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Containersofwheyproteinbeingsoldatahealthfoodstore.

WheyproteinFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Wheyproteinisamixtureofglobularproteinsisolatedfromwhey,theliquidmaterialcreatedasabyproductofcheeseproduction.

Wheyproteiniscommonlymarketedandingestedasadietarysupplement,andvarioushealthclaimshavebeenattributedtoitinthealternativemedicinecommunity.[1]Althoughwheyproteinsareresponsibleforsomemilkallergies,themajorallergensinmilkarethecaseins.[2][3]

Contents

1Production2Composition3Majorforms4Healtheffects5References6Externallinks

Production

Mainarticle:Whey

Wheyisleftoverwhenmilkiscoagulatedduringtheprocessofcheeseproduction,andcontainseverythingthatissolublefrommilkafterthepHisdroppedto4.6duringthecoagulationprocess.[4]Itisa5%solutionoflactoseinwater,withsomemineralsandlactalbumin.[5]Thefatisremovedandthenprocessedforhumanfoods.[5]Processingcanbedonebysimpledrying,ortheproteincontentcanbeincreasedbyremovinglipidsandothernonproteinmaterials.[6]Forexample,spraydryingaftermembranefiltrationseparatestheproteinsfromwhey.[7]

Wheycanbedenaturedbyheat.Highheat(suchasthesustainedhightemperaturesabove72Cassociatedwiththepasteurizationprocess)denatureswheyproteins.Whilenativewheyproteindoesnotaggregateuponrennetingoracidificationofmilk,denaturingthewheyproteintriggershydrophobicinteractionswithotherproteins,andtheformationofaproteingel.[6]Heatdenaturedwheycanstillcauseallergiesinsomepeople.[8]

Composition

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Wheyproteinisthecollectionofglobularproteinsisolatedfromwhey.Theproteinincow'smilkis20%wheyproteinand80%caseinprotein,[9]whereastheproteininhumanmilkis60%wheyand40%casein.[10]Theproteinfractioninwheyconstitutesapproximately10%ofthetotaldrysolidsinwhey.Thisproteinistypicallyamixtureofbetalactoglobulin(~65%),alphalactalbumin(~25%),bovineserumalbumin(~8%)(seealsoserumalbumin),andimmunoglobulins.[11]Thesearesolubleintheirnativeforms,independentofpH.

Beingabyproductofthecheesemakingprocess,andlikelihoodofanimalrennetuse,wheyproteinaswellascaseinproductsmaynotbesuitableforconsumptionbylactovegetariansorobserversofkosherdietarylaws.Thereare,however,specialtyproducersofvegetarianapprovedwheyproteinproductsproducedusingnonanimal"rennet"(enzymes).Theseproductsareoftenalsolabeledaskosherandhalalapproved.

Theaminoacidcysteineinwheyproteinisasubstrateforthesynthesisofglutathioneinthebodywhichisanubiquitouscellularantioxidantlaboratoryexperimentshavesuggestedthatwheyproteinanditscomponentsmightreducetheriskofcancerinanimals,suggestinganavenueforfuturemedicalresearch.[12]

Majorforms

Wheyproteintypicallycomesinfourmajorforms:concentrate(WPC),isolate(WPI),hydrolysate(WPH)andNativeWhey.

Concentrateshavetypicallyalow(butstillsignificant)leveloffatandcholesterolbut,ingeneral,comparedtotheotherformsofwheyprotein,havehigherlevelsofbioactivecompounds,andcarbohydratesintheformoflactosetheyare29%89%proteinbyweight.Isolatesareprocessedtoremovethefat,andlactose,butareusuallylowerinbioactivatedcompoundsaswelltheyare90%+proteinbyweight.Likewheyproteinconcentrates,wheyproteinisolatesaremildtoslightlymilkyintaste.Hydrolysatesarewheyproteinsthatarepredigestedandpartiallyhydrolyzedforthepurposeofeasiermetabolizing,buttheircostisgenerallyhigher.[6]Highlyhydrolysedwheymaybelessallergenicthanotherformsofwhey.[8]Nativewheyprotein,thepurestformofwheyproteinwhichhasbeenextractedfromskimmilkandnotabyproductofcheeseproduction,producedasaconcentrateandisolate.

Healtheffects

Theuseofwheyproteinasasourceofaminoacidsanditseffectonreducingtherisksofdiseasessuchasheartdisease,canceranddiabeteshasbeenthefocusofongoingresearchasof2007.[13]Wheyisanabundantsourceofbranchedchainaminoacids(BCAAs),[14]whichareusedtostimulateproteinsynthesis.[15]Whenleucineisingestedinhighamounts,suchaswithwheyproteinsupplementation,thereisgreaterstimulationofproteinsynthesis,whichmayspeedrecoveryandadaptationtostress(exercise).[16]Wheyhasapproximatelythreegramsofleucineperservingandthethresholdforoptimalproteinsynthesisisthreegrams.[17]

Aswithotherformsofprotein,consumptionofwheyproteinshortlyaftervigorousexercisecanboostmusclehypertrophy.[18]

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Scientificevidencehasshownthatproteinshighinessentialaminoacids(EAA),branchedchainaminoacids(BCAA),andparticularlyleucine(Leu)areassociatedwithincreasedmuscleproteinsynthesis,weightloss,bodyfatloss,anddecreasedplasmainsulinandtriglycerideprofile.[19]AstudydonebyHulmietal(2009)hadsubjectseitherconsumeawheyproteindrinkorplacebo,theresultsshowedthatthewheyproteinsamplehadathreepercentincreaseinthecrosssectionareaofthevastuslateralismuscleandafivepercentincreaseinthemuscleforceoftheisometriclegextension.Howevertherewasnoconvincingevidencethatcomparativeupperbodymusclemassorstrengthwasincreasednorwasthereanysignificantincreaseinquadricepsfemorisotherthanthevastuslateralis.[17]

References1. Marshall,K(2004)."Therapeuticapplicationsofwheyprotein".AlternativeMedicineReview9(2):136156.

PMID15253675(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15253675).2. WalJM(November2004)."Bovinemilkallergenicity".Ann.AllergyAsthmaImmunol.93(5Suppl3):S211.

doi:10.1016/S10811206(10)617267(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS10811206%2810%29617267).PMID15562868(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15562868).

3. BurksW,HelmR,StanleyS,BannonGA(June2001)."Foodallergens".CurrOpinAllergyClinImmunol1(3):2438.doi:10.1097/01.all.0000011021.73682.01(https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F01.all.0000011021.73682.01).PMID11964696(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964696).

4. Spurlock,D."IsolationandIdentificationofCaseinFromMilkCourseNotes"(http://homepages.ius.edu/dspurloc/c122/casein.htm).Retrieved27June2014.

5. "Whey."TheEncyclopdiaBritannica.15thed.19946. Foegeding,EADavis,JPDoucet,DMcGuffey,MK(2002)."Advancesinmodifyingandunderstandingwhey

proteinfunctionality".TrendsinFoodScience&Technology13(5):1519.doi:10.1016/S09242244(02)001115(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS09242244%2802%29001115).

7. TunickMH(2008)."WheyProteinProductionandUtilization.".InOnwulataCI,HuthPJ.Wheyprocessing,functionalityandhealthbenefits(http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=209388)(abstract).Ames,Iowa:BlackwellPublishingIFTPress.pp.113.

8. LeeYH(November1992)."Foodprocessingapproachestoalteringallergenicpotentialofmilkbasedformula.".J.Pediatr.121(5Pt2):S4750.doi:10.1016/S00223476(05)814064(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS00223476%2805%29814064).PMID1447634(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1447634).

9. JayR.HoffmanandMichaelJ.Falvo(2004)."ProteinWhichisbest?".JournalofSportsScienceandMedicine(3):118130.

10. LuhovyyBL,AkhavanT,AndersonGH(2007)."Wheyproteinsintheregulationoffoodintakeandsatiety"(http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/26/6/704S).JournaloftheAmericanCollegeofNutrition26(6):704S712S.doi:10.1080/07315724.2007.10719651(https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F07315724.2007.10719651).PMID18187437(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187437).

11. HaugA,HstmarkAT,HarstadOM,AHstmark,ATHarstad,OM(25September2007)."Bovinemilkinhumannutritionareview"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2039733).LipidsHealthDis6:25.doi:10.1186/1476511X625(https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1476511X625).PMC2039733(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2039733).PMID17894873(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17894873).

12. P.W.Parodi(2007)."ARoleforMilkProteinsandtheirPeptidesinCancerPrevention"(http://www.benthamdirect.org/pages/content.php?CPD/2007/00000013/00000008/0005B.SGM).CurrentPharmaceuticalDesign13(8):813828.doi:10.2174/138161207780363059(https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F138161207780363059).ISSN18734286(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/18734286).

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13. KrissansenGW(December2007)."Emerginghealthpropertiesofwheyproteinsandtheirclinicalimplications"(http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/26/6/713S).JAmCollNutr26(6):713S23S.doi:10.1080/07315724.2007.10719652(https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F07315724.2007.10719652).PMID18187438(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187438).

14. RieuI,BalageM,SornetCetal.(April2007)."Increasedavailabilityofleucinewithleucinerichwheyproteinsimprovespostprandialmuscleproteinsynthesisinagingrats"(http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S08999007(07)00007X).Nutrition23(4):32331.doi:10.1016/j.nut.2006.12.013(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nut.2006.12.013).PMID17367997(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17367997).

15. KimballScottJefferson,LS(2006)."SignalingPathwaysandMolecularMechanismsthroughwhichBranchedChainAminoAcidsMediateTranslationalControlofProteinSynthesis"(http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/1/227S).TheJournalofNutrition136(1):227S31S.PMID16365087(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16365087).

16. HaE,ZemelMB(May2003)."Functionalpropertiesofwhey,wheycomponents,andessentialaminoacids:mechanismsunderlyinghealthbenefitsforactivepeople(review)".J.Nutr.Biochem.14(5):2518.doi:10.1016/S09552863(03)000305(https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS09552863%2803%29000305).PMID12832028(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12832028).

17. Hulmi,J.J.Kovanen,V.Selnne,H.Kraemer,W.J.Hkkinen,K.Mero,A.A.(2009)."Acuteandlongtermeffectsofresistanceexercisewithorwithoutproteiningestiononmusclehypertrophyandgeneexpression"(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18661258).AminoAcids37(2):297308.doi:10.1007/s0072600801506(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs0072600801506).""ThechangeoftheaverageQFCSAwashigherintheproteingroup(9.97.4%)comparedtoplacebo(7.54.8%)butthedifferencedidnotreachstatisticalsignificance(P[0.05)....TheaverageincreaseintheVLmuscle(VL14)wassignificantlyhigherintheproteingroup(relativeincrease:14.86.8%)comparedtotheplacebo(11.25.6%)(P\0.05)....However,comparedtothecontrolgroup(8.09.5%,P[0.05),isometriclegextensionincreasedsignificantlyonlyintheproteingroup(arelativeincreaseof24.312.3%,differencebetweenthegroupsP=0.02),whereastheincreasewasnotsignificantintheplacebogroup(19.315.5%,P=0.23)."

18. PhillipsSM(February2011)."Thescienceofmusclehypertrophy:makingdietaryproteincount".ProcNutrSoc(Review)70(1):1003.doi:10.1017/S002966511000399X(https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS002966511000399X).PMID21092368(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21092368).

19. Etzel."Manufactureanduseofdairyproteinfractions".J.Nutr.134:996S1002S.

Externallinks

Wheyproteinresources(http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/EducationMaterials/HealthProfessionalsEducationKits/Pages/WheyProtein.aspx),NationalDairyCouncilWheyProteinHealthnotes(http://myhealth.ucsd.edu/library/healthguide/enus/Cam/topic.asp?hwid=hn2933008),UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego

Whatdoessciencesayaboutwheyproteinandmusclebuilding?(http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1818.htm),EuropeanFoodSafetyAuthorityonwheyproteinclaims

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