“what lies behind us and what lies ahead of us are tiny matters compared to what lives within...
TRANSCRIPT
Watery Wednesday 16, 2015
Agenda: 1.Finish Short Answer –
15 – 20 min2.Precious Time3.FN: The Reformation
Home Fun:4. Kagan Pages 352-364 /
Terms 33-415. Google Question
When you are finished with your Short Answer questions please take out your notes.
Precious Time – Read over your notes and..
• Highlight• Add in questions /
interactions
“What lies behind us and what lies ahead of us are tiny matters compared to what lives within us.”
Henry David Thoreau
Happy Friday Eve! Thursday 17, 2015
Agenda: 1.Warm-Up2.FN: The Reformation
Home Fun:3. Read Mark and
Annotate Doc. Packet4. You can start soc sem
prep if you have time, I will assign it next week.
Who was Johann Tetzel and why was he important? How did Martin Luther feel about him?
5+ sentences
“What lies behind us and what lies ahead of us are tiny matters compared to what lives within us.”
Henry David Thoreau
The Reformation
Chapter 11
Learning Objective / Key Concept• Objective Knowledge and Subjective
Visions (OS)-2Analyze how religious reform in the 16th and 17th centuries, the expansion of printing, and the emergence of civic venues such as salons and coffee houses challenged the control of the church over the creation and dissemination of knowledge.
• Key Concept 1.2– Religious pluralism challenged the concept of a unified
Europe Essential Question:
What were the causes of the Reformation?
Social and Political Conflict
• The Reformation first broke out in the Free Imperial cities in Germany and Switzerland.
• Guilds were often on the forefront of Reformation.– The printers guild was in the
forefront• Economic stake in Reformation
• Peasants supported the new movements
– Promise of political liberation
Popular Religious Movements andCriticism of the Church
• Reformation could not have happened without the earlier challenges to the Church’s authority– Avignon papacy – two popes– The Great Schism– The Conciliar Period– The Renaissance papacy
• Lay criticism of the church was growing
• Many sought a more egalitarian church• People were becoming more educated
– Travel, printing press, books, libraries, etc…
The Modern Devotion
• AKA - The Brothers of the Common Life fostered lay religious life without surrendering the world
• Clerics and laity shared a common life stressing individual piety and practical religion– But were not required to take special
vows or wear religious dress.
• They have been seen as the source of humanist, Protestant and Catholic
reform movements.
Lay control over religious life
• The benefice system, the sale of religious office to the highest bidder, was collapsing.
• Communities loudly protested financial and spiritual abuses, such as the sale of indulgences.
• City governments were endowing preacherships.– Became a platform for Protestants
• Magistrates were restricting the growth of ecclesiastical properties
and clerical privileges.
Martin Luther
& the German Reformation
Martin Luther• Late Medieval German lacked the
political unity to enforce large scale religious reforms.
• By 1517 discontent with the church was ripe enough for Martin Luther’s critiques to take hold.– 1507, Luther was ordained– 1510, visit to Rome, found the
German complaints about the Church to be accurate
– 1512, He earned his doctorate in Theology at the Augustinian Monastery in Wittenberg
A Saint at Peace in the Graspof Temptation Martin Schongauer(c. 1430–1491), the best engraver inthe Upper Rhine, portrays the devil’stemptation of St. Anthony in the wilderness as a robust physical attack by demons rather than the traditional melancholic introspection.National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.
Warm-Up
How does this image represent Martin Luther’s
understanding of the saying
“justification by faith alone”?
Attack on Indulgences• Though a priest could absolve a
penitent of guilt, he still had an eternal penalty to pay. Absolution could turn that into a temporal punishment. The remission of that temporal penalty was an indulgence.
• Starting in 1343 the church started selling “letters of indulgence.”
• By Luther’s time, they were often sold for small cash payments.
– Luther’s protest in his ninety-five theses was against the idea that made it seem as if salvation could be bought and sold.
Charles V• Charles I of Spain succeeded his
Grandfather and became Emperor Charles V
• Lead the charge against Luther
The Diet of Worms• June 27, 1519, Luther debated
John Eck in Leipzig,.– Questioned the infallibility of the
pope and the inerrancy of church councils.
– Appealed to the authority of scripture alone.
• Luther was excommunicated on June 15, 1520
• The Diet of Worms– Presided over by Charles V– Luther presented his views and was
placed under the Imperial ban as well.
• Luther was forced into hiding, protected by the Elector Frederick
The Reformation
SpreadsChapter 11
The Reformation Spreads– The Emperor was distracted by war
with the French and the Turks• Permitted each local prince to enforce
the ban as he saw fit
– In many cities, princes began to enact religious reforms, and they welcomed Lutheran preachers.
• The Elector of Saxony and the prince of Hesse both instated Protestantism in their lands.
• By the 1530s German Protestant lands formed the Schmaldkaldic League and prepared for war with the emperor
The Peasants Revolt• Peasants initially saw Luther
as an ally,• Luther initially had sympathy
for them, but ultimately called them “unChristian.”– Luther believed the freedom of
Christianity lay in inner spiritual release, not revolutionary politics.
• The revolt was crushed, killing tens of thousands of peasants
The Swiss Reformation• Ulrich Zwingli
– Humanistically educated, he credited Erasmus as setting him on the path to reform.
– Opposed Indulgences
• In 1519 became the people’s priest in Zurich
• significant theological differences with Luther, – Stopped alliance with the German Protestants
• The Swiss Civil war forced the Swiss Catholics to recognize the Protestants.
Anabaptists & Radical Protestants• Conrad Grebel and the Swiss
Brotherhood– Refused to baptize children,
believing that only a consenting adult can accept Christ.
– Physically separated themselves from secular society
• The Anabaptist reign in Munster– Ditch emigrants led an Anabaptist
takeover in 1534-1535– The features of the regime included
charismatic leaders and polygamy.– It was crushed by united Protestant
and Catholic armies.
Anabaptists & Radical Protestants
Other Radical groupsSpiritualists rejected institutional
religionAntitrinitarians rejected the
TrinityMelchiorites -ADD INFORMATION
ABOUT THIS
John Calvin• Born in France and educated by the
Church in May 1534 he joined the Reformation.
• Political revolt and religious reform in Geneva– In the late 1520s Genevans revolted,
and in 1527 the city council took power.
– May 21, 1536 Geneva officially adopted the Reformation.
• June 1536 Calvin arrived in Geneva– He drew up articles for the
governance of the Church, which were approved, after much debate, in 1537
Calvin’s Geneva• The Church was organized into
four offices– Pastors– Teachers to instruct the populace– Elders, laypeople chosen by the
council– Deacons to dispense church goods
and services to the poor• Predestination, the doctrine that
only a chose few are saved by God’s grace alone, without regard to acts or faith, was central to Calvin’s theology
Fabulous Friday, Sept. 21st • Take your seat• Take out your Outlines (if you
have them)• Take out a piece of paper
ID QuizPeople: John Knox, Thomas a
Kempis, Charles VTerms – Council of Trent,
Anabaptists, Jesuits
Today’s Agenda• ID Quiz• Notes: “The English
Reformation”– EQ - In what ways was the
English Reformation different then the protestant Reformation in Europe? How did this effect England?
• Homework - – Read pages 371-374 RQ 10 (would not be a bad
idea to finish up the chapter if you can)– Finish your Socratic Sem. Debrief– Be ready for Socratic Seminar on the second
document packet Monday.
Justification by faith
• What does this mean?
• How is this different from Catholicism?
• How is it different from Calvinism?
Expansion• The Reformation spread to Denmark
and Sweden, and made inroads in Poland.
• In the 1540s Charles V went after the Protestants– 1547, He crushed the Schmalkaldic
League, putting puppet rulers in Hesse and Saxony and forcing Protestants to return to Catholicism.
– Many Protestants fled to Magdeburg.
Map 11–3 THE RELIGIOUS SITUATION ABOUT 1560 By 1560, Luther, Zwingli, and Loyola were dead, Calvin was near the end of his life, the English break from Rome was complete, and the last session of the Council of Trent was about to assemble. This map shows “religious geography” of western Europe at the time.
Diet of Augsburg• In 1530, Charles V presided over
this meeting of Protestants and Catholics. – The emperor ordered all
Protestants to return to Catholicism
• February 1531, Schmalkaldic League formed to defend Lutheran interests
Peace of Augsburg• The Reformation was too entrenched
by 1547 to be ended.
• September 1555, The Peace of Augsburg made the division of Christendom permanent.– Cuius regio, eius religio, the ruler of
a land determines its religion– Lutherans were permitted to retain
church lands confiscated before 1552
– It did not extend recognition to anyone except Lutherans