What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did the War of 1812 prove the

United States was a legitimate Nation?

Two

The Battle of New Orleans

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The Battle of New Orleans

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

• “Many nations have gone to war in pure gayety of heart, but perhaps the United States were first to force themselves into a war they dreaded, in the hope that the war itself might create the sprit they lacked.”

» Henry Adams

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

• Cause:– Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)

• Great Britain & France’s violation of U.S. neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars.

• Impressments on the high seas.

Causes: What causes People and Nations to fight with one

another?

– 1. Colonialism – 2. Poor Governance– 3. Societal & Cultural

Organizations• Unmet Human Needs• Religious & Political

Organizations

– 4. Scarcity of Resources

– 5. Issues of Justice & Assertion of “Rights”

– 6. An Individual with an Agenda.

– 7. Views of War & Conflict

• Belief that violence and warfare are INHERENT in human nature.

There is rarely one single cause for conflict. Most often Conflict is a result of a variety of causes.

Causes: Scarcity of Resources

• Conflict arises when people compete for the same natural resources (cultivable land, fresh water).

Causes: Issues of Justice & Assertion of “Rights”

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

• Cause: – U.S. desire for free trade

• Embargo Act– Definition: Law passed by Congress and signed by President

Thomas Jefferson in 1807. This law stopped all trade between America and any other country. The goal was to get Britain and France, who were fighting each other at the time, to stop restricting American trade. The Act backfired, and the American people suffered. The Act was ended in 1809.

• Non-Intercourse Act– Definition: Replaced the Embargo Act. Forbade direct American

trade with European belligerents. It was used as a coercive measure to deprive France and England of the American commercial market until they resolved their economic warfare and returned to neutral trade policies.

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

• Cause: Expansionism – British desire to stop U.S. expansion into the West.– War Hawks wanted Canada

• Republican House led by Henry Clay

– Natives wanted to stop American expansionism• Tecumseh Confederacy

• Conflict can be created by one individual with an Agenda.

• One individual can manipulate people, events and the media to create Conflict

• Individuals are often Political leaders but not always

Cause: An Individual with an Agenda.

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

• Course:

• Course: – Battle to control the St. Lawrence Sea

Way – By Land

• Alliance of Tecumseh confederacy & British regulars.– Battle of Detroit (Tecumseh)– Americans fled Ft. Dearborn led by

William Wells, attacked by Tecumseh’s warriors, (revenge for the Battle of Fallen Timbers-1794), 54 men, 9 women and 12 children were killed. Wells heart pulled from his body and eaten by the Indians.

“Tecumseh was one of those uncommon geniuses which spring up occasionally to produce revolution and overturn the established order of things”

William Henry Harrison

• “We should have to fight hereafter not for ‘free trade and sailors rights,’ not for the Conquest of the Canadas, but for our national Existence.

» Joseph H. Nicholson to the Secretary of the Navy, William Jones, May 1814

“Push on brave York Volunteers”Commander Brock while dyeing at the battle of York

• Course: – Battle to control the St. Lawrence Sea

Way – By Land

• In retaliation the Americans burnt the capitol of upper Canada (York)

• Course: – The Battle to control the St. Lawrence Sea Way – On Water

• The Battle of the Great Lakes (Lake Erie & Lake Ontario)• America defeated the British Navy controlled the St. Lawrence Sea

Way /No. Mississippi– Oliver Hazard Perry (Lake Erie)– Thomas Macdonough (Lake Champlain)

“We have met the enemy and they are ours.”

Oliver Hazard Perry

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?• Course:

– British Naval Blockade of American Ports

– Burn and Destroy along Atlantic Sea Board

• New England villages• Hartford Convention• Washington D.C.• Baltimore

– Francis Scott Key“Huzzah my boys, her sides are made of iron”

Oh say can you see by the dawn's early lightWhat so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.O! say does that star-spangled banner yet waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

On the shore, dimly seen through the glass of the deep,Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:'Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it waveO'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

• Course: – Battle on the Western

Frontier• Red Sticks War (Creek Civil

War)– Battle of Horseshoe Bend

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

“If I had known that Jackson would drive us from our homes, I would have killed him that day at the Horseshoe”

Cherokee Chief Junaluska, who fought along side Jackson with 500 warriors.

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

• Course: – Battle of New Orleans

• Fought after the treaty was signed, to control So. Mississippi. Clear American victory,

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

• “For the United States, the triumph of Andrew Jackson’s roughshod collection of army regulars, backwoods militia, and bayou pirates over the elite of the British Empire came to fill a huge void in the American psyche- not only propelling Jackson to the presidency, but affirming America on the course that would extend its borders to the Pacific.”

» Walter R. Borneman

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

• Course: – Treaty of Ghent

• Signed Dec 24, 1814 (negotiated by John Quincy Adams) in Belgium

• Agreed to end the war. Establish America as an independent Nation

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?

• Consequences

What were the causes, course and consequences of the War of 1812? How did

the War of 1812 prove the United States was a legitimate Nation?• Watch the War of 1812

• “The First Invasion” Beginning through end of Battle of Fort McHenry & Star Spangled Banner. Disc 1: 1 hour & 1 minute

• “The Battle of New Orleans” Disc 2: 44 minutes