what the density management study is teaching us about buffers paul anderson and dede olson usda...
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![Page 1: What the Density Management Study is Teaching Us About Buffers Paul Anderson and Dede Olson USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station pdanderson@fs.fed.us](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051110/551c21e7550346a34f8b5bea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What the Density Management Study is
Teaching Us About Buffers
Paul Anderson and Dede OlsonUSDA Forest Service
Pacific Northwest Research Station
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BLM Density Management and Riparian Buffer Study:
Enhancing Structural and Biotic DiversityThrough Active Management
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Thinning as a Tool for Riparian Habitat Restoration and the Compatible
Production of Wood Riparian Reserves
Conserve diversity Maintain stream habitat
and water quality Provide connectivity at
watershed and landscape scales
Thinning strategies to promote diversity and the enhancement of riparian functions Modification of Overstory
Canopy Altered Understory
Environment Understory Vegetation
and Structure Responses Enhanced Riparian
Habitat and Function
Intermittent headwater stream
BufferThinning
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Microclimatic Edge Effects
Redrawn From FEMAT (1994)
0 1.0 2.0 3.00.50
100C
um
ula
tive
Eff
ect
ive
ne
ss
(%
)
Distance From Stand Edge into Forest(tree height)
Relative H
umidity
Wind Speed
Air TempSoil TempRadiationSoil Moisture
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Riparian Forest Effect on Streams as a Function of Buffer Width
FEMAT (1994)
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Density Management and Riparian Buffer Study Research Objectives
Evaluate effects of alternative density management treatments on important forest stand and habitat attributes
Determine treatment effects on selected plant and animal taxa (amphibians, arthropods, mollusks, nonvascular plants, and fungi)
Assess the combined effects of density management and alternative riparian buffer widths on aquatic and riparian ecosystems
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Density Management Study Installation:Green Peak
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Alternative Riparian Buffer Designs
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Density Management Study Installation:Green Peak
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DMS Study Sites
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Key Findings
Canopy Closure
Microclimate
Habitat
Animals
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Typical Canopy and Stand ConditionsThree Years After Implementation
200-300 TPA(Unthinned)
9%
80 TPA 40 TPA
28% 38%
1 Acre Patch
61%
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Canopy Closure in Relation to Basal Area:
Observations Across Six DMS Sites
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
Basal Area (ft2)
Vis
ible
Sky
(%
)
y = -9.332Ln(x) + 61.94
R2 = 0.772
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Basal Area – Light Relationships:
30-60 yr-old Douglas Fir
Zone
Stream Buffer Upslope
Vis
ible
Sky
(%
)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
45
50
55
60 UTB1-TB1-PVB-TVB-PSR-T
Zone
Stream Buffer Upslope
Bas
al A
rea
(m2 h
a-1)
05
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65UTB1-TB1-PVB-TVB-PSR-T
For each zone, circled means statistically differ from that of the unthinned control
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Microclimate Gradients – Unthinned Stands
Summer Daily Extreme
Distance from Stream (ft)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
Deg
. C)
10
15
20
25
Re
lati
ve H
um
idit
y (%
)
60
70
80
90
100
Air Temperature Soil TemperatureRelative Humidity
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Mean Daily Maximum Air Temperature
by Zone
Zone
Stream Buffer Upslope
Max
imu
m A
ir T
emp
era
ture
Deg
C
0
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32UNTHB1MDB1PAVBMDVBPASRMD
P=0.096 P=0.019 P=0.002
For each zone, circled means statistically differ from that of the unthinned control
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Mean Daily Maximum Soil or Streambed Temperature by Zone
Zone
Stream Buffer Upslope
Max
imu
m S
oil
Tem
per
atu
re D
eg C
0
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18 UNTHB1MDB1PAVBMDVBPASRMD
P=0.602 P=0.057 P=0.021
For each zone, circled means statistically differ from that of the unthinned control
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0 1.0 2.0 3.00.5
0
100
Cu
mu
lati
veE
ffec
tive
nes
s (%
)
Distance From Stand Edge into Forest(tree height)
Relative H
umidity
Wind Speed
AirTemp
SoilTempRadiation
SoilMoisture
Microclimatic Edge Effects
Redrawn From FEMAT (1994)
Microclimate gradients extend from the stream into the upslope forest
These gradients are strongest within 10 m of the stream center
The stream exerts a strong influence on near-stream microclimate
Upslope thinning had little detectable effect on stream center microclimate
Variable width buffers appear sufficient to mitigate thinning effects on microclimate above the stream
There was no apparent increase in mitigation associated with wider buffers
Anderson, Larson, Chan. 2007 Forest Science 53: 254-269.
Five-year Response to Thinning: Microlcimate
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Modeling Spatial Variation in Riparian Microclimate: Maximum Daily Air Temp Collaboration with Bianca Eskelson, Temesgen
Hailemariam, OSU
Strong correlations between mean maximum air temperature and distance to stream and height above stream
Kriging with external drift (covariates) provides better results than ordinary or universal kriging
For steep sites (> 30%), distance to stream is more important as a covariate than is height above stream. The opposite is true for sites with slope less than 30%.
The sampling intensity needs to be larger close to the stream with three to five sample points on a 20 m transect section centered on the stream.
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Factors influencing the effectiveness of buffers as a
source of shade Stand
Structure Stand density Stand height Live crown
length Foliage
density Species
composition Understory Down wood
Topography Stream
orientation Channel profile Channel width
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Canopy Closure, Topography and Microclimate Correlations
Pearson Correlations Air Temperature daily minimum daily maximum daily range
Radiation (DIFN) 0.196 0.627 0.556Bankfull Width 0.044 -0.009 0.094Valley Width 0.056 0.006 0.024
Quigley Orientation 0.616 0.448 0.231 Relative Humidity daily minimum daily maximum daily range
Radiation (DIFN) -0.262 0.018 0.415Bankfull Width -0.197 -0.195 0.091Valley Width -0.053 0.109 0.050
Quigley Orientation -0.532 -0.632 0.510 Stream Temperature daily minimum daily maximum daily range
Radiation (DIFN) 0.018 0.074 -0.238Bankfull Width 0.000 0.035 -0.056Valley Width 0.056 0.133 0.077
Quigley Orientation 0.049 0.021 -0.214
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Shade Correlations with Microclimateand Stream Temperature
Stream orientation was the only topographic variable strongly correlated with microclimate
East-west oriented streams, and streams with steep side slopes tend to receive more topographic shading
Diffuse radiation and angular canopy density were only weakly correlated with stream temperature
Importance of topographic shading as compared to canopy shading is difficult to discern in areas of relatively dense, uniform canopy
5
10
15
20
-10
-5
0
5
10
025
5075100
Hei
ght (
m)
Stream cross-section (m
) Length (m)
KM21
5
10
15
20
-10
-5
0
5
10
0255075100
Hei
ght (
m)
Stream cross-section (m
) Length (m)
OM36
0
5
10
15
20
-10
-5
0
5
1025 50 75 100
Hei
ght (
m)
Stre
am c
ross
-sec
tion
(m)
Length (m)
KM19
5
10
15
20
-10
-5
0
5
100 25 50 75 100
Hei
ght (
m)
Stream cross-section (m
)
Length (m)
TH75
0
5
10
15
20
-10-50510
25
50
75
100
Hei
ght (
m)
Stream cross-section (m)
Length (m)
TH46
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K.L. Ronnenberg
Headwater Habitats
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Frequency of Hydrologic Types n = 131
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
WETWET
WETINTERM
INTERMINTERM
INTERMDRY
DRYDRY
ABOVEWATER
No
. R
ea
ch
es
Type: 1 2 4 5 6 7Perennial Summer Intermittent
Intermittent
Spatially Intermittent Streams Frequent
Olson and Weaver (2007)
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a) Coarse wood <30 cm
0
5
10
15
20
25UnthB1TB1PVBTVBPSRT
b) Coarse wood 30+ cm
Zone and Measurement Period
Do
wn
Wo
od
Co
ver
(%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Buffer P0 Buffer P2Uplsope P0 Uplsope P2
Buffer Width Influence on Down Wood
Cover
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Treatment Impacts on Stream Associated Coarse Down Wood
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SPECIESDMS Study Site
CalCk
CougDelp
hGran
tGrnP
kOMH Keel Perk Scho
NoSou
TenHi
NWrd
AMPHIBIANS
Northwestern Salamander x x x x x x x
Clouded Salamander x x x x x x
Coastal Tailed Frog x x x x x x x x x
Oregon Slender Salamander x x
Coastal Giant Salamander x x x x x x x x x x x x
Ensatina x x x x x x x x x x x x
Dunn’s Salamander x x x x x x x x x x x x
Western Red-Backed Salamander
x x x x x x x x x x x
Pacific Treefrog x x x x x x x x x
Northern Red-legged Frog x x x x x x x x x x x
Southern Torrent Salamander
x x x x x x x x x
Cascade Torrent Salamander x x x
Rough-Skinned Newt x x x x x x x x x x x x
FISHES
Cutthroat Trout x x x x x x x
Rainbow Trout x
Salmonid sp. age 0+ x x x x x x x
Sculpin x x x x
Lamprey x x
Amphibian and Fish Species Occurrences
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Headwater Vertebrate Assemblages:
Spatial Structuring
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Characterizing Headwaters: Fauna
Olson and Weaver (2007)
Distinct assemblages associated with hydrology, gradient, down wood and stream size
Headwaters species to assess : sculpins, tailed frogs, torrents
Coastal giant salamanders
Dunn’s salamanders
Torrent salamanders
Fish
Western red-backed salamanders
Ensatina
OR slender salamanders
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Treatment Effects
Years 1-2:
Stream Habitat
Stream and Bank Animals
Upland Salamanders
Years 1-5:
Upland Biota
Leave Islands
Microclimates
Years 5-6:
Stream and Bank Animals
Upland Salamanders
Down Wood Thermal Regimes
No Negative Treatment Effects
Mixed Treatment Effects: 1 site yes, 1 site no
Mixed Treatment Effects:
More amphibians in some leave islands and unthinned, More plants in thinned areas, LS plants in unthinned
1-acre islands have “interior” microclimates
One Treatment Effect: Fewer bank PLVE
No Treatment Effects
Some Distance-from-Stream Effects
Small and Large Diameter Wood and Substrates Retained Cool Temperatures
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Caveats Lack of consistent treatment effects may be due to…
Inference of findings restricted to…
Detectability issues
Power issues
Spatial scale issues
Study sites
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Overall Summary
Multiple headwater vertebrate assemblages
No dramatic thinning/ buffer effect, so far
Some patterns with bank/upland salamanders
Phase 2 beginning
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Reflection: While some taxa are protected at landscape scales as broad species
distributions intersect protected lands …
…species persistence at smaller spatial scales is important for maintaining intact ecological systems.
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Rarer headwater-dependent species may
require stand scale management
PATCHY DISTRIBUTIONS
DISPERSAL LIMITATIONS and RESTRICTED HABITAT
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Designs to Integrate Stream and Upland Forest Management for Amphibians
Olson, Anderson et al. 2007
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BLM Density Management Studies PHASE 2
80 TPA~240 TPA ~30TPA
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Thank you!
Oregon BLM - many great people Dede Olson and Klaus Puettmann Temesgen Hailemariam and Bianca
Eskelson Mark Meleason Sam Chan, John Tappeiner, John
Cissel Dan, Brad, Val and a bunch of others
in the team