, which meant that the president would an absolute majority for any one candidate, which meant that the president would then be determined by the House of Representatives. They could not have known then be determined by the House of Representatives. They could not have known how entrenched the political party system in the United States would become, or that how entrenched the political party system in the United States would become, or that the system would be amended in 1828 to make the Electoral College more the system would be amended in 1828 to make the Electoral College more responsive to the popular vote. responsive to the popular vote.

Page 18: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

Why does the United States use the Why does the United States use the Electoral College to elect Presidents?Electoral College to elect Presidents?

The Electoral College system had its roots in the historical The Electoral College system had its roots in the historical tradition of some medieval countries that used a group of nobles to tradition of some medieval countries that used a group of nobles to select their ruler rather than a direct voting system or a hereditary select their ruler rather than a direct voting system or a hereditary monarchy. The Catholic Church used a similar concept for the monarchy. The Catholic Church used a similar concept for the process of papal selection, which was left in the hands of Church process of papal selection, which was left in the hands of Church cardinals. The United States' Founding Fathers adopted the same cardinals. The United States' Founding Fathers adopted the same type of system as a safeguard for their great experiment in type of system as a safeguard for their great experiment in democracy and outlined it in Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution democracy and outlined it in Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution (1787). Although some of the founders supported the notion of (1787). Although some of the founders supported the notion of direct presidential election, others feared that giving a population, direct presidential election, others feared that giving a population, which was not only largely uneducated but also new to the concept which was not only largely uneducated but also new to the concept of choosing its own leaders, the power to select a chief executive of choosing its own leaders, the power to select a chief executive would be a recipe for disaster. To temper the effect of those voters, would be a recipe for disaster. To temper the effect of those voters, the United States' founders devised the idea of representatives from the United States' founders devised the idea of representatives from each state choosing the president, proportionally to their population, each state choosing the president, proportionally to their population, with the method each state used to select those representatives up with the method each state used to select those representatives up to the states. to the states.

Page 19: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

15. Why the Electoral College Continued?15. Why the Electoral College Continued?The Electoral College had the added advantage of appealing to two groups The Electoral College had the added advantage of appealing to two groups

that the nation's founders needed to appease in order to be successful in that the nation's founders needed to appease in order to be successful in establishing their government: small states and slave states. Voters in both of those establishing their government: small states and slave states. Voters in both of those types of states would see their vote counted disproportionately more than in large or types of states would see their vote counted disproportionately more than in large or free states. Small states' voters had a larger say because each state, no matter its free states. Small states' voters had a larger say because each state, no matter its size, was granted two senators and a representative; therefore, even a tiny state was size, was granted two senators and a representative; therefore, even a tiny state was guaranteed three electoral votes. Because the number of senators does not change guaranteed three electoral votes. Because the number of senators does not change with the size of a state, smaller states have always made up a proportionately larger with the size of a state, smaller states have always made up a proportionately larger slice of the electoral pie than their size would warrant in a direct election. Similarly, slice of the electoral pie than their size would warrant in a direct election. Similarly, because of the three-fifths compromise of the Constitutional Convention, slave states because of the three-fifths compromise of the Constitutional Convention, slave states counted the enslaved population when representation was determined in Congress; counted the enslaved population when representation was determined in Congress; but because slaves could not vote, the importance of a freedman's vote in a slave but because slaves could not vote, the importance of a freedman's vote in a slave state was proportionally enlarged. state was proportionally enlarged.

The Founding Fathers left the method by which the Electoral College was The Founding Fathers left the method by which the Electoral College was chosen up to the individual states, but by 1836, most states had settled on the chosen up to the individual states, but by 1836, most states had settled on the system of using the results from the popular election to award all their electors to the system of using the results from the popular election to award all their electors to the victorious candidate. That system continued in all states for over a century, but in victorious candidate. That system continued in all states for over a century, but in 1969, legislators in the state of Maine chose instead to apportion their electoral votes 1969, legislators in the state of Maine chose instead to apportion their electoral votes in a modified-proportional system. Under that method, Maine's two electoral votes in a modified-proportional system. Under that method, Maine's two electoral votes representing its two senators would always be awarded to the winner of the popular representing its two senators would always be awarded to the winner of the popular vote, but the remaining electoral votes would be doled out by congressional district, vote, but the remaining electoral votes would be doled out by congressional district, with the winner in each district the recipient of one elector. Nebraska followed suit in with the winner in each district the recipient of one elector. Nebraska followed suit in 1991, and the two remain the only states to use a proportional form of voting. Thus 1991, and the two remain the only states to use a proportional form of voting. Thus far, neither state has actually split its vote in any presidential election. far, neither state has actually split its vote in any presidential election.

Page 20: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

16. How many electoral college 16. How many electoral college votes are there today?votes are there today?

Today there are 538 electoral votes:Today there are 538 electoral votes:

(House of Representatives= 435) +(US (House of Representatives= 435) +(US Senate= 100) + (District of Columbia= 3)= Senate= 100) + (District of Columbia= 3)= 538538

Page 21: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

17. How many electoral college 17. How many electoral college votes does a candidate need to votes does a candidate need to

become President?become President?A candidate must win 270 or more electoral votes out of A candidate must win 270 or more electoral votes out of

538 in a presidential election in order to win538 in a presidential election in order to win

Click on the following website and answer the following Click on the following website and answer the following questions about the electoral college: questions about the electoral college: http://www.270towin.com/http://www.270towin.com/

Click on the following website to learn about which party Click on the following website to learn about which party different states tend to vote for based on past elections. different states tend to vote for based on past elections.

http://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/politics/2004_ELhttp://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/politics/2004_ELECTIONGUIDE_GRAPHIC/ECTIONGUIDE_GRAPHIC/

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How are electoral votes distributed How are electoral votes distributed to each state?to each state?

If you add together the number of US If you add together the number of US Senators and the number of members of the Senators and the number of members of the House of Representatives of a particular state House of Representatives of a particular state you get the number of electoral votes that state you get the number of electoral votes that state is apportioned (given). is apportioned (given).

For instance:For instance:

(# of Maryland Senators=2) + (# of US House of (# of Maryland Senators=2) + (# of US House of Representatives in Maryland=9)= Maryland is Representatives in Maryland=9)= Maryland is allocated 11 total electoral votesallocated 11 total electoral votes

Page 23: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

Electoral Votes of other statesElectoral Votes of other states

StateState #of US Senators + # of US Representatives = Total Electoral #of US Senators + # of US Representatives = Total Electoral VotesVotes

MarylandMaryland 22 99 1111

OhioOhio 22 1818 2020

WyomingWyoming 22 11 33

CaliforniaCalifornia 22 5353 5555

Page 24: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

18. Based on the number of House of Representative 18. Based on the number of House of Representative members that states are each allocated find out the # of members that states are each allocated find out the # of

electoral votes that Texas and Florida receive.electoral votes that Texas and Florida receive.

7 Alabama7 Alabama 1 Alaska1 Alaska 6 Arizona6 Arizona

4 Arkansas4 Arkansas 52 California52 California 6 Colorado6 Colorado

6 Connecticutt6 Connecticutt 1 Delaware1 Delaware 23 Florida23 Florida

11 Georgia11 Georgia 2 Hawaii2 Hawaii 2 Idaho2 Idaho

20 Illinois20 Illinois 10 Indiana10 Indiana 5 Iowa5 Iowa

4 Kansas4 Kansas 6 Kentucky6 Kentucky 7 Louisiana7 Louisiana

2 Maine2 Maine 8 Maryland8 Maryland 10 Massachusetts10 Massachusetts

16 Michigan16 Michigan 8 Minnesota8 Minnesota 5 Mississippi5 Mississippi

9 Missouri9 Missouri 1 Montana1 Montana 3 Nebraska3 Nebraska

2 Nevada2 Nevada 2 New Hampshire2 New Hampshire 13 New Jersey13 New Jersey

3 New Mexico3 New Mexico 31 New York31 New York 12 North Carolina12 North Carolina

1 North Dakota1 North Dakota 19 Ohio19 Ohio 6 Oklahoma6 Oklahoma

5 Oregon5 Oregon 21 Pennsylvania21 Pennsylvania 2 Rhode Island2 Rhode Island

6 South Carolina6 South Carolina 1 South Dakota1 South Dakota 9 Tennessee9 Tennessee

30 Texas30 Texas 3 Utah3 Utah 1 Vermont1 Vermont

11 Virginia11 Virginia 9 Washington9 Washington 3 West Virginia3 West Virginia

9 Wisconsin9 Wisconsin 1 Wymoning1 Wymoning

Page 25: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

What happens if no candidate What happens if no candidate receives 270 or more electoral receives 270 or more electoral

votes?votes?If there are more than two candidates If there are more than two candidates

there is a possibility that no one will receive 270 there is a possibility that no one will receive 270 or more electoral votes. If no candidate receives or more electoral votes. If no candidate receives 270 or more votes then the House of 270 or more votes then the House of Representatives decides who will be the next Representatives decides who will be the next President. In that scenario each state receives 1 President. In that scenario each state receives 1 vote decided upon by the state’s US House vote decided upon by the state’s US House Representatives. The candidate who gets the Representatives. The candidate who gets the most votes is then elected President and the most votes is then elected President and the candidate who gets the second most votes is candidate who gets the second most votes is elected Vice-President.elected Vice-President.

Page 26: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

Answer the following Answer the following questions or else!questions or else!

The Electoral CollegeThe Electoral College

Page 27: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

Based on the following Based on the following information who was elected information who was elected

President of the United States?President of the United States?

19.19. In 2000 George W. Bush and Richard Cheney received In 2000 George W. Bush and Richard Cheney received  271  271  Electoral Votes and 50,456,062 popular votesElectoral Votes and 50,456,062 popular votes

Albert Gore, Jr. and Joseph Lieberman received Albert Gore, Jr. and Joseph Lieberman received  266  266  Electoral Votes Electoral Votes and and 50,996,58250,996,582 popular votes popular votes

Who won the election? Why?Who won the election? Why?

20.20. 1824 Election Results (271 Electoral College Votes Available) 1824 Election Results (271 Electoral College Votes Available)John Quincy Adams- 30.9% of the vote and 99 electoral votesJohn Quincy Adams- 30.9% of the vote and 99 electoral votesAndrew Jackson-41% and 84Andrew Jackson-41% and 84William Crawford- 15% and 41William Crawford- 15% and 41Henry Clay-12.9% and 37 Henry Clay-12.9% and 37 Who decided who won? Who won?Who decided who won? Who won?

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More Electoral College QuestionsMore Electoral College Questions

21.21. In 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes received In 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes received 4,036,572 and won 185 votes4,036,572 and won 185 votes

Samuel Tilden received 4,284,020 votes and won Samuel Tilden received 4,284,020 votes and won 184 votes 184 votes

Who won? Why?Who won? Why?

22.22. In 2008 if Hillary Clinton receives 200 electoral In 2008 if Hillary Clinton receives 200 electoral votes and Rudy Guiliani receives 220 and the votes and Rudy Guiliani receives 220 and the third candidate receives 18 electoral votes? third candidate receives 18 electoral votes? Who will decide who is the next president? Who will decide who is the next president?

Page 29: Who decides how many members of the US House of Representatives each state receives? Read on to find out!

23. For more information about the 23. For more information about the Electoral College Check out the Electoral College Check out the

following sitesfollowing sites

Arguments For and Against the Electoral Arguments For and Against the Electoral CollegeCollege

Past Electoral College ResultsPast Electoral College Results