Gi la and Neurons In format ion :

In this issue:

Gila and Neurons 1

Potentials and

Impulses

2

Organization of the

Nervous System

3

Voluntary and

Involuntary Muscles

4

By Kimberly Mancillas October 18, 2012 Volume 1, Issue 1

Detailed Picture of a neuron.

Anatomy & Physiology

Types and Functions of Glia:

Astrocyte: Star-shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for

neurons: 1) clean up brain "debris"; 2) transport nutrients to neurons; 3) hold

neurons in place; 4) digest parts of dead neurons; 5) regulate content of

extracellular space. Astrocyte is found in the brain’s capillaries.

Microglia: Like astrocytes, microglia digest parts of dead neurons.

Oligodendroglia: Provide the insulation (myelin) to neurons in the central

nervous system. The oligodendroglia is found in the peripheral system.

Satellite Cells: Physical support to neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Schwann Cells: Provide the insulation (myelin) to neurons in the peripheral

nervous system.

Different Types of Neurons:

Sensory neurons: carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery)

into the central nervous system.

Motor neurons: carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts

(muscles, skin, glands) of your body.

Interneurons: connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord.

Impu lses and Potent ia l s :

In this issue:

Gia and Neurons 1

Impulses and

Potentials

2

Organization of the

Nervous System

3

Voluntary and

Involuntary Muscles

4

By Myika Thompson October 18, 2012 Volume 1, Issue 1

Detailed Picture of action and local field potential.

Anatomy & Physiology

Nerve Impulses:

Nerve Impulses- Nerve Impulses are electrical currents that move by dendrites or

axons due to ions moving towards the Neuron’s plasma membrane.

Different Potentials and their functions:

Membrane Potentials- made from a separation of positive and negative charges

(ions) across the membrane.

· are determined by three different factors

1) the concentration of ions on the inside and outside of the cell

2) the permeability of the cell membrane to those ions through specific ion channels

3) by the activity of electrogenic pumps that maintain the ion concentrations across

the membrane

Resting Membrane Potentials-distinguishes the steady-state electrical condition

of all cells from the electrical transients that are the “action potentials” of

excitable cells neurons and muscle cells Local Field Potential- also known as LFP is a class of electrophysiological signals

which is figured out by the electrical current from the dendritic synaptic activity within

a volume of tissue.

Action Potential- part of the neural membrane opens to allow positively charged

ions inside the cell and negatively charged ions out. 1) Sodium Channels open up and the positive sodium cells go into the cells.

Organizat ion o f the Ner vous System:

In this issue:

Gila and Neurons 1

Potentials and

Impulses

2

Organization of the

Nervous System

3

Voluntary and

Involuntary Muscles

4

By October 18, 2012 Volume 1, Issue 1

Detailed Picture of the nervous system and the

processes by which it functions.

Anatomy & Physiology

Organization of the Nervous System:

The nervous system is split into two central and peripheral divisions.

Within the skull vertebrae is the brain and spinal cord that forms the central

nervous system which functions as the body’s Command and control center.

The nerves networking creates the peripheral nervous system and carries signals

that allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the body’s tissue

and organs.

In a nerve groups of nerve cells are bundled together by connective tissue to form

fascicles.

The nerve cells are the ones that link to CNS to the peripheral organ.

Voluntar y and Involuntar y Musc les : In this issue:

By October 18, 2012 Volume 1, Issue 1

Anatomy & Physiology

Voluntary Muscles:

Voluntary is when you are thinking about moving your muscle

Involuntary Muscles:

Involuntary is when you hit the tendon and it makes it move without any

thought of moving the muscle

Data Recorded: Based on the data for voluntary movement it takes longer for the brain to

send the message to the muscle rather than involuntary movement which is physical contact.

table1:

Table 2:

Table 3: Reflex without reinforcement Reflex with reinforcement

Reflex 1 Reflex 2 Reflex 3 Reflex 4 Reflex 5 Average

time of muscle contrac-tions

4.05 6.52 9.18 11.93 14.86 9.31

time of stimulus 3.83 6.39 9.02 11.77 14.62 9.13

0.22 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.24 0.18

Reflex response Max (mV) Min (mV)

1 1.33 0.73 0.6 1.13 0.82 0.31

2 1.34 0.79 0.55 1.49 0.85 0.64

3 1.15 0.85 0.3 1.24 0.83 0.41

4 1.63 0.75 0.88 1.15 0.87 0.28

5 1.31 0.79 0.52 1.30 0.84 0.46

Average values 1.58 0.78 0.8 1.26 0.84 0.42

Gila and Neurons 1

Potentials and

Impulses

2

Organization of the

Nervous System

3

Voluntary and

Involuntary Muscles

4

Kick 1 Kick 2 Kick 3 Kick 4 Kick 5 Average

Time of muscle contractions 3.27 5.90 10.26 15.33 21.29 11.31

Time of Stimulus 3.09 5.88 9.97 15.00 21.40 11.07

0.18 0.02 0.29 0.33 -0.11 0.24