Student

DIRECTIONS

Counter-

Reformation

How did the Catholic Church fight back against the

Reformation?

Background: Martin Luther’s posting of the 95 Theses in 1517 led to a firestorm

of change that swept through Europe. For centuries the Catholic Church, led by

the pope, was the main religious and often political power in Europe. Once the

Reformation took hold, reformers and protestors, known as Protestants, began to

fight for an end to the corruption in the church. The Catholic Church quickly

realized that they must try to stop the spread of Protestantism, by reforming the

church and spreading Catholicism.

How was the

Catholic Church

reformed?

How did the Catholic Church spread Catholicism around the world?

We must stop the

Reformation!

Assignment Directions:

1) Read each source document and answer the Comprehension Check Questions on a separate sheet of paper.

2) Spend several minutes discussing each document with a partner. What insight did your partner get from the

document that perhaps you missed and vice versa? Share your Comprehension Check responses.

3) Using what you have learned from the sources complete the Primary Source Graphic Organizer.

4) Discuss with the class how the documents you analyzed help you to answer the BIG Question, using evidence to

support your response.

BIG Question: How did the Catholic Church fight back against the Reformation?

Primary Source Graphic Organizer

How did the Catholic Church fight back against the Reformation?

Source:Who wrote this document?

For what purpose?When was it written?

Is it a believable source? How do you know?

Context:What was happening when this document

was written?What relationship do the events

happening around the time of the document have on the contents of the

document?

Close Reading:Based on the content and

information you learned from the document, how does this document

help you to answer the BIG question?

Document A

Document B

Document C

Document D

Source:news.library.depaul.edu

Need of an Authoritative Catholic Catechism (Definition for catechism: a summary of the principles of Christian religion in the

form of questions and answers, used for the instruction of Christians)But while the preaching of the divine Word should never be interrupted in the Church, surely in these, our days, it becomes necessary to labour with more than ordinary zeal and piety to nourish and strengthen the faithful with sound and wholesome doctrine, as with the food of life. For false prophets have gone forth into the world, to corrupt the minds of the faithful with various and strange doctrines, of whom the Lord has said: I did not send prophets, yet they ran; I spoke not to them, yet they prophesied. For those who intended to corrupt the minds of the faithful, knowing that they could not hold immediate personal intercourse with all, and thus pour into their ears their poisoned doctrines, adopted another plan which enabled them to disseminate error and impiety more easily and extensively. Besides those voluminous works by which they sought the subversion of the Catholic faith - to guard against which (volumes) required perhaps little labour or circumspection, since their contents were clearly heretical - they also composed innumerable smaller books, which, veiling their errors under the semblance of piety, deceived with incredible facility the unsuspecting minds of simple folk.Source: CATECHISM OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT FOR PARISH PRIESTSIssued by order of Pope Pius V

Table of Contents for Section I of the CATECHISM OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT FOR PARISH PRIESTSIssued by order of Pope Pius VINTRODUCTORY

The Necessity Of Religious Instruction

Need of an Authoritative Catholic Catechism

The Nature of this Work

The Ends of Religious Instruction

Knowledge Of Christ

Observance Of The Commandments

Love Of God

The Means Required for Religious Instruction

COUNCIL OF TRENT: Between 1545-1563, the Catholic Church held meetings known as the Council of Trent to address the problems in the Catholic Church brought to the public’s knowledge by Martin Luther and other reformers. This council of men not only instituted reforms but also a plan to spread the Catholic religion and provide clarifications of church doctrines and beliefs.

Document A: Comprehension Check Questions1) Who wrote the document above?2) Examine the Table of Contents for the “Catechism” source. What do the

topics of the chapters tell you about the purpose of this book?3) According to the document above, why did the Council of Trent

(Catholic Church) feel that the church needed to preach the word with more zeal than ever before?

4) Who are the “false prophets” that the document is referencing?5) What actions does the Council accuse the false prophets of doing?6) Examine the picture, who do you think the people are in the picture and

what are they doing?

TEN RULES CONCERNING PROHIBITED BOOKS DRAWN UP BY THE FATHERS CHOSEN BY THE COUNCIL OF TRENT AND APPROVED BY POPE PIUSExcerpt from Rule IIThe books of those… heads or leaders of heretics, as Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Balthasar Friedberg, Schwenkfeld, and others like these, whatever may be their name, title or nature of their heresy, are absolutely forbidden. The books of other heretics, however, which deal professedly with religion are absolutely condemned. Those on the other hand, which do not deal with religion and have by order of the bishops and inquisitors been examined by Catholic theologians and approved by them, are permitted.Excerpt from Rule IVSince it is clear from experience that if the sacred books are permitted everywhere and without discrimination in the language of the vernacular (language of the people) there will by reason of the boldness of men arise therefrom more harm than good…

COUNCIL OF TRENT: One of the ways the Catholic Church tried to stop the spread of Protestantism, was by publishing a list of books that no “good” Christian was allowed to read. What was in the Index of Prohibited Books?

Definitions:heresy (heretics)- an act/person that goes against the teachings of the Catholic Church. The church usually punished heretics, sometimes with excommunication (exclusion from good standing in the church community)

Bookdealers who sell or in any other way supply Bibles written in the vernacular to anyone who has not this permission, shall lose the price of the books, which is to be applied by the bishop to pious purposes, and in keeping with the nature of the crime they shall be subject to other penalties which are left to the judgment of the same bishop. Regulars who have not the permission of their superiors may not read or purchase them.Excerpt from Rule XFinally, all the faithful are commanded not to presume to read or possess any

books contrary to the prescriptions of these rules or the prohibition of this list. And if anyone should read or possess books by heretics or writings by any author condemned and prohibited by reason of heresy or suspicion of false teaching, he incurs immediately the sentence of excommunication.

Document B: Comprehension Check Questions

1) Who wrote/issued this document?

2) What type of authors were put on the

“prohibited book” list?

3) Why would the Council of Trent not want Martin

Luther’s books to be read?

4) According to the document, why did the

Council of Trent believe it was harmful for

people to read certain books in the vernacular?

What language were most books written in at

that time?

5) Which specific book did the Council place on

the “prohibited list” that was surprising to you?

6) Why would the Catholic Church not want the

common man to read that specific book?

Thoughts?

7) What was the punishment for reading a book

on the “prohibited list”?

Background: It can be assumed that the Catholic Church could never

have predicted the force of the Protestant Reformation. This is especially

so in terms of the numbers of noblemen and other wealthy individuals

who were attracted to the theology of Luther and Calvin. The Church did

try respond but their response -- internal reform -- was weak. Ignatius

Loyola (1491-1556) was a soldier and Spanish reformer who sought to

create a new religious order. He fused the best of the humanist tradition

of the Renaissance with a reformed Catholicism that he hoped would

appeal to powerful economic and political groups, that is, those types of

people now attracted to Luther and Calvin. (Protestantism) Founded in

1534, the Society of Jesus or the Jesuits, formed the backbone of the

Catholic or Counter Reformation. The Jesuits combined the ideas of

traditional monastic discipline with a dedication to teaching and

preaching. Why they did this is pretty clear -- they wanted to win

back converts [to the Catholic Church] not only in Europe but

internationally. 2002 Steven Kreis

Excerpts from Martin Luther’s 95 Theses 1517 AD, in which he lists some of “problems” as they came to be recognized, with the Catholic Church.32. All those who believe themselves certain of their own salvation by means of letters of indulgence, will be eternally damned, together with their teachers.33. We should be most carefully on our guard against those who say that the papal (pope) indulgences are an inestimable divine gift, and that a man is reconciled to God by them.It is blasphemy to say that the insignia of the cross with the papal arms are of equal value to the cross on which Christ died.

62. The true treasure of the church is the Holy gospel of the glory and the grace of God.

90. Again: since the pope's income to-day is larger than that of the wealthiest of wealthy men, why does he not build this one church of St. Peter with his own money, rather than with the money of indigent (poor, needy) believers?These questions are serious matters of conscience to the laity (church-goers). To suppress them by force alone, and not to refute them by giving reasons, is to expose the church and the pope to the ridicule of their enemies, and to make Christian people unhappy.

Ignatius Loyola 1534 AD : Let the following Rules be observed.

First Rule. All judgment laid aside, we ought to have our mind ready and prompt to obey, in all, the true Spouse of Christ our Lord, which is our holy Mother the Church Hierarchical.

Sixth Rule. To praise relics of the Saints, giving veneration to them and praying to the Saints; and to praise Stations, pilgrimages, Indulgences, pardons, Crusades, and candles lighted in the churches.

Seventh Rule. To praise Constitutions about fasts and abstinence, as of Lent, Ember Days, Vigils, Friday and Saturday; likewise penances, not only interior, but also exterior.

Eighth Rule. To praise the ornaments and the buildings of churches; likewise images, and to venerate them according to what they represent.

Ninth Rule. To praise all precepts (rules) of the Church, keeping the mind prompt to find reasons in their defense and in no manner against them.

Tenth Rule. We ought to be more prompt to find good and praise as well the Constitutions and recommendations as the ways of our Superiors. Because, although some are not or have not been such, to speak against them, whether preaching in public or discoursing before the common people, would rather give rise to fault-finding and scandal than profit; and so the people would be incensed against their Superiors, whether temporal or spiritual. So that, as it does harm to speak evil to the common people of Superiors in their absence, so it can make profit to speak of the evil ways to the persons themselves who can remedy them.

Thirteenth Rule. To be right in everything, we ought always to hold that the white which I see, is black, if the Hierarchical Church so decides it, believing that between Christ our Lord, the Bridegroom, and the Church, His Bride, there is the same Spirit which governs and directs us for the salvation of our souls. Because by the same Spirit and our Lord Who gave the ten Commandments, our holy Mother the Church is directed and governed..

Document C: Comprehension Check Questions1) Compare the “problems” Luther lists with the rules

Loyola establishes for the Jesuits. Does Loyola address Luther’s concern of the selling of Indulgences?

2) What do Luther and Loyola say should be treasured? Are they in agreement?

3) Examine #90 of Luther’s Theses. Luther believes the Church needs to be held accountable and provide reasons for their actions, while Loyola believes that the Church leaders should be what?

4) Based on your comparison, to what extent did Loyola (Jesuits) reform the church during the Counter-Reformation?

THE ROMAN INQUISITION

The Catholic Reformation aimed not only at spreading the faith through

reform of the church and through preaching and teaching; in another of its

aspects, it also sought to suppress heresy. The chief institution directed to

this purpose was the Holy Office of the Roman Inquisition. It was not

altogether new; in the Middle Ages, there had been papal and episcopal

inquisitions established for the task of searching out heretics and bringing

them to trial. By the fifteenth century, however, the activity of these bodies

had lessened. In Italy, the power of the papal Inquisition had declined,

together with its organization. In 1478, however, Ferdinand and Isabella had

revived the Inquisition in the Spanish kingdoms, and it operated very

effectively. Cardinal Caraffa (later Paul IV), who had observed it in

operation, was impressed by it and wanted a papal Inquisition of the same

sort a permanent, centralized tribunal with universal jurisdiction and power

over all persons, even the most highly placed, who might be suspected of

heresy.

It was Caraffa who was chiefly instrumental in persuading Paul III in 1542 to

reestablish the Roman Inquisition. It had six Inquisitors-General, with great

powers, while they could punish, only the pope could pardon.

As a matter of fact, however, although the records of the Holy Office have

never been made available, it appears to have proceeded with more

restraint than might be inferred. Torture seems to have been used rarely,

special consideration was given to the sick, and the judges were merciful.

Caraffa was inflexible, however, in his insistence that no mercy be shown to

the great. This is clear from the four rules of procedure that he

established: 1) punish on suspicion; 2) have no regard for the great; 3)

punish most severely those who take shelter behind the powerful; 4) show

no mildness, least of all toward Calvinists (Protestants)

Document D: Comprehension Check Questions

1) What was the purpose of the Inquisition?

2) How was punishing heretics supposed to

stop the spread of Protestantism?

3) According to the infographic, what were the 2 possible

punishments for either confessing to heresy or being

found guilty of heresy? Explain the steps a person might

take to reach this point.

4) According to “The Roman Inquisition”, how common was

the use of torture during the Inquisition?

Source: http://mysticpolitics.com/infographic-so-youve-been-accused-witchcraft-whats-next/

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