What do these prefixes mean?

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Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds

• CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.

• MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.

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Carbon (C)Carbon (C)• CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in

outer shell.

• CarbonCarbon can form covalent covalent bondsbonds with as many as 4 4 other atoms (elements).

• Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.

– Example: CHExample: CH44 (Methane) (Methane)

Next Word…..

Polygons

Polygamy

Polyester

What does “Mono” mean?

A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to better

understand what polymers and monomers are….

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN ?

A NECKLACE ?

If the train is the whole polymer, what would be If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small units that make up the train? If the the small units that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?that make up the necklace?

A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to better

understand what polymers and monomers are….

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN THE CARS

A NECKLACE EACH PEARL

If the train is the whole polymer, what would be If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?that make up the necklace?

Now you and a buddy

need to think of at least 2 other analogies for a polymer and its

monomers.

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Question:Question:How Are How Are

Macromolecules Macromolecules Formed?Formed?

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Answer:Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Dehydration Synthesis

• Also called “condensation “condensation reaction”reaction”

• Forms polymerspolymers by combining monomersmonomers by “removing “removing water”water”.

HO H

HO HO HH

H2O

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Question:Question: How are How are

Macromolecules Macromolecules separated or separated or

digested?digested?

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Answer: Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis

•Separates monomersmonomers by “adding water”“adding water”

HO HO HH

HO H

H2O

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Our 4 Macromolecules(a.k.a. biomolecules)

•Carbohydrates

•Proteins

•Lipids

•Nucleic Acids

LET’S BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES

They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!

They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.

THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

CARBOHYDRATES

Each carbohydrate is made up Each carbohydrate is made up of…of…

THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”

CARBOHYDRATES

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

SimpleSimple ComplexComplex

Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers.

They also taste sweet.

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are chains Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of (polymers) made of

monomers. The most common monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates monomer of carbohydrates

is…is…

The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharide: one sugar Monosaccharide: one sugar

unitunit

Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)

deoxyribosedeoxyribose

riboseribose

FructoseFructose

GalactoseGalactose

glucoseglucose

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Simple Sugars

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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Disaccharide: two sugar unitsDisaccharide: two sugar units

Examples: Examples: – Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose)– Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)– Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

Complex Carbohydrates…What are they?

Complex Cabohydrates are polymers Complex Cabohydrates are polymers made up of many monomers.made up of many monomers.

Most also taste starchy.Most also taste starchy.

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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar units

Examples:Examples: starch (bread, starch (bread, potatoes)potatoes)

glycogen (beef glycogen (beef muscle)muscle)

cellulose (lettuce, cellulose (lettuce, corn)corn)

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

Complex Carbohydrates

NOW ONTO PROTEINS

They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them

They make up antibodies in the immune system

They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions

They makeup non-steriod hormones which

THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”

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Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides)• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded

together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).

• Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, nailsmembranes, hair, nails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions

Microscope View ofSkin and Nails

This is skin This is a nail

PROTEINS

Proteins are made of long Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are monomers. All proteins are

made of the monomer…made of the monomer…

http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/programs/dept/chem/V.27/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amino_acids_2.png/483px-Amino_acids_2.png

PROTEINS

Each protein is made up of…Each protein is made up of…

THINK: “CHONS”THINK: “CHONS”

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Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides)

Four levels of protein Four levels of protein structure:structure:

A.A. Primary StructurePrimary Structure

B.B. Secondary Structure Secondary Structure

C.C. Tertiary Structure Tertiary Structure

D.D. Quaternary Structure Quaternary Structure

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Primary StructureAmino acids bonded

together by peptide peptide bonds (straight chains)bonds (straight chains)

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure

• 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary primary structurestructure into coilscoils and pleatspleats held together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.

• Two examples:Two examples:

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheet

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bondscopyright cmassengale

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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure• Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and

foldedfolded into a more complex 3-D more complex 3-D arrangementarrangement of linked polypeptides

• Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)bridges (S-S)

• Call a “subunit”.“subunit”.

Alpha HelixAlpha Helix

Beta Pleated SheetBeta Pleated Sheetcopyright cmassengale

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Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure•Composed of 2 or more “subunits”•Globular in shape•Form in Aqueous environments•Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)

subunitssubunits

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LIPIDS ARE NEXT

They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.

They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.

They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS

They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!

THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steriods, energy, cushion… “WISE C”

LIPIDS

Each carbohydrate is made up Each carbohydrate is made up of…of…

THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”

OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?

You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

“CHO”

A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.

EX: C6H12O6

(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)

On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.

EX: C27H46O cholesterol

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LipidsLipids• General term for compounds which are not not

soluble in watersoluble in water.• Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solventsare soluble in hydrophobic solvents.• Remember:Remember: “stores the most energy”“stores the most energy”• Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Steroid hormones5. Steroid hormones6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides

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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:

1.1. Long term Long term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat loss Protection against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranes Major component of membranes (phospholipids)(phospholipids)

LIPIDS

Lipids are chains (polymers) Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most made of monomers. The most

common monomer of lipids common monomer of lipids is…is…

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LipidsLipidsTriglycerides:Triglycerides:

ccomposed of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.

The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter E

This is a triglyceride molecule

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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acids you may see

these on food labels:1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) no double bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) double bonds (good)

Saturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds and are saturated with hydrogen.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids have double bonds.

www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_02/3_16.gif

LIPIDS…Some interesting info

There are many different types of There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common functions vary. Some common steroids are:steroids are:

SEX STEROIDSSEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC ANABOLIC STERIODSSTERIODS

CHOLESTEROLCHOLESTEROLLike testosterone Like testosterone and estrogenand estrogen

They increase They increase musclemuscle

LIPIPS…Some interesting info

Some anabolic Some anabolic steroids are steroids are illegalillegal

And can be dangerous and

very unhealthy

NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR NATURAL STERIODS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE BODY INCREASE MUSCLE

GROWTH AND BONE GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE

GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE

BAD.BAD.

NUCLEIC ACIDS

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS

DNADNA RNARNA

Nucleic Acids

1) DNA• Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are

made of DNA.• Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make

proteins for your body.

2) RNA• Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes

the proteins for your body.

Nucleic Acids

Each nucleic acid is made up Each nucleic acid is made up of…of…

THINK: “CHONP”THINK: “CHONP”

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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids

• Two types:Two types:a. Deoxyribonucleic acid a. Deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA-(DNA- double helix) double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) strand)

• Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides linked by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis.

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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids• Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:

phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:

adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)

Guanine (G)Guanine (G)

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NucleotideNucleotide

O

O=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base

(A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

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SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)

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DNA - double helixDNA - double helix

P

P

P

O

O

O

1

23

4

5

5

3

3

5

P

P

PO

O

O

1

2 3

4

5

5

3

5

3

G C

T A

The shape of a nucleic acid is: