whale sharksfaculty.sdmiramar.edu/alowe/studentpostersspr2012/whale sharks.pdfshark and the...

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RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2012 www.PosterPresentations.com Whale Sharks are cartilaginous fish and the largest fish known to man. Not much research as been ascertained in the study of these gentle giants but understanding of these fish has increased in the last decade. Experimental dives and tags of whale sharks have led to much more information being formed of their Biology, distribution, habitats, and ecology. Research has shown that whale sharks are benign creatures and have a plethora of studies yet to be discovered by humans. Efforts to try and learn more about whale sharks should be made, considering these animals deem no harm to humans and are still a mystery to be unraveled. Abstract Biology Whale Sharks have a very widespread distribution, occurring in all tropical and warm temperate seas, except the Mediterranean. During the day, they spend most of their time feeding near the surface, preferring sea surface temperatures. Around 2130º C, they often go deep at night and when traveling reaching depths of more than 700m (Martins & Knickle). In contrast to most sharks from the same order, which are benthic species, the whale shark is pelagic and also nektonic. Many studies reveal that the reason this shark prefers warm waters, is because it is marked by high primary productivity. Whale sharks are often seen offshore but commonly maintain inshore habitats like lagoons or coral atolls. (Eckert & Stewart, 2001) Geographical Distribution and Habitat Ecology The whale shark is a filter feeder; one of only three known filter feeding shark species (along with the Basking shark and the Megamouth shark). It feeds on macroalgae, plankton, krill, Christmas Island red crab larvae, and small nektonic life such as small squid or vertebrates. (Graham et al. 2005) References B., Norman. (Whale Shark). Rep. Red List of Threatened Species, 2005. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/19488/0>. Norman, B. 2005. Rhincodon typus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on 29 February 2012. CSIRO, the Australian Institute of Marine Science, Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute (California), WA Department of Conservation and Land Management, Commonwealth Government Department of Environment and Heritage, and Wildlife Computers. "Research." Map. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. Comp. NOAA Fisheries (Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. 11 Dec. 2008. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.cmar.csiro.au/tagging/whale/ningaloo.html>. Whale Shark Migration Damstra, Emily S. "Illustrations of Anatomy; Filter Feeding Anatomy of the Whale Shark Rhincodon Typus." Science Illustration by Emily S. Damstra. Natural History Magazine, Apr. 2006. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.emilydamstra.com/portfolio2.php?illid=129>. This illustrates how plankton in the water is captured by special pads in the shark's throat as water filters past the pads and exits through the gills slits. Lamar, Cyriaque. "Female Whale Sharks May Have a Built-in Sperm Bank." Web log post. Io9. 31 Aug. 2010. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://io9.com/5626348/female-whale-sharks-may-have-a-built in-sperm- bank>. Black and White photo of Diver with Whale Shark, also referring to Reproduction of Whale Shark. Martins, Carol, and Craig Knickle. "FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Whale Shark." FLMNH. Florida Museum of Natural History. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Whaleshark/whaleshark.html>. Shark Research Institute, Conservation, Education, Legislation. "Whale Shark." SRI. Shark Research Institute, Conservation, Education, Legislation. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.sharks.org/species/202- whale-shark.html>. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. "Whale Sharks, Rhincodon typus at MarineBio.org". MarineBio.org. 28 February 2012 . Note: If no author is given under the main page title, simply cite MarineBio.org. Whale Shark & Oceanic Research Center. "Whale Sharks." WSORC. Whale Shark & Oceanic Research Center. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.wsorc.org/index.php>. "Whale Shark - The World's Biggest Fish." Animal Pictures and Animal Facts. Fact Zoo Animals. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.factzoo.com/fish/whale-shark-worlds-biggest-fish.html>. Picture of Whale Shark cut, and it's thick skin. Whale Shark Project. Whale Shark Trust. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.whalesharkproject.org/default.asp>. There have been very few cases involving whale sharks harming humans. There have been reports though of some whale sharks butting sport fishing boats, but these accounts have thought to have been because they had been provoked. More likely humans are a danger to Whale Sharks, they are more at risk being stuck by vessels whilst basking or feeding on the surface. Behaviorally whale sharks are known has gentle giants. Since they swim at only 3.3 mph they do not provide any danger to humans. On the contrary many whale sharks are seen basking with humans as the dive. In reality humans are much more of a danger to Whale Sharks because of their distasteful treatment of the animals. (Martin & Knickle) Whale Sharks have a distinctively large mouth at the very front of their heads which is wide and flat with rounded snouts, and small eyes. They have five very large gill slits and like benthic cartilaginous fish have a spiracle. Whale sharks have 2 dorsal fins and 2 pectoral fins (Martins & Knickle). The Whale Sharks’ underbelly is white or yellowish and the upper body is grey, bluish or greenish brown with columns of white spots interspersed with light vertical and horizontal bands giving a checkerboard appearance (Wintner, 2000). It is not known the exact time when a whale shark reaches full maturity, but estimations have it at 30 yrs. (Joung et al., 1996). Pictured is a whale shark embryo. Not much is known about mating habits of the whale sharks, also evidence of birthing grounds have not been found. (© Simon Rogerson) A whale shark basking in open waters. (© Getty Images) This whale shark was caught in Pakistan and sold for $18,750, the fisherman claimed that the fish was unconscious for ten days before he hauled it in. (Asif Hassan/AFP/© Getty Images) Whale sharks are among the 25% of sharks that are ovoviviparous. A recent study indicates that female whale sharks may be able to save sperm from a single mating session and fertilize their eggs at a later time. Meaning she will able to wait till she is in ample feeding grounds to birth her young (Cyriaque Lamar). The whale shark feeds actively by opening its mouth, distending the jaws and sucking. Then it closes its mouth and rids the extra water through gill slits. (© Damstra) Fishers who have caught a whale shark and are selling slabs of it to bidders. (© Getty Images) Coloration on a whale shark that seem to resemble a checkered pattern. Side view of whale shark’s fins and caudal tail. (© Springer & Wagner) World Map illustrating the global distribution of Whale Sharks. The red band includes the extreme edge of the Whale Sharks range, sightings near the edge of this band are rare. (© Colman) “The Whale Shark is a cosmopolitan tropical and warm temperate species and is the world’s largest living chondrictyhan. Its life history is poorly understood, but it is known to be highly fecund and to migrate extremely large distances. Populations appear to have been depleted to harpoon fisheries in Southeast Asia and perhaps incidental capture in other fisheries. High value in international trade, high migratory nature, and normally low abundance make this species vulnerable to commercial fishing. Dive tourism involving this species has recently developed in a number of locations around the world, demonstrating that it is far more valuable alive than fished” (IUCUN Red List of Threatened Species) Danger to Humans Status and Conservation By Jessica Schexnayder Whale Sharks; Rhincodon typus

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Page 1: Whale Sharksfaculty.sdmiramar.edu/alowe/StudentPostersSpr2012/Whale Sharks.pdfshark and the Megamouth shark). ... Whale Sharks have a distinctively large mouth at the very ... Coloration

RESEARCH POSTER PRESENTATION DESIGN © 2012

www.PosterPresentations.com

Whale Sharks are cartilaginous fish and the largest fish known to man. Not much research as been ascertained in the study of these gentle giants but understanding of these fish has increased in the last decade. Experimental dives and tags of whale sharks have led to much more information being formed of their Biology, distribution, habitats, and ecology. Research has shown that whale sharks are benign creatures and have a plethora of studies yet to be discovered by humans. Efforts to try and learn more about whale sharks should be made, considering these animals deem no harm to humans and are still a mystery to be unraveled. 

Abstract

BiologyWhale Sharks have a very widespread distribution, occurring in all tropical and warm temperate seas, except the Mediterranean. During the day, they spend most of their time feeding near the surface, preferring sea surface temperatures. Around 21‐30º C, they often go deep at night and when traveling reaching depths of more than 700m (Martins & Knickle). In contrast to most sharks from the same order, which are benthic species, the whale shark is pelagic and also nektonic. Many studies reveal that the reason this shark prefers warm waters, is because it is marked by high primary productivity. Whale sharks are often seen offshore but commonly maintain inshore habitats like lagoons or coral atolls. (Eckert & Stewart, 2001)

Geographical Distribution and Habitat

Ecology

The whale shark is a filter feeder; one of only three known filter feeding shark species (along with the Basking shark and the Megamouth shark). It feeds on macro‐algae, plankton, krill, Christmas Island red crab larvae, and small nektonic life such as small squid or vertebrates. (Graham et al. 2005) 

ReferencesB., Norman. (Whale Shark). Rep. Red List of Threatened Species, 2005. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/19488/0>.Norman, B. 2005. Rhincodon typus. In: IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. . Downloaded on 29 February 2012.CSIRO, the Australian Institute of Marine Science, Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute (California), WA Department of Conservation and Land Management, Commonwealth Government Department of Environment and Heritage, and Wildlife Computers. "Research." Map. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research. Comp. NOAA Fisheries (Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. 11 Dec. 2008. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.cmar.csiro.au/tagging/whale/ningaloo.html>.Whale Shark MigrationDamstra, Emily S. "Illustrations of Anatomy; Filter Feeding Anatomy of the Whale Shark Rhincodon Typus." Science Illustration by Emily S. Damstra. Natural History Magazine, Apr. 2006. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.emilydamstra.com/portfolio2.php?illid=129>.This illustrates how plankton in the water is captured by special pads in the shark's throat as water filters past the pads and exits through the gills slits.Lamar, Cyriaque. "Female Whale Sharks May Have a Built-in Sperm Bank." Web log post. Io9. 31 Aug. 2010. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://io9.com/5626348/female-whale-sharks-may-have-a-built in-sperm-bank>.Black and White photo of Diver with Whale Shark, also referring to Reproduction of Whale Shark.Martins, Carol, and Craig Knickle. "FLMNH Ichthyology Department: Whale Shark." FLMNH. Florida Museum of Natural History. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Whaleshark/whaleshark.html>.Shark Research Institute, Conservation, Education, Legislation. "Whale Shark." SRI. Shark Research Institute, Conservation, Education, Legislation. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.sharks.org/species/202-whale-shark.html>.Web. 29 Feb. 2012."Whale Sharks, Rhincodon typus at MarineBio.org". MarineBio.org. 28 February 2012 . Note: If no author is given under the main page title, simply cite MarineBio.org.Whale Shark & Oceanic Research Center. "Whale Sharks." WSORC. Whale Shark & Oceanic Research Center. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.wsorc.org/index.php>."Whale Shark - The World's Biggest Fish." Animal Pictures and Animal Facts. Fact Zoo Animals. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.factzoo.com/fish/whale-shark-worlds-biggest-fish.html>.Picture of Whale Shark cut, and it's thick skin.Whale Shark Project. Whale Shark Trust. Web. 29 Feb. 2012. <http://www.whalesharkproject.org/default.asp>.

There have been very few cases involving whale sharks harming humans. There have been reports though of some whale sharks butting sport fishing boats, but these accounts have thought to have been because they had been provoked. More likely humans are a danger to Whale Sharks, they are more at risk being stuck by vessels whilst basking or feeding on the surface. Behaviorally whale sharks are known has gentle giants. Since they swim at only 3.3 mph they do not provide any danger to humans. On the contrary many whale sharks are seen basking with humans as the dive. In reality humans are much more of a danger to Whale Sharks because of their distasteful treatment of the animals. (Martin & Knickle)

Whale Sharks have a distinctively large mouth at the very front of their heads which is wide and flat with rounded snouts, and small eyes. They have five very large gill slits and like benthic cartilaginous fish have a spiracle. Whale sharks have 2 dorsal fins and 2 pectoral fins (Martins & Knickle). The Whale Sharks’ underbelly is white or yellowish and the upper body is grey, bluish or greenish brown with columns of white spots interspersed with light vertical and horizontal bands giving a checkerboard appearance (Wintner, 2000). It is not known the exact time when a whale shark reaches full maturity, but estimations have it at 30 yrs. (Joung et al., 1996). 

Pictured is a whale shark embryo. Not much is known about mating habits of the whale sharks, also evidence of birthing grounds have not been found. (© Simon Rogerson)

A whale shark basking in open waters. (© Getty Images)

This whale shark was caught in Pakistan and sold for $18,750, the fisherman claimed that the fish was unconscious for ten days before he hauled it in. (AsifHassan/AFP/© Getty Images)

Whale sharks are among the 25% of sharks that are ovoviviparous. A recent study indicates that female whale sharks may be able to save sperm from a single mating session and fertilize their eggs at a later time. Meaning she will able to wait till she is in ample feeding grounds to birth her young (Cyriaque Lamar).

The whale shark feeds actively by opening its mouth, distending the jaws and sucking. Then it closes its mouth and rids the extra water through gill slits. (© Damstra)

Fishers who have caught a whale shark and are selling slabs of it to bidders. (© Getty Images)

Coloration on a whale shark that seem to resemble a checkered pattern. Side view of whale shark’s fins and caudal tail. (© Springer & Wagner)

World Map illustrating the global distribution of Whale Sharks. The red band includes the extreme edge of the Whale Sharks range, sightings near the edge of this band are rare. (© Colman)

“The Whale Shark is a cosmopolitan tropical and warm temperate species and is the world’s largest living chondrictyhan. Its life history is poorly understood, but it is known to be highly fecund and to migrate extremely large distances. Populations appear to have been depleted to harpoon fisheries in Southeast Asia and perhaps incidental capture in other fisheries. High value in international trade, high migratory nature, and normally low abundance make this species vulnerable to commercial fishing. Dive tourism involving this species has recently developed in a number of locations around the world, demonstrating that it is far more valuable alive than fished” (IUCUN Red List of Threatened Species)

Danger to Humans

Status and Conservation

By Jessica Schexnayder

Whale Sharks; Rhincodon typus