wh renaissance for posting
TRANSCRIPT
RenaissanceRenaissance 1400-1700
There are in history ever-so-brief moments that explore with new ideas, new ways of expression, and triumphant masterpieces of art.
The Renaissance was such a time
Rather than trusting in superstitions and beliefs as in the Middle Ages, the world turned to human reason
Major writings of ancient Greeks and Muslim Middle East in science, math, and culture were translated from Arabic to Latin. Now everyone had access to them and the world as they knew it…exploded with new ideas.
You might be asking…You might be asking…1. Where did the Renaissance occur?
2. What does "renaissance" mean?
3. When did the Renaissance occur?
4. Who were the most influential people during the Renaissance?
5. Who were the great artists, musicians and writers during the Renaissance?
6. Why is the Renaissance important to us today? The Dawn of the
Renaissance
Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance An Era of Awakening An Era of Awakening
Renaissance = Rebirth/ Philosophical and artistic mov’t/ Renew interest in Greek/Roman
literature and life/ Need to bring this in harmony w/
Christian teachings/ New emphasis on power of human
reason/ New emphasis on advances in science
and arts
Why Italy?Why Italy?
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Why Italy? $$$$$$$$$$$Why Italy? $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Venice, ItalyVenice, Italy
Venice full of wealthy, educated merchants
Florence, ItalyFlorence, Italy Florence full of wealthy, educated merchants
Especially the Medici family
Lorenzo de Medici
The Italian RenaissanceThe Italian Renaissance The Cause The Cause
One guess…/ Trade with Byzantine/ Trade with southeast Asia/ Trade with Africa
Science Technology Fabrics Weapons
Trade = Money and Italy has it!
Lorenzo Lorenzo the Magnificentthe Magnificent
1478 - 15211478 - 1521
Cosimo de Cosimo de MediciMedici
1517 - 15741517 - 1574
Florence Under the Florence Under the MediciMedici
Medici ChapelMedici Chapel
The Medici PalaceThe Medici Palace
Filippo BrunelleschiFilippo Brunelleschi Commissioned
to build the cathedral dome./ Used unique
architectural concepts. He studied
the ancient Pantheon in Rome.
Used ribs for support.
Brunelleschi’s Brunelleschi’s DomeDome
Dome Dome ComparisonsComparisons
Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital (Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)
Renaissance Society
Renaissance Society
• The noble or aristocrat was expected to fulfill certain ideals.
The Italian Baldassare Castiglione expressed these in The Book of the Courtier.
He described the characteristics of a perfect Renaissance noble.
Nobles were expected to have talent, character, and grace.
ttp://www.storiain.net/arret/num60/borgi601.jpg
Baldassare CastiglioneBaldassare Castiglione
Castiglione Castiglione represented represented the humanist the humanist “gentleman” “gentleman” as a man of as a man of refinement refinement and self-and self-control.control.
Art and PatronageArt and Patronage Italians were willing to spend a lot of
money on art./ Art communicated social, political, and
spiritual values./ Italian banking & international trade
interests had the money. Public art in Florence was organized
and supported by guilds.
Therefore, the consumption of art was used as a form of competition for social & political status!
Greek Art
ZeusZeus or or PoseidonPoseidonc. 460-450 B.C.c. 460-450 B.C.
Three Goddesses (Shestia, Dione, and Aphrodite)C. 438-432 B.C.
Nike (Victory of Samothrace)c. 450 B.C.
Roman Art
Roman Senator and His Wife
Medieval Art
Can you see any perspective?Can you see any perspective?
Medieval Art Characteristics• Disproportionate and no perspective• All faces the same, unrealistic• 2 dimensional, flat, and dull• Religious themes• 180 degree relief statues• Storytelling, either about religion or warfare• Artists are craftsmen, works for guild
Giotto
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
The Scrovegni Chapel, or Cappella degli Scrovegni, also known as the Arena Chapel is a church in Padua, Veneto, Italy. It contains a fresco cycle by Giotto, completed about 1305, that is one of the most important masterpieces of Western art
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Side by Side
Renaissance vs
Middle Ages
Note perspective is achieved byoutlining
Note perspective is achieved byshading
Madonna and Child Fra Filippo Lippi, 1406-1469
Adoration of the MagiSandro Botticelli
Dead ChristAndrea Mantegna, 1501
During the middle ages and before, pictures were painted on the wall and wood, usually with a mixture of color dye and egg yolk. That all changed radically with the Renaissance. Starting with Jan van Eyck (Netherlands) painters started to paint with slow drying, oil-based paints. These oil-based paints enabled the artist to slowly layer subtle different shades of hue and color to make very realistic skin tones. The oil-based paints were also superior at refracting light, resulting in very bright colors. Two well known Italian painters quickly became champions of this new painting – Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael. One of the first oil paintings by Leonardo da Vinci is the Mona Lisa. Within 100 years every major painter of the Renaissance was painting in oils.
Note from the Future: until the invention of acrylics in the late 20th century, virtually every major artist in the world in the past 400 years after the Renaissance used oil as a major way of painting
5 Characteristics of Italian Renaissance Art
1. Realism & 1. Realism & ExpressionExpression Expulsion Expulsion
fromfromthe Gardenthe Garden
MasaccioMasaccio 14271427 First nudes First nudes
sincesinceclassical classical times.times.
2. Perspective2. Perspective
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
First use First use of linear of linear
perspective!perspective!
Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!
The TrinityThe Trinity MasaccioMasaccio 14271427
What you What you are, I once are, I once was; what I was; what I am, you will am, you will
become.become.
3. Emphasis on Individualism3. Emphasis on Individualism Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:
The Duke & Dutchess of UrbinoThe Duke & Dutchess of Urbino Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.
Isabella d’Este –Isabella d’Este – da Vinci, da Vinci, 14991499 1474-1539 “First Lady of
the Italian Renaissance.”
Great patroness of the arts in Mantua.
Known during her time as “First Lady of the World!”
4. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures4. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures
The Dreyfus The Dreyfus Madonna Madonna with the with the PomegranatPomegranatee
Leonardo da Leonardo da VinciVinci
14691469 The figure as The figure as
architecture!architecture!
5. Artists as Personalities/Celebrities
Lives of the Most Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Excellent Painters, Sculptors, andSculptors, andArchitectsArchitects
Giorgio VasariGiorgio Vasari
15501550
Vitruvian Man
Leonardo daVinci
1492TheThe
L’uomoL’uomouniversaleuniversale
The Renaissance “Man”The Renaissance “Man” Broad knowledge about many
things in different fields. Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from
different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.
The Greek ideal of the “well-rounded man” was at the heart of Renaissance education.
Self-Portrait Self-Portrait -- da Vinci, 1512-- da Vinci, 1512
1452 - 15191452 - 1519
Artist Sculptor Architect Scientist Engineer Inventor
Leonardo, the SculptorLeonardo, the Sculptor
An An Equestrian Equestrian StatueStatue
1516-15181516-1518
Leonardo, the Architect:Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.
Leonardo, the Scientist: Biology:Leonardo, the Scientist: Biology: ( Pages from his ( Pages from his NotebookNotebook
An example of An example of the humanist the humanist desire to desire to unlock the unlock the secrets of secrets of nature.nature.
Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy): Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
Leonardo, the Inventor:Leonardo, the Inventor: Pages from his Pages from his NotebookNotebook
A study of siege A study of siege defenses.defenses.
Studies of water-lifting Studies of water-lifting devices.devices.
Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his Leonardo, the Engineer: Pages from his NotebookNotebook
Leonardo, the Artist:Leonardo, the Artist:From hisFrom hisNotebooks of over Notebooks of over 5000 pages (1508-5000 pages (1508-
1519)1519)
Leonardo, Leonardo, the Artistthe Artist
The Virgin The Virgin of the Rocks of the Rocks
Leonardo daLeonardo daVinciVinci
1483-14861483-1486
Mona LisaMona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4 – da Vinci, 1503-4
A Macaroni MonaA Macaroni Mona
A Picasso MonaA Picasso Mona
An Andy Warhol MonaAn Andy Warhol Mona
Mona LisaMona Lisa OR da Vinci?? OR da Vinci??
RefractoryRefractory
Convent of Convent of Santa Santa
Maria delle Maria delle GrazieGrazie
MilanMilan
The Last Supper The Last Supper - da - da Vinci, 1498Vinci, 1498& Geometry& Geometry
horizontal
vert
ical
Perspective!Perspective!
The Last Supper The Last Supper - da Vinci, - da Vinci, 14981498
A Da Vinci “Code”:A Da Vinci “Code”:St. John or Mary Magdalene?St. John or Mary Magdalene?
Ninja Turtles
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Raphael Sanzio
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Donatelo
Michelango
Leonardo Da Vinci
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
MichelangeloPatron: Medici Family
PietaMichelangelo, 1498-99
Michelangelo was24 years old when he completed the Pieta
Michelangelo completedthis in his 20s.Statue is given a placeof honor outsideFlorence’s Palazzo Vecchio, the seat of the Medici gov’t
Other sculptors wereenvious of Michelangelo’s success. They persuaded Pope Julius II to commissionhim to paint the ceiling b/c it would eliminate him from the competition in the world of sculpture. Everyone expected him to fail.
It took Michelangelo 4 years of painting on a scaffold to complete the work.
The Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel DetailsDetails
Creation of ManCreation of Man
Raphael
Madonna and Child
School of Athens, Raphael
Raphael worked on this commission simultaneously as Michelangelo was doing the Sistine Chapel. No Christian themes here.
AristotleAristotle::looks to thislooks to thisearth [theearth [thehere andhere and
now].now].
PlatoPlato::looks to thelooks to theheavens [or heavens [or
the IDEALthe IDEALrealm].realm].
The School of Athens The School of Athens – Raphael, – Raphael,
Birth of VenusBirth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485 – Botticelli, 1485
An attempt to depict perfect beauty.An attempt to depict perfect beauty.
The HumanistsThe Humanists
Renaissance Renaissance HumanistsHumanists
//www.mrdowling.com/images/704erasmus.jpg
The founder of Renaissance humanism was Petrarch.
He tried to apply lessons of Christian faith to the found literature & philosophies of ancient Greek and Latin
Renaissance Renaissance HumanistsHumanists
//www.mrdowling.com/images/704erasmus.jpg
A person who studied the classics was called a humanist. Humanists recreated classical styles in art, literature, and architecture.
Humanists believed that by studying the classics, they could understand people and the world better.
Education in the Renaissance • Renaissance humanists believed
that education could dramatically change human beings.
• Humanists studied the Roman and Greek classics. Studied grammar, history, poetry, and rhetoric.
• Most humanists still strong Christians so sometimes felt tension b/w their studies and religion
Following the Greek ideal, humanist educators also stressed physical education, including dancing.
The goal of humanist education was to create complete citizens.
Humanist schools provided the model for the basic education of the European ruling classes until the twentieth century.
Education in the Renaissance
Who is this?
Machiavelli
The UltimateGangster
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
• The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli is one of the most influential works on political power in the western world. It concerns how to get and keep political power. Previously authors had stressed that princes should
be ethical and follow Christian principles. Machiavelli argued the prince’s attitude toward
power should be based on understanding that human nature is self-interested.
Machiavelli video (20 minutes)
Niccolo Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy (1469). He was a prominent statesman, but in 1512 he was accused of conspiring against the government.
Florence had just fallen into the hands of the Medicis, and Machiavelli was seen as a threat to their rule. He was tortured and imprisoned for three weeks, and then sent into exile.
He went to live on his family farm and began writing a pamphlet to try to gain the favor of the Medici family. That pamphlet became his masterpiece, The Prince (1532), which is full of practical advice on how rulers can stay in power. Among other things, he advocated killing potential rebels, and said that it's better to be feared than to be loved.
Machiavelli has never had a good reputation. Twentieth-century philosopher Bertrand Russell called The Prince "a handbook for gangsters."
Some people say Machiavelli was a big influence on dictators like Hitler and Stalin. Today, the word "Machiavellian" has come to mean "marked by cunning, duplicity or bad faith."
Machiavelli's main point in The Prince is that the most important task for a ruler is to keep his country secure and peaceful, using whatever means possible. Sometimes, this means doing things that most people would consider immoral, but Machiavelli said that that's just part of the job.
He was cynical about human nature: he argued that it was natural for most people to be selfish, and so a great ruler has to accept that he lives in an immoral world.
He wrote, "A man who might want to make a show of goodness in all things necessarily comes to ruin among so many who are not good. Because of this it is necessary for a prince, wanting to maintain himself, to learn how to be able to be not good and to use this and not use it according to necessity."
He also argued that most people value their property more than the lives of their friends and family, and so in some situations it's okay for rulers to kill their citizens, but it's almost never okay to take away their property.
He wrote, "Men must be either pampered or crushed, because they can get revenge for small injuries, but not for grievous ones. So any injury a prince does a man should be of a kind where there is no fear of revenge."
Despite Machiavelli's hopes, The Prince didn't win over the Medici’s. A few years later, a new republic was established in Italy, but his name had already become so associated with evil and violence that he wasn't able to get another government job for the rest of his life. He wrote two more books, and died in 1527
Post SeminarPost Seminar
Take the Dear Abbey prompt awarded to you Answer in a Machiavellian manner
ALSO Speak to your parents. Ask them: “does the end
justify the means” Write down their response and your comments.
Renaissance Art in Northern Renaissance Art in Northern EuropeEurope
, Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art.
, But, Italian influence was strong.Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders,
was widely adopted in Italy., The differences between the two cultures:
Italy change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity.
No. Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church.
, More princes & kings were patrons of artists.
Characteristics of Northern Characteristics of Northern Renaissance ArtRenaissance Art
, The continuation of late medieval attention to details.
, Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”].
, Interest in landscapes., More emphasis on middle-class
and peasant life., Details of domestic interiors., Great skill in portraiture.
Begins in FlandersBegins in FlandersMoves from there to France, Germany,
and Spain
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Dutch RealismDutch Realism
Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)
, More courtly and aristocratic work. Court painter to
the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good.
, The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.
Giovanni Giovanni Arnolfini and Arnolfini and
His WifeHis Wife
(Wedding (Wedding Portrait)Portrait)
Jan Van EyckJan Van Eyck
14341434
http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/arnolfini/arnolfini.jpghttp://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/eyck/arnolfini/arnolfini.jpg
The Marriage of Giovanni Arnolfini and Giovanna Cenami; 1434
In the mirror at the back of the room we see the whole scene reflected from behind, and there, so it seems, we also see the image of the painter and witness. We do not know whether it was the Italian merchant or the northern artist who conceived the idea of making this use of the new kind of painting, which may be compared to the legal use of a photograph, properly endorsed by a witness. But whoever it was that originated this idea, he had certainly been quick to understand the tremendous possibilities which lay in Van Eyck's new way of painting. For the first time in history the artist became the perfect eye-witness in the truest sense
of the term.
Symbolic candleThe solitary flame burning in bright daylight can be interpreted as the bridal candle, or God's all-seeing eye, or simply as a devotional candle. Another symbol is St Margaret (the patron saint of women in childbirth), whose image is carved on the high chairback.
The mirror is painted with almost miraculous skill. Its carved frame is inset with ten miniature medallions depicting scenes from the life of Christ. Yet more remarkable is the mirror's reflection, which includes van Eyck's own tiny self-portrait, accompanied by another man who may have been the official witness to the ceremony.
Symbol of faithfulnessAlmost every detail can be interpreted as a symbol. The companion dog is seen as a symbol of faithfulness and love. The fruits on the window ledge probably stand for fertility and our fall from Paradise. Even the discarded shoes are not thought to be incidental, but to signify the sanctity of marriage.
Jan van EyckJan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife (details)(details)
Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)
, The greatest of German artists.
, A scholar as well as an artist.
, His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I.
, Also a scientist Wrote books on
geometry, fortifications, and human proportions.
, Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits.
, Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.
Dürer – Dürer – Self-Portrait in Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared RobeFur-Collared Robe, 1500, 1500
He was an engraver!
It almost looks like photography
http://www.washacadsci.org/flowers/grasses-the%20large%20turf.albrecht%20durer.large.jpgge%20turf.albrecht%20durer.large.jpg
Dürer Dürer
FourFourHorsemenHorsemen
of theof theApocalypsApocalyps
ee
woodcut, woodcut, 14981498
He did this just from an oral description.He never saw a real Rhinoceros!
http://www.washacadsci.org/flowers/grasses-the%20large%20turf.albrecht%20durer.large.jpgge%20turf.albrecht%20durer.large.jpg
Everybody’sfavoritetattoo?
http://www.elca.org/questions/Results.asp?recid=26http://www.elca.org/questions/Results.asp?recid=26
Hans Holbein, the Younger Hans Holbein, the Younger (1497-1543)(1497-1543)
, One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England.
, While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus. Erasmus Writing, 1523
, Henry VIII was his
patron from 1536., Great portraitist
noted for: Objectivity &
detachment. Doesn’t conceal the
weaknesses of his subjects.
Artist to the TudorsArtist to the Tudors
Henry VIII (left), 1540 Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.VI (above), 1543.
The English Were More The English Were More Interested in Architecture than Interested in Architecture than
PaintingPainting
Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more medieval in 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more medieval in
style].style].
Burghley House for William Burghley House for William CecilCecil
The largest & grandest house The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.of the early Elizabethan era.
Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569)1569)
, One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age.
, Worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels.
, In touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists.
, Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies.
, A master of landscapes; not a portraitist. People in his works often have round, blank,
heavy faces. They are expressionless, mindless, and
sometimes malicious. They are types, rather than individuals. Their purpose is to convey a message.
Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, Tower of BabelTower of Babel, 1563, 1563
Bruegel’s, Bruegel’s, The Triumph of DeathThe Triumph of Death, , 15621562
New IdeasNew Ideas
New Philosophical Ideas
New Political Ideas
New Ideas in Education
• The best known Christian humanist was Desiderius Erasmus.
• He developed what he called “the philosophy of Christ,” meant to show people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than how to achieve salvation.
• He stressed inward piety, not external observance of rules and rituals.
Erasmus and Christian Humanism
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/h/holbein/erasmus.jpg
• To reform the Church, Erasmus wanted to spread the philosophy of Christ, educate people about Christianity, and criticize the abuses of the Church.
• In his 1509 work The Praise of Folly, he especially criticized the monks.
• Erasmus did not want to break away from the Church, as later reformers would.
• Yet people of his day said, “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.” What does this mean?
Erasmus and Christian Humanism
• Thomas More wrote a famous book called Utopia which was about an “ideal” society
• Thomas More famously opposed the king and was beheaded.
What is it With theseBritish kings And beheading!
Authorof Utopia…how ironic!
Thomas More of England
The Impact of PrintingThe Renaissance saw the development of printing in Europe.
Johannes Gutenberg of Germany played a crucial role in the process.
Gutenberg’s Bible, printed about 1455, was the first European book produced from movable type.
The Impact of PrintingOr the Impact of ComputersMost papers and magazines are now digitalized.
How has the computer changed communication today and an examination of current invasions of privacy?
ObjectivesObjectives1. List three characteristics of the Renaissance2. Explain the three estates of Renaissance
society.3. Explain Renaissance education.4. Describe artistic contributions of the
Renaissance.5. Describe Christian humanism6. Describe Luther’s role in the Reformation7. Describe religious changes in Switzerland, in
England, and within the Catholic Church.