what is business psychology (2).docx

8/14/2019 What is business psychology (2).docx

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ContentsWhat is business psychology? ....................................................................................................................... 3

P1 .................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Cognitive ................................................................................................................................................... 3

Cognitive approach example .................................................................................................................... 4

Behaviorist ................................................................................................................................................ 4

Behaviorist approach example ................................................................................................................. 4

Humanistic ................................................................................................................................................ 4

Humanistic approach example ................................................................................................................. 5

P2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 5

History of social psychology .......................................................................................................................... 5

Early influence ........................................................................................................................................... 5Influence of social psychology .................................................................................................................. 5

Social psychology theories ........................................................................................................................ 5

Compliance ............................................................................................................................................... 6

Conformity ................................................................................................................................................ 6

Obedience ................................................................................................................................................. 6

Obedience occurs when you change your opinions, judgments, or actions because someone in aposition of authority told you to. The key aspect to note about obedience is that just because youhave changed in some way, it does not mean that you now agree with the change. For example, if you

are a democratic senator, and the president came to you and demanded that you vote for asomething that you were not in favor, and you did go ahead and vote the way the president said, youwould be obeying (or displaying obedient behavior). However, this does not mean that you now agreewith the way you voted or what you voted for, only that you did what you were told to do. ................ 6

P3 .................................................................................................................................................................. 6

Methods used in research ............................................................................................................................ 6

Interviews.................................................................................................................................................. 7

Types of interviews ...................................................................................................................................... 7

Telephone interviewing ............................................................................................................................ 7

Group interviewing ................................................................................................................................... 7Structured interviewing ............................................................................................................................ 7

Semi structured ......................................................................................................................................... 7

Un-structured interviewing ....................................................................................................................... 7

Pros of an interview .................................................................................................................................. 7

Cons of an interview ................................................................................................................................. 8


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Observation ................................................................................................................................................... 8

Pros of an observation .............................................................................................................................. 8

Cons of an observation ............................................................................................................................. 8

Survey method .............................................................................................................................................. 8

Pros of survey ............................................................................................................................................ 8Cons of survey ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Questionnaires .......................................................................................................................................... 9

Pros of questionnaires .............................................................................................................................. 9

Cons of questionnaires ............................................................................................................................. 9

M1 ................................................................................................................................................................. 9

Psychological theories in maintain certain behavior in organization ....................................................... 9

Psychology Perspectives ......................................................................................................................... 10

Behaviors Perspective ......................................................................................................................... 10

Cognitive perspective .......................................................................................................................... 10

Humanistic perception ........................................................................................................................ 11

M2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 11

Technique used for social influence ........................................................................................................... 11

Conformity .............................................................................................................................................. 12

The factors that influence conformity .................................................................................................... 12

The factors that influence compliance ................................................................................................... 12

Ingratiation .............................................................................................................................................. 13

Foot-in-the-door tactic............................................................................................................................ 13

The door-in-the face tactic...................................................................................................................... 13

The low-ball tactic ................................................................................................................................... 13

Priming .................................................................................................................................................... 13

Reciprocity Principle ............................................................................................................................... 13

M3 ............................................................................................................................................................... 14

D1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 14

D2 ................................................................................................................................................................ 15

Corporate ................................................................................................................................................ 15

Management ........................................................................................................................................... 15

Supervisors .............................................................................................................................................. 15


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What is business psychology?Business psychology is the application of clinical psychologys traditional knowledge and skillbase to people working in business settings. Business psychology is about people who do thework for corporations of all sizes including one persons corporatio ns. Furthermore businesspsychology conducts tests on the employees of a particular company who hired them and then

they will analyze the state of mind of each and every employee they have tested. They will tellyou things that will determine the state of your mind by way of questions and giving yousituation that will really test the mind work.The business psychology also teaches us the new approach to understanding organizationspsychologically and their functions including leadership, marketing and communications andmanaging change. You will also focus on how change in organizations can be managed byenhancing psychological strategies for effective change management. This is vital when solvingproblems such as recruiting the best people for different organizational roles or managingemployees.

P1Psychologist uses a range of principles and theories, all of which view the person and the studyof the person in very different ways. Theoretical Approaches in Psychology introduces andoutlines the six main approaches and considers how each has helped psychologists understandhuman behavior, thought and feeling. But here well discuss just three major theoreticallyapproaches in the study of human behavior. Which are given below:

Behaviorist. Cognitive. Humanistic

Sometimes approaches are called perspectives , both describe a characteristic way of lookingat the world. Each psychological theory grows out of a perspective or world view . Perspectivesare a combination of similar theories put together. Theories are constructed to operationallydefine and explain something.

Cognitive The word cognition literally means knowing. In psychological point of view the

psychologist from this approach study cognition which is the mental act or process bywhich knowledge is acquired.

However the cognitive approach in psychology is a relatively modern approach tohuman behavior that focuses on how we think with the belief that such thoughtprocesses affect the way in which we behave which include memory, language, andperception.

Cognitive psychology focuses on the way humans process information, looking at howwe treat information that comes in to the person and how this treatment leads to


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responses. In other words, they are interested in the variables that mediate betweenstimulus/input and response/output

By describing thinking as information processing, cognitive psychologists are making acomparison between minds and computers.

Cognitive approach example Imagine that a college student makes little effort toachieve good grades in college courses. One possible cognitive explanation for this lowachievement motivation is that the person has low self-efficacy. The person may believethat he or she does not have the ability to achieve good grades, and thus the person makeslittle effort.

Behaviorist Behavior can be objectively and scientifically measured. Internal events, such as thinking

should be explained through behavioral terms (or eliminated altogether). Behavioralpsychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on observable behaviors.Conditioning, reinforcement and punishment are key concepts used by behaviorists.

Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internalevents like thinking and emotion. The behavioral approach is based on the conceptof explaining behavior through observation, and the belief that our environment is whatcauses us to behave differently or suffer illnesses.

Behavioral approaches deal in the here and now, and aren't terribly concerned with theinner workings of the mind, or things that happened in the past to create the currentbehavior.

Behaviorist approach exampleFor a small business, finding the right manager can mean the difference between a productiveworkforce and slumping sales figures. Choosing a manager versed in behavioral approaches toleadership can help a small business handle the varied human resource problems that occurover a given workday. The more behavioral tools a manager has, the easier it is to keep workersmotivated and on task.

Humanistic Humanism is a psychological approach that emphasizes the study of the whole person.

Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of theobserver, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving.

Humanistic psychologists believe that an individual's behavior is connected to theirinner feelings and self-concept.

Emphasizes the personal worth of the individual, the centrality of human values, and thecreative, active nature of human beings. The approach is optimistic and focuses onnoble human capacity to overcome hardship, pain and despair.


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Humanistic approach exampleA person feels like his or her life is bland and boring. A humanistic perspective would encouragethe person to do some soul-searching and determine what is missing a hobby? Friendships? Arelationship? Whatever it takes for the person to feel fully self-actualized is what should besought as treatment.

In humanistic perspective it is generally regarded that all people have similar needs throughoutthe world, emphasizing the similarities between all members of the human race rather than themany differences. It is an approach that believes human relationships and interactions are ofparamount importance.

P2

History of social psychology

Early influenceAristotle believed that humans were naturally sociable, a necessity which allows us to livetogether (an individual centered approach) whilst Plato felt that the state controlled theindividual and encouraged social responsibility through social context (a socio-centeredapproach).

Hegel (1770 1831) introduced the concept that society has inevitable links with thedevelopment of the social mind. This led to the idea of a group mind, important in the study ofsocial psychology.

Influence of social psychologySocial influence accurse when ones emotions, opinion, or behaviors are affected by others.Furthermore, social psychology is about understanding individual behavior in a social context. Itis the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and cause of individual behavior insocial situation. Psychologists have been characteristically unable or willing to deal with thefacts of social organizations and social structure. Societies and organizations consist ofpatterned behaviors, and the behavior of each individual is determined to considerable extentsby the requirements of the larger pattern. However some such theories, the Psychoanalytic, forExample it deals with the influence of the family on the individual. Even social psychology,however, has neglected the organizational and institutional level, and textbooks of socialpsychology typically conclude with some treatment of small face-to-face groups

Social psychology theoriesHere are the some major types of social influence that are being researched in the field of socialpsychology which are given below.

Compliance. Conformity. Obedience .


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ComplianceIt occurs when people appear to agree with others, but actually keep their dissenting opinionsprivate. Compliance is the act of responding favorably to an explicit or implicit request offeredby others. Technically, compliance is a change in behavior but not necessarily attitude one cancomply due to mere obedience or by otherwise opting to withhol d ones private thoughts due

to social pressures. According to Kelmans 1958 paper, the satisfaction derived fromcompliance is due to the social effect of the accepting influence (i.e. people comply for anexpected reward or punishment-aversion)

ConformityIn conformity people accept a belief or behavior and agree both publicly and personally.Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in behavior, belief or thinking to alignwith those of others or to align with normative standards. It is the most common and pervasiveform of social influence.

ObedienceObedience occurs when you change your opinions, judgments, or actions because someone in aposition of authority told you to. The key aspect to note about obedience is that just becauseyou have changed in some way, it does not mean that you now agree with the change. Forexample, if you are a democratic senator, and the president came to you and demanded thatyou vote for a something that you were not in favor, and you did go ahead and vote the waythe president said, you would be obeying (or displaying obedient behavior). However, this doesnot mean that you now agree with the way you voted or what you voted for, only that you didwhat you were told to do.

P3

Methods used in researchTalking with people is a good way to get information during the initial stages of a researchproject. It can be used to gather information that is not publicly available, or that is too new tobe found in the literature. Examples might include meetings with prospects, customers,suppliers, and other types of business conversations at trade shows, seminars, and associationmeetings. Although often valuable, the information has questionable validity because it ishighly subjective and might not be representative of the population. However there are many

ways to get information. But the most common research methods are;

Interviews. Observation. Surveys.


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InterviewsInterview is one of the major methods of data collecting. It maybe defined as two way systematic conversations between an

investigation and an informant, initiated for obtaininginformation relevant to as a specific study. Furthermore it is atechnique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of theunderlying reasons and motivation for people attitudes.

Types of interviews

Telephone interviewingTelephone interviewing is a non-personal method of data collection.

Group interviewingGroup interviewing can be defined as a data in which a number of individuals with a commoninterest interact with each other.

Structured interviewingIt is based on a carefully worded interview schedule; frequently require short answer with theanswers being ticked off. It is useful when there are lots of questions which are not particularlycontentious or thought prevailing.

Semi structuredThis method of interview is focused by asking certain question but with scope for therespondent to express him or herself at length.

Un-structured interviewingThis also called an in depth interview. The interviewer begins by asking general questions. Theinterviewers then encourage the respondent to talk freely and the interviewer uses anunstructured format.

Pros of an interview People tend to share a lot more information when someone is asking the questions in

person. Its much easier to ask a follow-up question and get examples to support what people

are saying. It gives people an opportunity to participate in a more direct way, and they have agreater buy-in to the results of the assessment process.

Are useful for untangling complex topics. If the respondent lacks reading skills to answer a questionnaire.


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Cons of an interview The interviewer can affect the data if he/she is not consistent. It is not used for a large number of people. The Interviewer may be biased and ask closed questions. Theyre time intensive, and trying to schedule the interview can be a full -time job in

itself.

ObservationThe observation method involve human or mechanical observation of what people actually door what events takes place during a buying or consumption situation information is collected byobserving process at work. Here observation involves recording the behaviour patterns ofpeople, object and events in a systematic manner.

Pros of an observation Data gathered can be highly reliable. The analyst is able to see what is being done . Observation is less expensive compared to other technique.

Cons of an observation People feel uncomfortable being watched, they may perform differently when being

observed. Some activities may take place at odd times it might be inconvenience for the system

analyst. Some task may not be in the manner in which they are observed. The work being observed may not involve the level of difficulty or volume normally

experienced during that time period.

Survey methodThis survey method is the technique of gathering data by asking questions to people who arethought to have desired information. A formal list of questionnaire is prepared. Generally anon-disguised approach is used.

Pros of survey Questioning is usually faster and cheaper that observation. Questions are simple to administer. Data is reliable.

Cons of survey Unwillingness of respondents to provide information. Human biases of the respondents are there e.g. ego. Symantec difficulties are there.


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QuestionnairesQuestionnaires are a popular means of collecting data, but are different to design and afterrequire many rewrites before an acceptable questionnaire is produced.

Pros of questionnaires It can cover a large number of people or organizations. Wide geographic coverage. Relatively cheap. Can be posted email or faxed. No prior arrangements are needed.

Cons of questionnaires It can cover a large number of people or organizations. Wide geographic coverage. Relatively cheap. Can be posted email or faxed. No prior arrangements are needed.

M1

Psychological theories in maintain certain behavior in organizationWe interviewed Mr. Habib shah (manager at Peshawar Pipe mills), he told us about thebehavioral issues that he had dealt with over his years on duty managing the production unitand work force. The issues were usually raised either between the super visors and labor-forcepersonnel, or between the work force themselves, he gave us an example, in which the labor-force would resort to violence over small arguments, this influenced the performance of theproduction unit, as resolving these issues would mean losing precious time of the managementteam, the manufacturing process would also stop for a while which would mean a smallerturnover of processed pipes for that day. Issues like these were also affecting the rest of thelabor-force as well as they would feel insecure and highly demotivated, and this went onregularly for some time, till Mr. Habib took drastic measures and made a policy, Any employee

that resort s to violence will be fired immediately with no questions asked. We asked Mr.Habib, werent the employees demotivated after this policy was announced, he said that he

had to look for the companies best interests, it did bring a sense of insecurity for a while butafter every one accepted the policy the frequency of these issues dropped from almost everyday to rarely once a year or two, and he also told us that some of the employees felt muchsecure with the new policy.


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Psychology PerspectivesAn approach is a perspective that involves certain assumptions (beliefs) about human behavior:the way they function, which aspects of them are worthy of study and what research methodsare appropriate for undertaking this study. There may be several different theories within an

approach, but they all share these common assumptions. For an organization to be runningsuccessfully the managers need to fully understand these perspectives and deal with everyindividual according to these approaches.

Behaviors PerspectiveBehaviorism is different from most other approaches because they view people as controlledby their environment and specifically that we are the result of what we have learned from ourenvironment. Behaviorism is concerned with how environmental factors (called stimuli) affectobservable behavior (response).

The behaviorist approach proposes two main processes whereby people learn from theirenvironment: namely classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioninginvolves learning by association, and operant conditioning involves learning from theconsequences of behavior.

Behaviorism also believes in scientific methodology (e.g. controlled experiments), and that onlyobservable behavior should be studies because this can be objectively measured. Behaviorismrejects the idea that people have free will, and believes that the environment determines allbehavior. Behaviorism is the scientific study of observable behavior working on the basis thatbehavior can be reduced to learn S-R (Stimulus-Response).

Classical Conditioning (CC) was studied by the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov. Though lookinginto natural reflexes and neutral stimuli he managed to condition dogs to salivate to the soundof a bell through repeated associated of the sound of the bell and food. The principles of CChave been applied in many therapies.

B.F. Skinner investigated operant conditioning of voluntary and involuntary behavior. Skinnerfelt that some behavior could be explained by the person's motive. Therefore behavior occursfor a reason, and the three main behavior shaping techniques are positive reinforcement,

negative reinforcement and punishment.

Cognitive perspectiveThis perspective revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people thinkthen the way to do it is to figure out what processes are actually going on in their minds. Inother words, psychologists from this perspective study cognition which is the mental act or

process by which knowledge is acquired.


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The cognitive perspective is concerned with mental functions such as memory, perception,attention etc. It views people as being similar to computers in the way we process information.For example, both human brains and computers process information, store data and have inputand output procedures. This had led cognitive psychologists to explain that memory comprises

of three stages: encoding (where information is received and attended to), storage (where theinformation is retained) and retrieval (where the information is recollected).

It is an extremely scientific approach and typically uses lab experiments to study humanbehavior. The cognitive approach has many applications including cognitive therapy andeyewitness testimony. The early laboratories, through experiments, explored areas such asmemory and sensory perception, both of which Wundt believed to be closely related tophysiological processes in the brain. The whole movement had evolved from the earlyphilosophers, such as Aristotle and Plato. Today this approach is known as cognitive psychology.

Humanistic perception This is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person. Humanisticpsychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but throughthe eyes of the person doing the behaving. Humanistic psychologists believe that an individual'sbehavior is connected to his inner feelings and self-image. The humanistic perspective iscentered on Carl Rogers view that each person is unique and individual and has t he free will tochange at any time in his or her lives.

The humanistic perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our own happiness andwell-being as humans. We have the inborn (i.e. inborn) capacity for self-actualization which isour unique desire to achieve our highest potential as people. Because of this focus on theperson and his or her personal experiences and subjective perception of the world thehumanists regarded scientific methods as inappropriate for studying behavior.

Two of the most influential and enduring theories in humanistic psychology that emerged in the1950s and 1960s are those of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

M2

Technique used for social influenceSocial influence is the change in behavior that one person causes in another, intentionally orunintentionally, as a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationshipto the influencer, other people and society in general. Its a change in an individuals thoughts,

feeling, attitudes, or behaviors. Here well discuss two types of social change;


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Conformity Compliance

ConformityIs a change in behavior due to the real or imagined influence of others. It is a type of social

influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group. Furthermore,conformity changing how you behave to be more likes others. This plays to belongingand esteem needs as we seek the approval and friendship of others. Conformity can run verydeep, as we will even change our beliefs and values to be like those of our peers and admiredsuperiors.

The factors that influence conformity Situational factors tend to look at how the specific environment one is in influences how onebehaves. This does not take into consideration the personality of one individual's being, nor the

culture of that the individual has been raised in and participates in. Situational factors are amatter of observation and the repetition of what is observed. For example, one who walks intoa dance floor where no one has yet started dancing, situational factors would suggest to anindividual walking into the dance floor not to dance because that would be considered non-conforming. Regardless of the purpose of having a dance it is not uncommon to walk in early toa high school dance and see no one dancing. This is because no one has seen it to be aconforming behavior to dance. Other applications may include imitating the posture of othersin a room or imitating the dress style of others in a town. Another common illustration ofsituational conformity is that of eating food at a potluck or family get together. Seeing other

people eat makes you want to eat due to conformity. Also applicable, is watching babies insocial situations conforming by laughing when everyone else laughs at a joke. Perhaps the babywill not recall or understand the humor; however, the baby will laugh. This is all due tosituational social conformity. Individual factors that influence social conformity are muchdifferent. They focus more on the likely hood of certain personality types to conform to whatothers in the room are doing. For example, an introverted type is likely to conform when facedto, again the dance example. If there is no one dancing the introverted type is likely not todance. It is surprising that an introverted type would even enjoy a dance at all seen there ismuch external stimulation. However an extraverted personality is much more likely to seek

attention. They are likely to start dancing as a way to draw attention to them. From this point,introverted types may start joining in seeing that it is acceptable to dance.

The factors that influence complianceCompliance is defined as responding favorably to the request asked by others.


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Ingratiation

One common tactic is ingratiation. A person attempts to influence others by first agreeing withthem and getting them to like him/her. Next, various requests are made. You would be usingingratiation if you agreed with target people to appear similar or to make them feel good, made

yourself look attractive, paid compliments, dropped names of those held in high esteem orphysically touched target people.

Foot-in-the-door tactic

The food-in-the-door tactic is based on the notion that if you get someone to agree to a smallrequest, the person will later be more willing to comply with a large request. Some telephonesalespeople use this approach. At first they might ask you to answer just a few questions for asmall survey that we are doing and then entice you to join the hundreds of others in you rarea who subscribe to their product.

The door-in-the face tacticWhat happens if an attempt to get a foot in the door fails? Common sense suggests that thisshould reduce the likelihood of future compliance. Surprisingly, the opposite strategy, the door-in-the-face tactic, can prove successful. Here a person is asked a large favor first and a smallrequest second. Politicians especially are masters of this art. To illustrate, say that thegovernment warns you that student fees will go up 300 per cent. Are you angry? Later,however, it announces officially that the increase will only be 75 per cent the actual figureplanned. You probably feel relieved and think thats not so bad. And consequently are moreaccepting.

The low-ball tacticThe other technique used in similar situations is the low-ball tactic. Here the influencer changesthe rules halfway and manages to get away with it. Its effectiveness depends on inducing thecustomer to agree to a request before revealing certain hidden costs. It is based on theprinciple that once people are committed to an action, they are more likely to accept a slightincrease in the cost of that action.

A common example of low- balling is when someone asks Could you do me a favor? and youagree before actually knowing what will be expected of you.

PrimingPriming is when various stimuli (sights, tastes, smells) automatically trigger thoughts of similarstimuli. The key is to find some kind of neutral stimulus that is clearly related to your product.

Reciprocity PrincipleUse of the reciprocity principle is another tactic, based on the social norm that we should treatothers the way they treat us. If we do others a favor, they feel obliged to reciprocate. Regan


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(1971) showed that greater compliance was obtained from people who had previously receiveda favor than from those who had received none.

M3

Keeping in mind the organization under study both quantitative and qualitative methodologieshave their advantages and disadvantages. If we use the quantitative methodology in conductingresearch on Peshawar pipe mills it will include methods such as close ended questionnaireswhich can be very usef ul as it doesnt require much time or money and will produce an exactreflection of what the workforce keep or think about certain situation. The downfall howeverrises when we have to select the questions that will be asked and might miss a few key pointsthat dint cross their mind while making the questionnaire. We must also take it into accountthat over 80% of the workforce as labor intensive, out of which most of them are illiterate andwill not be able to answer the questionnaire that will jeopardize the research that we

conducted.

If we conduct our research using the qualitative methodology we might overcome some of theissues that would be raised if we had used the quantitative methodology. Considering the lowliteracy rate of the work force at Peshawar pipe mills we should use the sampling method andchoose a few people from corporate, management, supervisors and labor force that should beunbiased and have the ability to speak for their respective batches for example for the laborforce we can choose the head of the labor union who knows and understands each and everyindividual and his trusted by all as he had been selected unanimously by the labor force. Wecan then have structured and unstructured interviews with the sample which will give us validand useful data. But the downfall to these methods would be that the data might not bereliable enough as judging the samples to be biased or not might not be possible. The other keyfactor would be that with this method the samples conversation might be influenced by the factthey were no longer anonymous and might not be able to speak up on certain sensitive issues

in fear of losing their jobs. On another note such methods are too much time consuming andcostly.

D1

Judging by the situation that Mr. Habib Shah had explained to us, we concluded that theorganization does not have the much needed expertise in business psychology nor do theyconsult the respective firms for the help, but judging the actions that Mr. Habib took, whenfaced with behavioral issues with the workforce we can say that he used the behavioristicapproach with the operant conditioning using positive punishment which proved to highlyeffective. This theory was given by B.F Skinner in 1938 which coins the term operant


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conditioning which means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which isgiven after the desired response.

D2Some of the various research methods and different workgroups were briefly explained above.The advantages and disadvantages of the different research methodologies in contrast to thelabor force were also discussed above. We are now left with the following workgroups;

Corporate management supervisors

CorporateTo conduct research on the corporate personnel of any organization a researcher needs to use

the qualitative methodology as they are not in high numbers and hold the key information ofthe organization its weaknesses, strengths, secrets etc. which will be very usefull for anyresearcher but has to be retrieved very carefully. The researcher needs to start off with thesubjects so that they may feel secure and disclose the actual information rather than a cover updata. They should use unstructured interviews to gather as much information as they can.

ManagementWe need to keep in mind that the management team are usually very busy people and do notlike to speak up about any problems within the organization, in fear of losing their jobs if anysenior member is offended or unpleased with his remarks. For them, quantitave researchmethodology is much suitable as they do not hold much information but mostly deal with theday to day running of the business so, close ended questionnaires would be a great choice forthem as they do not take much time and are a cheap source of extracting data. It should beconducted anonymously which wouldnt be a problem with the questionnaires.

SupervisorsThe supervisors mostly deal with the labor force and most of the issues that are raised with thework group are unexpected behavioral issues. We recommend using the qualitativemethodology in this case with covert participant observation which is much time consuming

and costly but this method would unveil and allocate the exact people and their problems thatstart the conflicts in the first place. The research would also identify any problems with thelabor force. Once resolved the production line in the given organization would run muchsmoothly and a well-motivated workforce is shown to increase turnover which will more thanmake up for the time and money spent on the research.

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