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CompoundsCompounds that contain CARBONCARBON are called organicorganic.

MacromoleculesMacromolecules are large organic moleculesorganic molecules.

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Also called POLYMERSPOLYMERS.Made up of smaller “building

blocks” called MONOMERSMONOMERS. Examples:Examples:

1. Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids2. Lipids3. Proteins3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids 4. Nucleic acids

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Broken down to form usable Broken down to form usable energy for cells (immediate energy for cells (immediate energy)energy)

Composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Include sugars and starches Three types:Three types:

A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide

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Monosaccharide: one sugar Monosaccharide: one sugar unitunit

Examples:Examples: Glucose (Glucose (C6H12O6)DeoxyriboseDeoxyriboseRiboseRiboseFructoseFructose

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glucoseglucose

Disaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unitExamples: Examples:

Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)

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glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

Polysaccharide: many sugar Polysaccharide: many sugar unitsunits

Examples:Examples:starch (bread, potatoes)starch (bread, potatoes)glycogen (stored in muscle glycogen (stored in muscle

cells)cells)cellulose (makes up the cellulose (makes up the cell cell

wall of plants)wall of plants)

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glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose

cellulosecellulose

Not soluble in waterNot soluble in water. Chains of carbon bonded to oxygen Chains of carbon bonded to oxygen

and hydrogenand hydrogen Examples:Examples: 1. Fats1. Fats

2. Phospholipids2. Phospholipids3. Oils3. Oils4. Waxes4. Waxes5. Cholesterol (Steroid 5. Cholesterol (Steroid hormones) hormones)6. Triglycerides6. Triglycerides

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Lipids

1. Long term 1. Long term energy storageenergy storage

2.2. Protection Protection against heat loss against heat loss (insulation)(insulation)

3. Protection against physical shock3. Protection against physical shock

4. Protection against water loss4. Protection against water loss

5. Chemical messengers (hormones)5. Chemical messengers (hormones)

6. Major component of cell membranes 6. Major component of cell membranes

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Two kinds:1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double no double bonds (bad)bonds (bad)

2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double double bonds (good…better)bonds (good…better)

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

saturatedsaturated

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

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=unsaturated

Fats and oils: Fats and oils: ccomposed of 1 1 glycerolglycerol and 3 3 fatty acidsfatty acids.

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HH-C----O

H-C----O

H-C----O

H

glycerol

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

=

OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH

2 -CH2 -CH

2 -CH2 -CH

3=

A high triglyceride level in the blood increases a risk of heart attack or pancreatic disease

What can cause high triglycerides??

Lack of exercise Being overweight Smoking Skipping meals and then eating large

quantities Excessive intake of alcohol, sugar,

starch, calories, saturated and trans fats

2 fatty acids and a glycerol

Make up the structure of the cell membrane

Structural lipidHighly water proofPlant leavesEarwax and beeswax

Ring structureMany hormones

Testosterone Estrogen Regulatory

Amino acids (20 different kinds) bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds (polypeptidespolypeptides).

Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)2.2. Transport: Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles5.5. Structural:Structural: membranes, hair, membranes, hair, nailsnails6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions

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Sequence of amino acids Sequence of amino acids determines the protein structure determines the protein structure and functionand function

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aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

Peptide Bonds

Amino Acids (aa)

Two types:Two types:a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) double helix)

b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) strand)

Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotidesnucleotides (monomer)

Nucleotides contain detailed instructions to build proteins

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Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:phosphate groupphosphate grouppentose sugar (5-carbon)pentose sugar (5-carbon)nitrogenous bases:nitrogenous bases:adenine (A)adenine (A)thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)

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OO=P-O O

PhosphatePhosphate GroupGroup

NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)(A, G, C, or T)

CH2

O

C1C4

C3 C2

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SugarSugar(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)