WHEELOCK CHAPTERS 1-5

TOPICS FOR REVIEW

Verbs Both English and Latin verbs have 5 characteristics:

1. person – the subject from the speaker's point of view 1st I, we

2nd you

3rd he, she, it, they

2. number – number of subject singular

plural

3. tense – time of the action present

imperfect

future

4. voice – whether the subject performs or receives action active

5. mood – manner of indicating action or state of being indicative – indicates facts

imperative – gives a command

* A verb must agree with its subject in person and number.

Present

• Find the stem of a verb (infinitive –re) Ex. laudare –re = lauda

• Then add the personal endings: Singular Plural

1st -m/-o -mus

2nd -s -tis

3rd -t -nt

501 LAT I MIDTERM Review

Wheelock Chapters 1-5 Page 2

Imperative

Only occurs in 2nd person

• 2nd sing is identical to the verb stem lauda • to form the 2nd pl, add –te to the stem laudate

Imperfect

• translate as used to, was –ing, kept –ing, began to • find the stem, add –ba, then add personal endings.

Ex. laud� + b� + personal ending

Singular Plural

1st bam bamus

2nd bas batis

3rd bat bant

Present of Sum, to be

Sing. Pl.

1st sum I am sumus we are

2nd es you are estis you are

3rd est he/she/it is sunt they are

Nouns and Adjectives Helping words Case Function

Nominative subject, predicate nominative, predicate adjective

of Genitive modifies another noun; shows possession

to/for Dative mostly indirect object

Accusative direct object; object of some prepositions

from by w/ in Ablative modifies verb; object of some prepositions

Vocative direct address – set off by commas

Wheelock Chapters 1-5 Page 3

Formation of Nouns

• Add endings to the base of the word. • Base = genitive – ending

Ex. Puellae –ae = puell

* Adjectives agree with nouns they modify in case, number, and gender

1st declension

Sing. Pl.

Nom a ae

Gen ae ārum

Dat ae īs

Acc am ās

Abl ā īs

Voc a ae

2nd Declension Masculine

Sing Plural

Nom. us/r ī

Gen. ī ōrum

Dat. ō īs

Acc. um ōs

Abl ō īs

Voc. e/ī/r* ī

*nouns ending in –ius have a single –ī in the vocative singular; meus in the vocative singular is “mī”

2nd Declension Neuter

Sing Plural

Nom. um a

Gen. ī ōrum

Dat. ō īs

Acc. um a

Abl. ō īs

Voc. um a

The endings for the nom,

acc, and voc are always the

same for neuters.

Wheelock Chapters 1-5 Page 4

Translating 1. read sentence aloud 2. put parentheses around prepositional phrases and look for genitives plurals. 3. look for the verb – often at the end

if 1st or 2nd person, then already know subject

4. if 3rd person, look for possible subject (nominative case) 5. translate subject and verb 6. look for and translate direct object (accusative case) 7. then translate the rest