psychology: yesterday and today. what is psychology? psychology is the science of mental processes...
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Psychology: Yesterday and Today
Psychology: Yesterday and Today
What Is Psychology?
• Psychology is the science of mental processes and behavior.
• What is science?• What are mental processes?• What is behavior?
• Dog Story-Perception• Governed by relationships
Levels of Analysis
The person
The group
The brain
History of Psychology
American FunctionalismAmerican Functionalism
• 1890-1920• Roots go back to 1870s• Chauncy Wright
• The Metaphysical Club• Included very important people in
future of American science, philosophy, law and psychology• William James
• 1890-1920• Roots go back to 1870s• Chauncy Wright
• The Metaphysical Club• Included very important people in
future of American science, philosophy, law and psychology• William James
• Progressives• Fabian
Socialists
• Progressives• Fabian
Socialists
Wilhelm WundtWilhelm Wundt
• First institute for experimental psychology
• Germany
• First institute for experimental psychology
• Germany
• Evolutionary psychology• Evolutionarily successful
cognitive strategies and goals survived
• Cultural universality• Human and animal similarities
• By 1890s, had abandoned biology based psychology of Wundt
• Adopted Evolutionary Psychology• Psychology of the mind• Restarting of psychological research
based on evolution instead of physiology
• By 1890s, had abandoned biology based psychology of Wundt
• Adopted Evolutionary Psychology• Psychology of the mind• Restarting of psychological research
based on evolution instead of physiology
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
James CattellJames Cattell
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
US undergoing civil strifeUS undergoing civil strife
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“That way leads to extinction.”
“That way leads to extinction.”
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
• Premature to apply psychology to real world applications
• Keep psychology pure• Started structuralism
• Premature to apply psychology to real world applications
• Keep psychology pure• Started structuralism
Wundt’s discipleEdward Bradford Titchner
• Structuralism
• Focused on identifying the “building blocks” of consciousness• Sensations and images of feeling• Measure of time it takes to feel• Introspection: Looking within
• Not objectively verifiable• More expertise, less introspection
• Main contribution=Psychology is a science• Dismissed all other psychology as
“functionalism”
Some History
• Psychodynamic Theory• Sigmund Freud• The mind has separate
components• Conscious and unconscious
components
• Much of behavior in influenced by the unconscious
• Desires vs. social rules
• Psychoanalysis
Reaction to study of hidden unconscious
• Behaviorism • Reaction to focus on unconscious• The mind cannot be observed• Behavior can be observed• Science should study the observable,not emotion
The Evolution of a Science
• Humanistic Psychology• Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow• “Client”-centered therapy• We strive for self-actualization
• The Cognitive Revolution• Focus on mental processes
(information processing)• Computer metaphor• Showed importance of studying
the unobservable
Psychotherapy
• Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist• Psychotherapist
• Academic Psychologists• Teach classes• Conduct research• Main Types:
• Clinical• Cognitive• Developmental• Social• Physiological
• Applied Psychologists• Solve problems in practical areas• Main Types:
• Human factors• Industrial/organizational• Personality• Social• Sport• School
Ethics in Research
• Institutional Review Board (IRB)• Research with people
• Informed consent• Avoid deception unless necessary• Debriefing
• Research with animals• Avoid mistreatment• Proper housing