whitbread, worbes & kühne ws 2011/12
TRANSCRIPT
Crops and production systems in the Tropics
Whitbread, Worbes & Kühne
WS 2011/12
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Climate and plant growth in the tropics
1. Climate
1. Introduction2. Describing the climate by diagrams
3. Trends of precipitation patterns
4. Seasonality of rainfall in the tropics
5. Defining climate types
6. Agro-Ecological Zones
7. Climate anomalies: El Nino and La Nina• Mechanisms of Southern Oscillation Effect
• Reconstruction of El Nino with tree rings
• Reconstruction of El Nino with Ice cores
8. Global change
How do organize a lecture on Tropical Crop production Sytems
• By Crop Species (taxonomically)
Scientific classification (binomial nomenclature, Carl v. Linné, 1707–1778)
Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera)
Kingdom: PlantaeDivision: Magnoliophyta (form. Angiosperms)
Class: Liliopsida (form. Monocotyledonae) Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae (form. Palmae) Genus:Cocos
Species: nucifera L.
How do organize a lecture on Tropical Crop production Sytems
• By Crop Species (taxonomically)
• By Products (consumer orientated)
http://www.uni- goettingen.de/en/publications/
209930.html(Rehm_Espig
zip)
Main Crops in the Tropics
Purpose Crop Main Region Main Country/Tropics Production (main country in Mill. Mt)
Staple FoodRice SEA India 130Roots and Tubers Africa/Asia Nigeria 60Maize Latin America Brazil 34
Cash CropsSoy beans Latin America Brazil 50Sugar cane LA/Asia Brazil 420Coffee LA/Asia Brazil/Vietnam 2/1Coconuts SEA Indonesia/Phillipines 16/14Cacoa Africa ivory Coast 1Bananas SEA/LA India 17Palmoil SEA Malaysia/Indonesia 14/12Citrus many countries
How do organize a lecture on Tropical Crop production Sytems
• By Crop Species (taxonomically)
• By Products (consumer orientated)
• By Production system (producer orientated)
Introduction into Tropical Agronomy
Crops and production systems in the tropics
Source: United Nations University project on Climatic, Biotic, and Human Interactions in the Humid Tropics
Farmingsystem
Traditional system
Semi-commercial
system
Commercial system
Shiftingcultivation,small
holders
Nomadicherding
Rice, legume, root cropped
based
Agrofor. Fruitproduction
Annual Crops Perennial cropsAgroforestry
Rice, sugarcane, maize Cacao, coffee
Bericht Weltagrarrat 2008International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science andTechnology for Development (IAASTD)
Bericht Weltagrarrat 2008International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science andTechnology for Development (IAASTD)
Introduction into Tropical Agronomy
Frame conditions of tropical agriculture
• Ecology
– Wide range of climates from desert to superhumid
– Wide range of soil fertility: sometimes poor
– High diversity of crops
• Socio-Economic
– Subsistence agriculture
– Big scale commercial farming for cash crops
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Climate and plant growth in the tropics
1. Climate1. Introduction
2. Describing the climate by diagrams3. Trends of precipitation patterns
4. Seasonality of rainfall in the tropics
5. Defining climate types
6. Agro-Ecological Zones
7. Climate anomalies: El Nino and La Nina• Mechanisms of Southern Oscillation Effect
• Reconstruction of El Nino with tree rings
• Reconstruction of El Nino with Ice cores
8. Global change
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Geographic
Tropics 23.5o N to 23.5o S
38% of land surface,
(half the global surface)
day length 10.5-13.5 hrs
Subtropics to 45o N and S
24% of land surface
day length 9-15 hrs
Climatic
Tropics < 5o difference in mean monthly temperatures.
area between the 18o isotherms at sea level.
but temperature drops 0.6o per 100m elevation
daily temperature variation > variation of monthly means
Subtropics mean monthly temperature > 9.5o for at least 8 months
climatic characteristics:
trade winds, Monsoon, Moisture regimes:
perhumid > 10 months, subhumid, semiarid < 7 months
Definitions of Tropics and Subtropics
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Climate at the border between tropics and subtropics
Climate in Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil and T in Goettingen, Germany
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50
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250
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Prec
ipita
tion
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T
Pira PrecPira TGoett T
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Climate and plant growth in the tropics
1. Climate
1. Introduction
2. Describing the climate by diagrams3. Trends of precipitation patterns
4. Defining climate types
5. Seasonality of rainfall in the tropics
6. Climate anomalies: El Nino and La Nina• Mechanisms of Southern Oscillation Effect
• Reconstruction of El Nino with tree rings
• Reconstruction of El Nino with Ice cores
7. Global change
8. Agro-Ecological Zones
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Convention of the Walter and Lieth Diagramms
Daily temperature
variations
Precipitation
Annual
means
Temperature
Climate
station
information
Perhumid
Humid
Arid
Maximum/Minimum
Humidity
index
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Superwet = perhumid wet = humid
Tropical climate types
Following Walter & Lieth in Richards1996
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
seasonal
wet Dry-
arid
Tropical climate types cont.
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Distinction between Arid and Humid
• Humid: potential evapotranspiration is lower than precipitation
• Arid: potential evapotranspiration is higher than precipitation
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Climate and plant growth in the tropics
1. Climate1. Describing the climate by diagrams
2. Trends of precipitation patterns3. Seasonality of rainfall in the tropics
4. Defining climate types
5. Agro-Ecological Zones
6. Climate anomalies: El Nino and La Nina• Mechanisms of Southern Oscillation Effect
• Reconstruction of El Nino with tree rings
• Reconstruction of El Nino with Ice cores
7. Global change
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Lauer 1989
Trend I: decreasing precipitation towards the tropics
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Trend II: Precipitation increases over land masses from east to west
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Trend III: increasing precipitation with elevation
Sierra de Lema
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100
200
300
400
500
600
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Prec
ip. (
mm
)
km 88
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Prec
ip (m
m)
Anacoco
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Wind direction
Sierra de Lema(1000 m AASL)
Km 88Anacoco(lowland)
150 km
1550 mm 2970 mm 4770 mm
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Reason for increasing precipitation with elevation
1.) Temperature decrease: -0.65 0C per 100 m2.) Decreasing dew point with decreasing T
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: ClimateLauer 1989
Global Radiation
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Climate and plant growth in the tropics
1. Climate1. Describing the climate by diagrams
2. Trends of precipitation patterns
3. Seasonality of rainfall in the tropics4. Defining climate types
5. Agro-Ecological Zones
6. Climate anomalies: El Nino and La Nina• Mechanisms of Southern Oscillation Effect
• Reconstruction of El Nino with tree rings
• Reconstruction of El Nino with Ice cores
7. Global change
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
Hadley-cell
The intertropical
convergence
zone
(ITCZ) is
a dynamic weather
area
located
near
the equator. Sunlight
at the equator
warms
the air, making
it
rise
and thereby
creating
low
pressure at the equator, along
with
rain-producing
cumulonimbus
clouds.
The rising
air eventually
cools
and sinks
back to the surface
at latitudes
roughly
30°
north
and south
of the equator. The
sinking
cool air creates
high-pressure
systems that
keep
those latitudes
relatively
dry. The sinking
air is
drawn
back to the low
pressure
near
the equator, creating
a flow
of air known
as the trade
winds
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
But the position of the hadley cells relative to earth‘s surface are not stable, they are moving during the years course:
Why?
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Seasons in the tropics as consequence of the position of the sun
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
• However: The wind circulation of the hadley cells is not north-south or south-north
• But tends to be east-west (trade winds)
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Climate types in the tropics
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Distribution of climate types in the tropics
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Concept of Growing Period
The
saisonality
of tropical climates
is
regarded!
http://www.fao.org/
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Some Conclusions
Seasonal tropical climate is
based
on variation
in precipitation
Seasonal
climate
occurs
in most
areas
of the
tropics Precipitation
pattern
is
influenced
by
the
geographic
and
orographic
situation
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Climate and plant growth in the tropics
1. Climate1. Describing the climate by diagrams
2. Trends of precipitation patterns
3. Seasonality of rainfall in the tropics
4. Defining climate types5. Agro-Ecological Zones
6. Climate anomalies: El Nino and La Nina• Mechanisms of Southern Oscillation Effect
• Reconstruction of El Nino with tree rings
• Reconstruction of El Nino with Ice cores
7. Global change
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
The KÖPPEN climate classification
is of the most widely used climate classification systems.
• Developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist, around 1900 (modifications by
himself, in 1918 and 1936).
• Based on the concept that native vegetation is the best expression of climate, thus
climate zone boundaries have been selected with vegetation distribution in mind.
• It combines average annual and monthly temperatures and precipitation, and the
seasonality of precipitation
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Wladimir Köppen divided the Earth’s surface into climatic regions that generally coincided with world patterns of vegetation and soils.
The Köppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the
annual and monthly average of temperature and precipitation. Each type is designated by a capital letter.
A – Moist Tropical Climates are known for their high temperatures year
round and for their large amount of year round rain. B – Dry Climates are characterized by little rain and a huge daily
temperature range. Two subgroups, S – semiarid or steppe, and W – arid or desert, are used with the B climates.
C – In Humid Middle Latitude Climates land/water differences play a
large part. These climates have warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters.
D – Continental Climates can be found in the interior regions of large
land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.
E – Cold Climates describe this climate type perfectly. These climates are
part of areas where permanent ice and tundra are always present. Only about four months of the year have above freezing temperatures.
The Köppen Climate System
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Köppen Subgroups are designated by a second, lower case letter which distinguish specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.
f – Moist with adequate precipitation in all months and no dry
season. This letter usually accompanies the A, C, and D climates.
m – Rainforest climate in spite of short, dry season in monsoon
type cycle. This letter only applies to A climates. s – There is a dry season in the summer of the respective
hemisphere (high-sun season). w – There is a dry season in the winter of the respective
hemisphere (low-sun season).
The Köppen Climate System II
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Vegetation types in the Tropics
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Lowland
forest
types
in moisture
gradient
ILowland
forest
types
in moisture
gradient
I
EcosystemEcosystem Dominating “climate“ factorDominating “climate“ factor
Diurnal flooding
Annual flooding
Precipitation
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Lowland
forest
types
in a moisture
gradient
IILowland
forest
types
in a moisture
gradient
II
EcosystemEcosystem Climate typeClimate type
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Altitudinal
gradientAltitudinal
gradient
EcosystemEcosystem Climate TypeClimate Type
3200-4600mT = 10-1 0C
Espeletia
Paramo
Mountain
cloud
forest
1000-2100mT = 21-14 0C
Mountain
dry
forest
Holdrige
Triangle: Life zone
spectrum
HUMIDITY PROVINCES wikipedia
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Conclusion:
Long term
means
of climate
conditions
are
linked with
natural
vegetation
The
climate
type
determins
the
vegetation
type
and the
frame
conditions
for
agricultural
cropsLecture
notes
on:
http://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/306338.html
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Climate and plant growth in the tropics
1. Climate1. Describing the climate by diagrams
2. Trends of precipitation patterns
3. Seasonality of rainfall in the tropics
4. Defining climate types
5. Agro-Ecological Zones6. Climate anomalies: El Nino and La Nina
• Mechanisms of Southern Oscillation Effect
• Reconstruction of El Nino with tree rings
• Reconstruction of El Nino with Ice cores
7. Global change
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Jan
Feb Mär Apr Mai Jun
Jul
Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez Monat
0
20
40
60
80
100
300
Niederschlag [mm]
200
400 nda La Pacifica/Finca Las Pumas (45 m) 26,6° C 1403 mm
960 11/2001)
Pineapple, Banana,Papaya, Palmito
K
Coffee and ornamental plants
Cattle, Rice, Sugar Cane
Predominant farming systems for different ecoregions in the humid tropics
Ecoregion* Rainfall* (mm/yr) Farming systems
Lowland
Moist forest 1500-2000 Root crops (yam. Cassava, sweet potatoe), rice
Wet forest 2000-4000 Plantations (e.g. Bananas, plantain, citrus)
Rainforest > 4000 Tree crops (e.g. rubber, cocoa, oil palm)
Pre-montane (-800)
Moist forest 1000-2000 Root crops, upland rice, beans
Wet forest 2000-4000 Coffee, tea, pineapple. cocoa
Rainforest > 4000 Timber crops and tree plantations
Lower montane (-1500)
Moist forest 500-1000 Sub-tropical vegetable, root crops
Wet forest 1000-2000 Coffee, Tea, cash crops
Rainforest > 2000 Tree crops
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Concept of Growing Period
The
saisonality
of tropical climates
is
regarded!
http://www.fao.org/
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Climate and plant growth in the tropics
1. Climate1. Describing the climate by diagrams
2. Trends of precipitation patterns
3. Seasonality of rainfall in the tropics
4. Defining climate types
5. Agro-Ecological Zones
6. Climate anomalies: El Nino and La Nina• Mechanisms of Southern Oscillation Effect
• Reconstruction of El Nino with tree rings
• Reconstruction of El Nino with Ice cores
7. Global change
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
What
is
an El Nino•
The
El-Niño
Southern Oscillation
is
the
result
of a cyclic
warming
and cooling
of the
surface
ocean
of the
central
and eastern
Pacific.•
It`s
intensity
is
measured
through
indices: 1.) SST: Sea
Surface
Temperature2.) The
difference
between
sea
level
pressure
at Darwin and Tahiti.
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Normal conditions:•
Water hot in West (28 degrees) and cooler in East Pacific (24 C0)
•
Wet
in West-Pacific•
Cool water
of the
deep
sea
rises
in east
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
El Nino conditions:•
Hot in the
center
•
Wet
in East-Pacific•
Warm water
prevents
the
deep-sea
water
to rise
to the
surface
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
La-niña
conditions
•
When
the
injection
of cold
water
becomes
more
intense than
usual, causing
the
surface
of the
eastern
Pacific to
cool -
this
is
a LA-NIÑA event.
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Typical conditions
www.elnino.info
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
El-Nino conditions
www.elnino.info
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
http://www.ucar.edu/communications/factsheets/elnino/
ENSO-Effect on Precipitation: El Nino
ENSO-Effect on Precipitation: El Nino
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
ENSO-Indices – Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)
Normalized pressure differences between Darwin and Tahiti
Ropelewski & Jones (1987)
Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
Data since 1866
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Thompson et al. 1995
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
Ice core
-1
-0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990year
Ice
core
laye
r ind
ex
Ice core
,,,,
Index curves of Piranhea tree rings and ice core layer thickness
Ice core data from Thompson et al. 1995, Science
The Java Teak-Chronology from Berlage (1931)The Java Teak-Chronology from Berlage (1931)
In: Jacoby (1989)
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
0
100
200
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
indi
ces
calibrationreconstruction
0
100
200
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
indi
ces
n = 10 r = 0.60 Glk% = 73 T-Value = 6.2
Index ring width of Piranhea trifoliata (black) floodfree period of the Amazon river (blue) and El Nino years (red triangles)
Index ring width of Piranhea trifoliata (black) floodfree period of the Amazon river (blue) and El Nino years (red triangles)
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
El Nino Effects
•
Change of temperature
and air
pressure
in the
southern
pacific•
Consequences:–
Change in precipitation
(some
regions
with
more
some
with
less
rainfall
–
Change of sea
current
system
in the
pacific
(interruption
of the Humboldt current)
–
Less
nutrient
rich
and cold
water
at the
South American coast–
Less
plankton, less
fishes, decline
in fishery
in Peru around
Christmas
Worbes & Kühne, Crops & Production System: Climate
The circumpolare wave as an explanation for the El Nino frequency
Warm water
cold
water