What must be accomplished to win any war?

Must defeat the enemies:

1.Ability to fight AND/OR

2.Will to fight

Civil WarA country torn apart

Chapter 11

Collapse of the Union• November, 1860 – Abraham Lincoln elected• January, 1861 – South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida,

Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede or formally withdraw from the Union– Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confederate States of

America• April, 1861 – Attack on Fort Sumter

– Lincoln supplies the Federal fort with supplies (no weapons)– South Carolina troops fire on the fort forcing its surrender

• Marks the start of the Civil War– Lincoln calls for troops and Virginia secedes from the Union

• May, 1861 – Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee secede from the Union– Western counties of Virginia secede from Virginia and West

Virginia admitted into the Union– Slave States of Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, and Missouri

stay with the Union

Secession

Union StatesBorder StatesBorder StatesConfederate StatesUnion TerritoriesApplying for statehood – undecidedUnion Territories – permitted slaveryUnion Territories – permitted slavery

Why did the South Secede?

• South felt overpowered by Northern political, industrial, and economic (banking) strength– Fear that Lincoln, Republicans and abolitionist

Yankees, who owned the banks and factories, would set prices to the point that whites would become slaves to free blacks

• Southern way of life threatened by Northern control of Congress

• Slavery Issue – States’ rights v. National Government power

• Race-baiting – talk of black control of the South

The Plans

Union Plan– Anaconda Plan – a three part plan designed

to crush the South1. Set up a naval blockade to cut off supplies in or

out2. Split the Confederacy in two by gaining control of

the Mississippi River3. Capture the Confederate capital at Richmond,

Virginia

Confederate Plan– Fight a defensive war, but attack when

possible

North v. SouthPopulation 21.5 million

9 million(3 million slaves)

EconomyIndustrial and Commercial North,

Agricultural WestAgricultural

Military leaders:

Political leaders:

Weak

Good

Good

Weak

Type of WarOffensive

Patriotic

Defensive

Patriotic

Location Contiguous Contiguous

“home country”

How did the South ever think they would win against the North?

Colonies v. EnglandPopulation 3 Million 8 million

EconomyCommercial & Agricultural

Manufacturing, agricultural & commercial

Military leaders:

Political leaders:

Inexperienced

Inexperienced

Average

Average

Type of WarDefensive

PatrioticOffensive

Location “Home” countryAcross Atlantic 3000 miles away

Remember the Past

Significant Events of the Civil War

• July 1861 – First Battle of Bull Run• November, 1861 – George B. McClellan named General-in-Chief of Union • February, 1862 – Union offensive opened in the West – Ulysses S. Grant• March, 1862 – battle of ironclad ships

– Union Monitor v. Merrimac• April, 1862 – Battle of Shiloh

– Union casualties = 13,000– Confederate casualties = 11,000

• War going to be much more costly than expected• June, 1862 – Seven Days’ Battle

– McClellan within 20 miles of Richmond, but Lee drives him away• August, 1862 – Second Battle of Bull Run

– Confederates defeat Union troops and push them back to Washington D.C.• Lee goes on the offensive, but a copy of his plans fall into Union hands

• September, 1862 – Battle of Antietam– Single bloodiest day of the war – 10,000 casualties on each side– Lee retreats

• Turning point of war as likelihood of European recognition of the South is reduced

Foreign Affairs

• Trent Incident– Confederate diplomats travel aboard a British

merchant ship (the Trent) in order to gain British recognition of the Confederacy

• Trent is stopped by Union naval ship and the two diplomats are arrested

– Britain threatens war against the Union and sends 8000 troops into Canada

» Lincoln orders the men to be released and claims the Union commander acted alone

Emancipation???• Abolitionists attempt to convince Lincoln that victory

without abolishing slavery would be no victory at all• Lincoln felt he had no Constitutional authority to

abolish slavery where it already existed– However, Lincoln uses his Constitutional war powers to

“end slavery”

• Emancipation Proclamation signed Jan. 1, 1863– DID NOT END SLAVERY!!!

• Applied only to areas controlled by the Confederacy– Was a military action that allowed for the freeing of slaves in rebelling

areas only

If the Emancipation Proclamation didn’t free any slaves, then what impact did it have?

• Discourages Britain from recognizing the Confederacy• Turned the war from preserving the Union to a moral war

of abolishing slavery• Free Blacks now able to enlist in the regular army• Northern Democrats felt it would only antagonize the

South (it did)– Most Northerners accepted it, feeling it was necessary to save

the Union

• Now total victory needed in order to win – no chance for compromise

Political Dissent

• Copperheads – Northern Democrats that advocated peace with the South

• Lincoln suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus (right to court hearing to be told reason for arrest) – using war powers

• Federal troops used to maintain civilian order and telegraph offices seized

• Conscription – a draft that would force citizens to serve in the army– $300 fee to avoid conscription in the North– Owned over 20 slaves one could avoid draft in South– Bounty – fee paid by Northern States to get volunteers to fight

• Became rich man’s war at the poor man’s expense– Riots erupt in NYC

Blacks Join the War

• North– 1862 – Blacks allowed to serve in the military – low turn

out– Emancipation Proclamation increases black volunteers– Discriminated against – serve in all black units with

white officers• Assigned to manual labor at lower pay• High death rates – disease and executions

• South– Slave Resistance

• Many adult males fled to the North – women and children work• Sabotage of farm equipment• Refusal to follow owners fleeing from Union forces

“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate...we can not consecrate...we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government: of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

What was the result of the Civil War?

• Political Impact– Threat of secession wiped out– National government assumed supreme

national authority and increased federal power

• Passed laws gaining control over individual citizens– Income tax, draft, suspension of habeas corpus

What was the result of the Civil War?

• Economic Impact– Estimated $9 million total cost of war

• Equals about $125 million today

– North• Government helps big business grow

– Railroads continue to expand and war related industries prosper

• Federally chartered banks established

– South• Economically devastated• Majority of industries destroyed• Livestock and farm machinery destroyed – thousands of

acres of land uncultivated

What was the result of the Civil War?

• Human Cost– 360,000 lives lost on Union side

• Another 275,000 wounded

– 260,000 lives lost on Confederate side• Another 260,000 wounded

– Approximately 3 million served in the war• Psychological effect

What was the result of the Civil War?

• Lives– Most dramatic change came for blacks

• 13th Amendment – “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except when convicted of a crime, shall exist in the United States”

– Soldiers attempt to return to previous life or make a move to the opportunity offered in cities

April 14, 1865

• Abraham Lincoln is assassinated– Shot while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre

• Shot by a Confederate sympathizer – John Wilkes Booth

– Hunted down and shot 12 days later