what is an isotonic solution? [water] inside cell = [water] outside cell cell is at equilibrium...
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What is an Isotonic Solution?
• [Water] inside cell = [Water] outside cell
• Cell is at equilibrium– Molecules are equally
distributed in end
• The amount of water entering the cell = the amount of water leaving the cell
95% 95% waterwater
95% 95% waterwater
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What is a hypotonic solution?
• A solution that has MORE water, and LESS solute
• The cell can lyse or burst if left in a hypotonic solution
100% 100% waterwater
95% 95% waterwater
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What is a hypertonic solution?
• A solution that has LESS water and MORE solute
• The cell will dehydrate90% 90% waterwater
95% 95% waterwater
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Which direction does water flow?
a) Water doesn’t flow at all.
b) Water flows from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
c) Water flows from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
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Lipids
• Lipids function in:– Energy (E) storage, – forming cell membranes, – and as chemical messengers
(e.g., hormones)
• Nonpolar (hydrophobic)
• Made up mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen (with a few Oxygen)
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Lipids1. Fats (Triglycerides)
– Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids– Saturated = No Double Bonds (solid)– Unsaturated = Double Bonds (liquid)
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
Ester Bonds
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Lipids2. Phospholipids
– Glycerol with Phosphate Head + 2 Fatty Acid Chains
– Amphiphilic (“Both” “lover”)• Hydrophilic head• Hydrophobic tail
– Forms 2 layers in water– Makes up cell membranes
Organic Compounds: Lipids: Phospholipids
Phosphate
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
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Egg lab
• Dissolve egg shells
• Rinse
• Calculate initial mass
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The plasma/cell membrane is selectively permeable
~only certain substances are allowed to pass through
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What can and can not pass through the membrane?
CAN PASS THROUGH• Things that can
dissolve in fat• Small molecules• Water
CAN NOT PASS THROUGH
1. Things that can dissolve in water
2. Large molecules
3. Ions: Molecules with plus (+) or minus (-) charges
CH2OH
OH
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No energy is used[High] [Low] (it’s the natural flow)
This means it goes down a concentration gradient
There are three types…
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3 types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion2. Osmosis3. Facilitated Diffusion
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Diffusion
[High] [Low]
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Osmosis
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Facilitated Diffusion+ CH2OH
OH
Passive Transport: Facilitated Diffusion
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Energy is used[Low] [High]
This means it goes up or against a concentration gradient
There are three types…
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3 Examples of Active Transport
1. Protein pumps2. Endocytosis3. Exocytosis
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Protein Pumps
Protein Pumps: proteins use energy to pull or pump materials into or out of the cell to stockpile or storestore substances the cell needs
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Endocytosis• When cells engulf particles into the cell• 2 types
1. Phagocytosis: When a cell wraps part of its membrane arounda large particle forming a “pocket” or vesicle
2. Pinocytosis: The same process, but with smaller particles or liquids
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Exocytosis
1. A vesicle carrying a substance
2. fuses with the cell membrane
3. and releases the substance