wellcad basics

7/24/2019 WellCAD Basics

1/514

4.4

Book 1 - Basics


2/514

V .2011 .10 .17


3/514

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

Introduction.............................................................................................................I

License Information...........................................................................................I

Conventions........................................................................................................I

About build versions and modules ..................................................................II

How to use this manual ................................................................................. III

Whats New in WellCAD v4.4 ......................................................................... IV

Book 1 - WellCAD Basics ........................................................................................1

WellCAD Workspace......................................................................................... 2

Tool Bar and Title Bar................................................................................. 2

1.2 Borehole Documents ................................................................................... 3

1.2.1 Loading and Saving Borehole Documents .........................................4

1.2.2 Creating a new Borehole Document................................................... 6

1.2.3 Draft, Presentation and Print Preview Modes ....................................7

1.2.4 Document Handling ........................................................................... 8

1.3 Logs.............................................................................................................10

1.3.1 Log Types and Their Characteristics.................................................11

1.3.2 Basic Log Editing.............................................................................. 38

1.3.3 Log Settings........................................................................................61

1.4 Basic Document Editing............................................................................71

1.4.1 Depth Axis ..........................................................................................71

1.4.2 Data Import ....................................................................................... 77

1.4.3 Header and Trailer ...........................................................................102

1.4.4 Templates ......................................................................................... 108

1.4.5 Data Export ...................................................................................... 115

1.4.6 Printing .............................................................................................120

1.5 Working with Logs ................................................................................... 124

1.5.1 Formula Parser..................................................................................124

1.5.2 Lithology Columns...........................................................................128

1.5.3 Using Contact Styles ........................................................................ 130

1.5.4 Color Palette Design.........................................................................133


4/514


www.alt.lu

1.5.5 Setting up Classifications................................................................. 135

1.5.6 Filtering Logs................................................................................... 136

1.5.7 Interpolating Log Data .................................................................... 138

1.5.8 Resample Logs................................................................................. 138

1.5.9 Creating Blocked Curves ................................................................. 140

1.5.10 Zonation of Logs ............................................................................ 144

1.5.11 Correcting Data for Borehole Conditions ......................................145

1.5.12 Computing Well Deviation Data.................................................... 146

1.5.13 Spectral Gamma Processing........................................................... 153

1.5.14 Hole Volume Calculation............................................................... 171

1.5.15 Using the Statistics Bar .................................................................. 175

1.6 Annotations............................................................................................... 178

1.6.1 Inserting and Editing Annotations .................................................. 178

1.6.2 Managing Annotation Layers .......................................................... 184

1.7 Advanced Techniques .............................................................................. 185

1.7.1 Depth Matching ............................................................................... 185

1.7.2 Handling Different Depth Systems ................................................. 191

1.7.3 Using Time Based Data................................................................... 195

1.7.4 Embedding Borehole Documents ...................................................203

1.8 Creating Cross-Plots.................................................................................204

1.8.1 Charts and Plots................................................................................204

1.8.2 The Cross-Plot Workspace............................................................... 210

1.8.3 Building Data Clusters..................................................................... 215

1.8.4 Adding Regression........................................................................... 219

1.8.5 Layout and Formatting....................................................................223

Appendix A.......................................................................................................... 231

Well / Formula Log .......................................................................................232

Mud Log.........................................................................................................243

Depth Column Log........................................................................................256

Interval Log....................................................................................................265


5/514


Comment Log ................................................................................................277

Marker Log.....................................................................................................286CoreDesc Log.................................................................................................293

Lithology Log.................................................................................................303

Strata Log .......................................................................................................316

Stacking Pattern Log......................................................................................329

OLE Log ........................................................................................................337

Full Wave Sonic Log ......................................................................................344

VSP Log..........................................................................................................350

Image Log / Image Log Float 2 / Image Log Float 4 .................................355

RGB Log.........................................................................................................363

Analysis Log...................................................................................................368

Percentage Log ..............................................................................................380

Structure Log..................................................................................................390

Breakout Log..................................................................................................405

Bio Log...........................................................................................................414

Engineering Log ............................................................................................425

Shading Log ...................................................................................................435

3D Log............................................................................................................438

Polar & Rose Log...........................................................................................449

Cross Section Log ..........................................................................................476

Appendix B ..........................................................................................................485

Tool Bar..........................................................................................................486

Borehole Bar...................................................................................................487

Litho Bar.........................................................................................................489

Pen Bar ...........................................................................................................490

Annotation Bar and Annotation Mini Bar.....................................................490

Document Layout Bar....................................................................................492

Appendix C ..........................................................................................................231

Index ....................................................................................................................499


6/514


www.alt.lu


7/514

I N T R O D U C T I O N - I

Introduction

License Information

The information contained within this document is subject to change withoutnotice. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by

any means for any purpose without the written permission of Advanced LogicTechnology sa.

WellCAD software is furnished under a license of nondisclosure agreement. Thesoftware may not be copied nor duplicated in any way or transferred to a third partywithout prior written consent from ALT.

Copyright 1993 - 2011 . Advanced Logic Technology sa. All rights reserved.

WellCAD, CoreCAD, LithCAD, ToadCAD, HeadCAD are trademarks of

Advanced Logic Technology sa, Btiment A, Route de Niederpallen, L-8506Rdange-sur-Attert, Grand-Duch de Luxembourg.

Where can I find my license number?

Start WellCAD

Click Help > About WellCADin the menu bar

The About WellCAD dialog box is displayed and your serial or licensenumber is shown in the Licensed Tobox

Conventions

Numerous items and instructions appear throughout this guide. Those conventionsare designed to make it quick and easy to find and understand information.

Menu names and options are printed in bold type. For example:

ClickTools > Options

Dialog box names begin with uppercase letters. For example:

TheTool Optionsdialog appears.


8/514

I I - I N T R O D U C T I O N

www.alt.lu

Key combinations that you should press appear in uppercase letters withbold type. If joined with a plus sign (+), press and hold the first key whileyou press the remaining one(s). For example: Press CTRL+M.

It is assumed that you are familiar with MS Windows terminology andoperating conventions such as basic mouse techniques: Click (left click),right click, drag and drop. Mouse operations are printed in italic. Forexample: Click on OK.

The above conventions will be adhered to unless specifically stated otherwise in thismanual.

About bui ld versions and modules

WellCAD is under continuous development and new upgrades and patches arereleased in irregular time intervals. Each version of WellCAD is uniquely identifiedby its version and build number. When contacting the WellCAD support team([email protected]) you should provide the version and build number of yourWellCAD application. It can be found in the About WellCAD dialog box that

opens when clicking the Help > About WellCADoptionin the menu bar.

Serial number, version and build numbers are provided in this dialog box. Click the Module button to getinformation about activated modules.

Several Add-On modules are available for WellCAD. A list of all modulesavailable for your current WellCAD version can be seen when clicking theModulesbutton in theAbout WellCADdialog. The modules, which arechecked, are those active with your current license. Please note that when

123456789

Version and build number

List of modules

License number

Collect informationfor update request


9/514

I N T R O D U C T I O N - I I I

running a Flexnet version of WellCAD you will check out one of eachavailable module when clicking the Modulesbutton.

Click on the Update button to collect information about your licensenecessary for a software update or upgrade. Simply follow the instructionsgiven in the dialog box to create the customer to vendor (*.CTV) file.

How to use this manual

Book 1 of this manual covers the essentials of WellCAD and teaches the

basic structure of the program. Every user, whether working with aWellCAD Basic version or with a version in which one or more add-onmodules have been activated, should be familiar with the contents of Book1. It is essential for effective and time saving use of the software. To avoidoverloading the first book with a detailed description of all data container(log) types available in WellCAD, an extensive description of log types hasbeen moved to Appendix A. This appendix may also be used as a quickreminder if you do not remember all the characteristics of a particular log.

From Book 2 onwards each book covers a distinct add-on module forWellCAD and explains the purpose and functionality of the specialprocesses contained within the module.

You will find all books published as electronic version (PDF) on ALTshomepage:www.alt.lu.
http://www.alt.lu/http://www.alt.lu/


10/514

I V - I N T R O D U C T I O N

www.alt.lu

Whats New in WellCAD v4.4

The following list outlines the main changes and additions made in the release ofWellCAD v4.4:

WellCAD is available as 64 bit version. During the setup the user canchoose from a 32 bit or 64 bit version of WellCAD being installed. Whilethe 32 bit bit version is supported by all dongle models the 64 bit version issupported only by short USB dongles.

New objects have been added to HeadCAD. Headers support now dropdown lists, date and time picker and check boxes. Check out theHeadCAD manual for more details.

The palette design editor allows now the assignment of data values tospecific colors. See page 133.

Text Auto Completion is available in Comment Logs. Words you type intoa comment box will be remembered. If you type in the first threecharacters of the same word next time WellCAD will show all wordsbeginning with these characters to allow an auto completion of the text.See page 282.

WellCAD plots can be exported as graphic files in JPG, TIF, GIF, PNGand other formats at a user specified resolution. See page 116.

A Clear Contents option is available from the flying menu of most logs toerase data without removing the log from the document. See page 241.

The Depth Matcher supports multiple reference logs now. See page 185.

The Litho Bar has a new layout and allows sorting as well as keyboardshortcut access to the patterns. See page 489.

Auto Zonation process allowing multiple input logs. See page 144.

Improved user interface for the Alias Table. See page 79.

Improved user interface for the Statistics Bar. See page 175. Grid line options and sinus scale option added for the Structure Logs

(see page 397).

Defaults for vertical grid lines can be set under Tools > Options > Logs.


11/514

B O O K 1 - W E L L C A D B A S I C S - 1

Book 1 - WellCAD Basics

This book introduces basic elements and techniques, which are essential for asuccessful and efficient work with WellCAD. We recommend reading this bookcarefully to learn what a borehole document is and which log types exist to displayyour logging data. Within this book you will learn how to import/export log data,setup and edit the layout of a log chart, add header/trailer sections and print thefinal chart.


12/514

2 - B O O K 1 - W E L L C A D B A S I C S

www.alt.lu

WellCAD Workspace

If you start WellCAD an empty WellCAD workspace will appear on your screen.The workspace is equipped with a Frame control menu, Title bar, Tool bar, Statusbar, Minimize and Maximize buttons and Restore button for the workspace window.The information contained within the Title bar, Menu bar, and Status bar will varyaccording to the type of active document. The Tool bar will remain the same,however, certain functions may or may not be enabled according to the activedocument type.

T o o l B a r a n d T i t l e B a r

The Tool bar provides quick access to the more common commands using themouse. Some of the icons are enabled only if the context is right, e.g. Printis notaccessible if the active document is not in presentation mode. The Tool bar iscomposed of separate components, which can be added or removed from the Toolbar individually.

Frame control button

Menu bar

Tool bar

Status bar

mpty boreholedocument

Minimize button

Restore buttonClose button


13/514


The Title bar displays the name of the program (WellCAD) and the name of theactive document window.

Displaying or hiding the Title bar

From theViewmenu check or uncheck the optionTitle Bar.

Enabling or disabling components of the Tool bar

From the View > Toolbars menu, check or uncheck the desired Tool barcomponent. You could also use one of the available shortcuts.

1.2 Borehole Documents

The borehole document is the general worksheet to generate log charts. It stores andgraphically displays the imported or interactively added data. File I/O operations,graphical editing and printing is carried out on documents. A header and trailersection can extend each document.

WellCAD supports MS Windows multi document interface (MDI), which means

that you can have more than one document open at the same time. Each documentwill open in its own window and will be listed in theWindowmenu.

When a document is active, commands that you choose from the Menu bar or theTool bar affect the document or the information and items contained in it. Theborehole document is saved in its own file carrying the file name extension *.WCL.

Borehole Document within WellCAD workspace

Document window

Control Menu

Borehole DocumentTitle Bar

Borehole Document TitleZone

Borehole Document DataArea


14/514


www.alt.lu

This example shows the different elements a Borehole Document is made of (Header, Titles, Data, Footer)

1 . 2 . 1 L o a d i n g a n d S a v i n g B o r e h o l e D o c u m e n t s

Saving a WCL file:

Borehole documents are saved as *.WCL files using the Save(CTRL + S) andSave Asoptions from the Filemenu. All down hole data hosted by the boreholedocument as well as the chart layout information will be saved in the *.WCL file.You can also select the Close (CTRL + F4) option from the Filemenu and youwill be prompted to save the borehole document before the document closes.

Saving a WCL in a previous file format:

Depending on the version number of WellCAD WCL files are saved in a specialformat. In general WellCAD is backward compatible, which means an older fileformat can always be opened with a newer version of WellCAD. But if you try toload e.g. a v4.4 format with a WellCAD version 4.3, the loading will fail due to anunknown file format.

Header Element 1

Header Element 2

Data and TitleZone

Trailer Element 1

Trailer Element 2

Borehole Document


15/514


You can save a WCL file in the previous format by following the steps outlinedhereafter. Note, that if you have used new log types or settings, which are unknownto the previous version, the file export into the previous version may fail.

From the Filemenu select Export > Single File.

From the file extension drop down list choose either WellCAD v4.1, v4.2orWellCAD v4.3.

Clickthe Savebutton.

Loading WCL files:

Borehole documents can be reloaded and displayed in the WellCAD workspace

using the Open (CTRL + O) command from the File menu. The standardWindows file open dialog box will appear to let you browse for the desired *.WCLfile. Alternative ways to open a borehole document file in the WellCAD workspaceare to double clickthe file name in the Windows Explorer or simply drag the file fromthe Explorer into the WellCAD workspace.

(You can for example load one of the sample documents contained in the Samplesfolder located in the installation directory of WellCAD.)

1 . 2 . 1 . 1 R e a d e r M o d u l e

The WellCAD Reader is a free data viewer for WellCAD *.WCL files. To create filesthat can be read by the data viewing application the Reader Module must beactivated on your WellCAD license.

1 . 2 . 1 . 2 A u t o m a t i o n M o d u l e

The Automation Module allows users who have this module activated on theirlicense to access methods and properties of various objects exposed by WellCAD.E.g. methods like FileImport, ApplyTemplate or SaveAs can be accessed in externalprogram code. It also allows users to write Visual Basic scripts (*.VBS) to automateroutine tasks in WellCAD. TheAutomationentry in the Filemenu is a convenient

shortcut to run such VBS scripts on a borehole document. Due to the complexity ofthe Automation Syntax a separate manual has been written. Please contact ALT orvisit the ALT homepage (www.alt.lu) to learn how to retrieve a copy.


16/514


www.alt.lu

1 . 2 . 2 C r e a t i n g a n e w B o r e h o l e D o c u m e n t

To begin with a new blank borehole document, click the New (CTRL + N)option from the Filemenu. The New documentdialog box will appear.

New documentdialog box to open a blank document

The dialog provides a list of document types that can be created. Besides an empty,blank borehole document it is possible to load a document template of a previouslycreated log chart. Document templates provide already a complete chart layout thatcan be populated with data. Templates will be explained in detail in 1.4.4Templates.

Select the Blank borehole documentoption from the list and clickOKto open ablank borehole document in the WellCAD workspace. The next step would be toload data into the document and arrange its layout.

WellCAD Borehole documents are created automatically if you import data from afile (e.g. *.CSV, *.LAS or *.LIS). Data import, export and log chart formatting areexplained in 1.3.2 Basic Log Editing.

Documenttemplates

Current directorycontaining document

templates

Document

Depth Range

Display styles fortemplate list


17/514


1 . 2 . 3 D r a f t , P r e s e n t a t i o n a n d P r i n t P r e v i e w M o d e s

If an existing borehole document has been opened in the WellCAD workspace, itcan be displayed in three different modes: Presentation, Draft and Print Preview.

1 . 2 . 3 . 1 P r e s e n t a t i o n M o d e

In presentation mode the WellCAD borehole document window displays the logchart in a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) mode. The document is

displayed with header, trailer, title and data section with width, height and all scalesvery close to the printed result. Modifications with respect to header and title displaycan be made using the HeaderandTitlesoptions in theViewmenu.

Presentation mode is the preferred mode for report presentation fine-tuning.

Please note that on computers with Windows 7 operating system deviations from atrue WYSIWYG presentation of the borehole document may be observed. In orderto adjust the display scale to show the true units on screen go to Tools > Options> Display Scale.

Display Scaledialog box to map screen unit to true units

In order to map screen units to true units hold a ruler against the screen and dragthe displayed scale (place the cursor in the displayed scale, hold down the left mousebutton and move the mouse) so that both scales show the same distances. Ensurethat the unit selected from the drop down list corresponds to the units or youreference (e.g. ruler).

1 . 2 . 3 . 2 D r a f t M o d e

In draft mode the width of the document is scaled to fit into the workspace window.Horizontal scrolling is not possible. The document is split into two horizontal panes,separating the log title zone from the data display area. Header and trailer are notshown on screen.


18/514


www.alt.lu

Draft mode is the preferred mode for log data editing and processing.

You can switch from presentation to draft mode by selecting the Draftoption fromtheView(CTRL + D) menu or click on .

In Draft mode the View menu option Auto Adjust Splitter is available. If thisoption is enabled the splitter bar dividing log handles from data area is automaticallypositioned below the bottom most handle and the upper window is adjusted inheight to displays all log handles. This option can be turned off and the user canshift the splitter bar to a new position if the title area covers too much space.

1 . 2 . 3 . 3 P r i n t P r e v i e w M o d e

In print preview mode the borehole document window displays a scaled image ofthe document, as it will print. This non-editable mode is intended to provide a finalcheck of the document before printing it.

To print preview a document, select Print Previewfrom the Filemenu or click the

. As printing (and print previewing) is not possible for a document being in draftmode an automatic conversion to presentation mode takes place prior to the printpreviewing.

1 . 2 . 4 D o c u m e n t H a n d l i n g

Each window can be moved, resized and scrolled as known from other MicrosoftWindows compatible software (e.g. WORD, EXCEL).

You can also organize multiple windows within the WellCAD workspace using the

following options from theWindowmenu:New Windowto create a new instance of the active window.

Close Allto exit all windows.

Cascade to arrange all open windows in a cascaded manner.

Tile Horizontally, Tile Vertically to arrange all windows to appear resized inhorizontal or vertical order.

Arrange Icons to arrange minimized windows.Nevertheless we would like to outline some actions you can perform on boreholedocuments that you might find useful.


19/514


1 . 2 . 4 . 1 S w i t c h i n g b e t w e e n d o c u m e n t s

An active borehole document will have a highlighted Title Bar. To switch to anotherdocument you can either:

Select the new window name from the list in theWindowmenu.

From the control menu choose Next or use the shortcut CTRL + F6.

To make a previous window active use the shortcut CTRL + SHIFT + F6.

1 . 2 . 4 . 2 S p l i t t i n g a d o c u m e n t

When working on large documents it is often convenient to split the window intosmaller panes in order to view all relevant information on screen at the same time.

Borehole document split into different panes

Each borehole document window in presentation mode contains a horizontal andvertical split box.

To split a window into panes click and drag the split box to the desired position.Alternatively you can choose Split from the Window menu and click at the splitposition in the document.

Vertical SplitBox

HorizontalSplit Box

Vertical Split

Horizontal Split


20/514

1 0 - B O O K 1 - W E L L C A D B A S I C S

www.alt.lu

To join split windows simply dragthe vertical split box to the left or right windowlimit and the horizontal split box to the top or bottom window limit.

It is important to understand that multiple panes within a document window merelyprovide alternative views (although independently scrollable) of the parentdocument. They are not separate independent documents.

1 . 2 . 4 . 3 J u m p t o a p a r t i c u l a r d e p t h

To jump to a specific depth or time within your borehole document choose theGoto Depthoption from the Editmenu or press the shortcut keys CTRL + G.Enter the desired depth or date/time you want to jump to.

1.3 Logs

In order to store, display and organize down hole data of different formats in a userfriendly and at all times accessible way, WellCAD deals with data containers of

distinct formats so called Logs. Logs are the key elements of a borehole document.

A borehole document with a single Log (data container) on the left and populated with logs of different types onthe right.

Logs are created automatically when data is imported from files. The type of log ischosen according to the information provided by the imported file or the user willbe asked to select a log type. Logs can also be created from scratch:

Open the Edit > Insert New Log menu

Select the log type you want to create from the list provided

Single log

Document combiningmany logs to a compositedisplay


21/514

B O O K 1 - W E L L C A D B A S I C S - 1 1

Usually the Main Settings dialog box of the new log is displayed next

To see the numerical data contained in a log the Tabular Editor providing aspreadsheet of the actual data set can be called up. Additionally the user can alsoobserve the data values of a selected log in the Status Bar of the borehole windowwhile moving the mouse over the data set.

1 . 3 . 1 L o g T y p e s a n d T h e i r C h a r a c t e r i s t ic s

An overview of all log types contained in WellCAD, their main purpose, data format

and display styles, is given hereafter. A more extensive description of log typesincluding their display settings is given in Appendix A.

The following list provides for each log type:

- A short description of the logs characteristics and purpose of use.

- The format of the data container. This format corresponds also to the ASCIIfile import /export format.

- An overview of the main data presentation styles of the log.

1 . 3 . 1 . 1 W e l l / F o r m u l a L o g

Description:

Single point data sampled at a constant rate. The Well Log is used to display anykind of equally sampled geophysical data as curve (e.g. Gamma Ray, Density,Resistivity, Porosity, Transit Time). Well Log data is generally imported from LAS,LIS, DLIS or ASCII files (*.txt, *.csv) but can also be generated interactively (e.g.grain size curve in core description). Formula Logs are calculated curves using oneor more Well Logs as data source. They are dynamically linked to Well Logs.

Data Format:

Dept h, Dat a

E.g.


22/514


www.alt.lu

Display Styles:

Well Log data is always displayed as single curve

1 . 3 . 1 . 2 M u d L o g

Description:

Single point data sampled at a non-constant rate. The Mud Log data type handlesany depth to value based data. Imported from LAS, LIS, DLIS or ASCII files (*.txt,*.csv) or generated interactively, they are used to display data such as DST data, bitpenetration rates or core recovery data.

Data Format:

Dept h, Dat a

E.g.


23/514


Display Styles:

Mud Log data can be displayed as bar, line, symbol or a combination of the former styles with the value

displayed as string.

1 . 3 . 1 . 3 D e p t h C o l u m n L o g

Description:

The Depth Column Log deals with single point data at a non-constant sample rate.Its data is displayed as a depth axis. The log can be used to handle different depthsystems (e.g. MD, TVD) but allows generation of elevation or date/time axis, too.

Data is generally imported from files or entered by the user. The WellCAD DepthMatcher and Deviation Process tools are able to generate a Depth Column Log.

Data Format:

Dept h, Dat a

E.g.


24/514


www.alt.lu

Display Styles:

Depth Column Log data presented as: Depth axis, date/time axis

1 . 3 . 1 . 4 I n t e r v a l L o g

Description:

The Interval Log handles single value per depth range data. It is possible thatconsecutive intervals overlap each other. Data can be imported from ASCII files(*.txt, *.csv) or generated interactively. It is, besides others, used to display blockedcurve or pumping test data.

Data Format:

TopDept h, Bot t omDept h, Dat a

E.g.


25/514


Display Styles:

Interval Log data presented as: Bar, Segment, Bar Edge Line and Classified Bar

1 . 3 . 1 . 5 M a r k e r L o g

Description:

The Marker Log handles single point data. It can be used to store and displaymarkers such as formation tops, major/minor contacts, unconformities, etc.. Itsmain purpose is to allow an auto correlation and automatic insertion of surfaces inthe multi well module.

Data can be imported from ASCII files or is manually entered by the user.

Data Format:

Dept h, Name, Comment , Cont act

E.g.


26/514


www.alt.lu

Display Styles:

Marker Log displaying data in Top, Surface and Marker style

1 . 3 . 1 . 6 C o m m e n t L o g

Description:The Comment Log handles text in boxes, where a top and bottom depth defines theupper and lower limit of each box. Comment Logs are used to handle any kind ofdescriptive text within a borehole document (e.g. lithology descriptions).

Data can be imported from ASCII files or is manually entered by the user.

Data Format:

TopDept h, Bot t omDept h, Text

E.g.


27/514


Display Styles:

Comment Log data can be presented in different font styles ant orientations

1 . 3 . 1 . 7 C o r e D e s c L o g

Description:

The Core Description Log deals with interval data and is used to present theoccurrence of a certain event over a depth range. The type of event (e.g. fossil typeor drilling bit used) appears as graphical symbol that is loaded from a predefined butcustomizable library. In addition abundance and dominance of the feature shown

can be stored and displayed.

Data is generally imported from ASCII files or can be entered by the user.

Data Format:

TopDepth, Bot t omDept h, Symbol Code, Abundance,Domi nance

E.g.


28/514


www.alt.lu

Display Styles:

A Core Description Log where the symbol indicates the type of feature, the line style reflects abundance and

dominance is shown in the arrow tip.

1 . 3 . 1 . 8 L i t h o l o g y L o g

Description:

Lithology Logs have been designed to display information about lithology,sedimentary structure etc. as box filling graphical patterns loaded from user createdlibraries (see LithCAD). Top and bottom contact styles can be assigned to each

lithology box. The same log type can be used to display non repeated (not boxfilling) symbols in order to indicate lithology accessories, qualifiers etc..

Often two or more lithology logs are superimposed to allow a complex lithology in asingle track.

Data Format:

TopDept h, Bot t omDept h, Code, Har dness, TopContact ,Bot t omCont act

E.g.


29/514


Display Styles:

Lithology Log with box filling repeated graphical pattern (left) and non-repeated symbol ( right).

1 . 3 . 1 . 9 S t r a t a L o g

Description:

The Strata (Stratigraphy) Log has been developed to handle and display chrono- orlitho-stratigraphy columns (e.g. System, Series and Stage) in a single log column.Manually entered text or text and color/pattern fill loaded from libraries can bedisplayed in boxes limited by column width and Top and Bottom Depth. Any

number of columns can be handled. If text found in adjacent boxes is equal it will bemerged and displayed as single box.

Top and Bottom Contact styles can be assigned to each box. In order to highlightimportant zones (e.g. a reservoir) the user can allow contact style lines to be drawnacross the entire borehole document.

Data Format:

TopDepth, Bot t omDept h, Dat aCol 1, Dat aCol 2, , Dat aCol N,TopContact , Bot t omCont act

E.g.


30/514


www.alt.lu

Display Styles:

Strata Log with three columns. Data displayed as plain text (left) and text / color fill combined (right).

1 . 3 . 1 . 1 0 S t a c k i n g P a t t e r n L o g

Description:

The Stacking Pattern log can be used to display trends within certain depth intervalssuch as coarsening or fining in grain size. Data values are represented by the means

of geometrical figures (triangle and square). Besides Top and Bottom Depth the dataformat requires a normalized value (0 to 1) describing the width of the symbol at topand bottom of the interval.


31/514


Data Format:

TopDepth, Bot t omDepth, TopWi dt h, Bot t omWi dt hE.g.

Display Styles:

Two Stacking Pattern Logs showing different cycles of coarsening and fining (triangles) with areas of stagnation(squares). The right log highlights the box boundaries to allow correlation with lithology log intervals.


32/514


www.alt.lu

1 . 3 . 1 . 1 1 O L E L o g

Description:OLE is the acronym for Object Linking and Embedding. OLE is an applicationintegration technology that can be used to share information between OLEcompatible applications. In WellCAD, embedded and linked OLE objects (such asphotographs, EXCEL charts, WORD documents) are handled by the OLE Log.The data consists of individual OLE objects each with a top and bottom depth.

Since WellCAD version 4.2 the OLE Log can also be used to display pictures (e.g.JPEG) as Non-OLE objects. Compared to the RGB Log the OLE Log consumesfewer resources when handling large quantities of data. A picture is not convertedinto RGB intensity values but is stored in its original size. The user can set thedefault behavior of the OLE Log in the Default Settings.

Data can be inserted manually or loaded from ASCII files. E.g. to import a series ofcore photographs simply import an ASCII file providing top and bottom depth andthe path to the picture file as OLE Log.

Data Format:

TopDept h, Bot t omDept h, Ol eObj ect

E.g.

Display Styles:

OLE Log showing an embedded EXCEL sheet and a thin section picture.


33/514


1 . 3 . 1 . 1 2 F u l l W a v e S o n i c L o g

Description:

FWS Log (Full Waveform Sonic) data is a two dimensional array of floating pointvalues. One dimension consists of depth, sampled at a constant rate, the second

dimension usually consists of time in s, sampled at a constant rate, too. Thus, foreach depth increment the log holds a data trace sampled in time. The FWS log ismost commonly used to store and display full waveform sonic data but can alsoused to display borehole radar data, slowness or T2 distribution curves. The

horizontal dimension can be misused and must not necessarily correspond to timein s all the time.

Data Format:

Dept h, Data1, Data2, Data3, , DataN

E.g.

Display Styles:

FWS Log data presented as Wiggle, b/w VDL and color VDL.


34/514


www.alt.lu

1 . 3 . 1 . 1 3 V S P L o g

Description:The VSP (Vertical Seismic Profile) Log handles a two dimensional array of floatingpoint data. One dimension consists of depth, sampled at a constant rate, the seconddimension is a series of station names (e.g. geophones). Data traces are displayedalong the vertical (depth) axis. The log can be used to display synthetic seismogramsor seismic profiles as well.

Data Format:Dept h, RX1, Rx2, Rx3, , RxN

E.g.

Display Styles:

VSP Log with data presented as Wiggle, Variable Area, b/w VDL and color VDL


35/514


1 . 3 . 1 . 1 4 I m a g e L o g / I m a g e L o g F l o a t 2 / I m a g e L o g F l o a t 4

Description :In general the Image Log handles an array of data where one dimension consists ofequally sampled depth and the second dimension of radial equally sampled datavalues (one data point every x degree of an arc). The Image Log stores and displaysacoustic scanner data (e.g. amplitude, travel time, thickness) as well as multi fingercaliper or FMI data. Three different types of Image Logs exists each of them storingthe data using a different data type.

The Image Log Integer stores all values as unsigned integer (two bytes), whichmeans that all values are between 0 and 65535. This is sufficient for acoustic scannertravel time and amplitude measurements or other data where no negative or decimalnumbers occur. Image Log Float 2 (two bytes) and Image Log Float 4 (four bytes)types store data as floating point values, which allows proper handling of negativeand decimal numbers.

Data Format:

Dept h, Amp1, Amp2, Amp3, , AmpN

E.g.

Display Styles:

The Image Log supports three different display styles. Data displayed in ColorImage style is presented as false color image where each data value is mapped to acolor value according to a user customizable color palette. The Shifted Curve styledivides the log track into equal intervals and draws all data columns as individualcurves using the left border of each interval as zero baseline. All data columns are

drawn as superimposed curves if the Stacked Curve style has been set.


36/514


www.alt.lu

Image Log displayed in Color Image (left), Shifted Curve (mid) and Stacked Curve (right) style.

1 . 3 . 1 . 1 5 R G B L o g

Description:

The RGB Log is used to display bitmap data such as optical televiewer images, corephotographs, video snapshots etc.. Data is stored in a two dimensional array of RGB(Red, Green, Blue) intensity triplets. One dimension consists of depth, sampled at aconstant rate, and the second dimension of radial equally sampled data values (one

data point every x degree of an arc). Thus, for each depth increment there is a dataset associated, which represents the full (or partial) coverage of a borehole wall orcore circumference.

Data Format:

Dept h, RGB 1, RGB 2, RGB 3, , RGB N

E.g.

B O O K 1 W E L L C A D B A S I C S 2 7


37/514


Display Styles:The RGB Log data is displayed as bitmap according to resolution and colorinformation provided by the data values.

RGB Log display of optical televiewer data

1 . 3 . 1 . 1 6 A n a l y s i s L o g

Description:

Analysis logs are used to present the composition of lithology or balance betweendifferent components displaying each element according to its quantity (in percent)as graphical pattern. Data is stored in a two dimensional array, where the firstdimension consist of depth, sampled at a constant rate, and the second dimensionholds the series of percentage values belonging to the different elements. The user

can define the number and type of elements to be handled.Graphical patterns are user definable and their storage is organized by the means oflithology dictionaries. Lithology dictionaries can be created, edited and maintainedusing LithCAD.

Data Format:


E.g.

2 8 B O O K 1 W E L L C A D B A S I C S


38/514


www.alt.lu

Display Styles:The Analysis Log supports three different data display styles.

Fixed Bar style:A bar of fixed height is drawn for each depth point.

Dynamic Barstyle: A bar is drawn from one to the next depth point.

Line style: Data points belonging to the same element are connected and displayedas curve, where the area between the curves is filled with a graphical patternreflecting the type of element.

Analysis Log data presented as Fixed Bar, Dynamic Bar and Line.

1 . 3 . 1 . 1 7 P e r c e n t a g e L o g

Description:

The only difference between Analysis and Percentage Log is, that the depth

increments for the Percentage log do not have to be constant. This results invariable bar thickness when the Dynamic Bardisplay style has been chosen.

Data Format:


E.g.



39/514


Display Styles:

Percentage Log data shown in Fixed Bar, Dynamic Bar and Line style

1 . 3 . 1 . 1 8 S t r u c t u r e L o g

Description:

The Structure log can be used to pick and store planar features like joints andfractures interactively and record depth, dip angle, azimuth (dip direction), apertureand structure classes. You can also import the data from ASCII files. Please notethat the data format differs from earlier versions of the Structure Log.

Data Format:

Dept h, Azi mut h, Di p, Aper t ur e, Cl ass1, Cl ass2, Cl ass3

E.g.

Display Styles:

The data stored in the Structure Log can be displayed in

Projection Style:The great circle produced by the intersection of dipping plane andborehole is unrolled and appears as sinus curve.



40/514


www.alt.lu

W

N

S

E

N E S W N

Unrolled great circle appears as sinus curve.

Tadpole Style: Data is displayed as tadpole style arrow plot. The body of thetadpole with respect to the horizontal log scale shows the amount of dip, while thetadpole vector line indicates the azimuth (dip direction). Different tadpole colorsand shapes are used to differentiate structure classes.

Slab Core Projection Style: The intersection line between the dipping plane and avirtual vertical plane of distinct orientation (e.g. North to South) is displayed.

Structure Log in Projection, Tadpole and Slab Core Projection style.



41/514


1 . 3 . 1 . 1 9 B r e a k o u t L o g

Description:The Breakout log can be used to pick vertical features such as borehole wallbreakouts and tensile fractures interactively from an image. The recorded data isdepth (determined from the center of the picked feature), azimuth (position on theborehole wall in deg), tilt (inclination of the breakout axis from the borehole axis),length, opening angle in degree and one or multiple attributes. You can also importthe data from ASCII files.

Data Format:

Dept h, Azi mut h, Ti l t , Lengt h, Openi ng, Cl ass1, Cl ass2,Cl ass3

E.g.

Display Styles:

The data stored in the Breakout Log can be displayed as

Projection Style:A line tracing or polygon framing the breakout as in the orientedand unrolled image of the borehole wall. The horizontal scale is from 0 to 360 deg.

Symbol Style:The picked breakout is displayed as tadpole. The body of the tadpole

with respect to the horizontal log scale shows the azimuth position. If the tadpolehas been created with a vector line (in ToadCAD) it will indicate the tilt component.It is optional to display the opening angle as a horizontal bar. Different tadpolecolors and shapes can be used to differentiate between breakout classes.

Breakout Log in Projection and Symbol style.



42/514

3 2 B O O K 1 W E L L C A D B A S I C S

www.alt.lu

1 . 3 . 1 . 2 0 B i o L o g

Description:Biostratigraphic Logs (short: Bio Logs) are used to display count rates of distinctfeatures (e.g. fossils) per depth interval. The log stores and displays the count rate(floating point number) of a user-defined number of different features for eachdepth interval.

Data Format:

TopDept h, Bot t omDept h, Nat ure, Val 1, Val 2, , Val N

E.g.

Display Styles:

Bio Log: Count rates presented in vertical and horizontal bar style (left and mid). To show only the occurrenceof a certain feature a (user defined) symbol can be drawn (right).



43/514

1 . 3 . 1 . 2 1 E n g i n e e r i n g L o g

Description:The Engineering Log can be used to show construction and completion details of awell. Logs can be presented side by side to depict a diary of construction or drillingevents. Objects such as different casing, cementation, gravel pack, water and morecan be combined and displayed.

Four different kinds of symbol classes are supported:

- Drill Items, they are characterized by a top depth, bottom depth and an external

diameter. They present the drill hole itself.- Solid Items, these are cylindrical items which occupy a volume in the borehole

(such as a packer). A top depth, bottom depth, an external diameter and a radialposition within the hole describe them.

- Hollow Items are cylindrical and occupy a volume in the borehole with aninternal space that can be filled with any other liquid or solid item. A typicalexample is a casing. A top and bottom depth, an external diameter, an internal

diameter and a radial position in the hole characterize hollow items.- Liquid Items fill all accessible borehole volume within a given depth range from

a given injection point (e.g. cement or water). A top depth, bottom depth,injection point and radial position describe liquid items.

Data Format:

I t em, TopDept h, Bot t omDept h, Posi t i on, Exter nal

Di amet er , I nt er nal Di amet er , I nj ect i on Dept h

E.g.



44/514

www.alt.lu

Display Styles:

Engineering Log with drill item (borehole), hollow item (casing) and liquid items (cement, water).

1 . 3 . 1 . 2 2 S h a d i n g L o g

Description:

The Shading Log is no real log type, as it contains no own data. Shading logs useone or two Well Logs to fill the area between two curves, curve and log border orcurve and user defined limit with a solid color.

Display Styles:

Shading Log used to fill the area between two curves (left), between track border and curve (mid) and betweenfixed limit and curve (right).



45/514

1 . 3 . 1 . 2 3 P o l a r & R o s e L o g

Description:

The Polar & Rose Log is dynamically linked to a Structure or Breakout Log. Itspurpose is to display a summary of the structure or breakout data from a distinctdepth interval in various diagrams such as polar projection plots, dip and azimuthhistograms, rose diagrams, vector plots or Woodcock diagrams. The only data storedin the Polar & Rose Log is the top and bottom of the depth interval where thestructure or breakout data has been taken from and a text comment. Multiplediagrams of different depth intervals can be displayed within the same log.

Data Format:

TopDepth, Bot t omDepth, Descr i pt i on

E.g.

Display Styles:



46/514

www.alt.lu

Polar & Rose Log diagrams: Polar Projection plot (left), Rose Diagram (mid left), Dip Histogram (midright), Max Horizontal Stress direction (right, Vector plot (lower left) and Woodcock diagram (lower right)).

1 . 3 . 1 . 2 4 C r o s s S e c t i o n L o g

Description:

The Cross Section Log can be used to display cross sections of the borehole cylinderusing caliper (or travel time) information at a certain depth or from a depth interval.The Log must be linked to an Image Log providing the caliper information. Onlytop and bottom depth of the cross section intervals are stored.

Data Format:

TopDept h, Bot t omDept h

E.g.



47/514

Display Styles:

Cross Section Log data: Superimposed measurements (left), average of measurement (right)

1 . 3 . 1 . 2 5 3 D L o g

Description:The 3D Log displays a three dimensional image of the borehole cylinder usingcaliper information to model the shape of the cylinder and amplitude information tomap colors to the cylinder surface. The log must be linked to Image or Well Logs inorder to retrieve the caliper and amplitude data. The 3D Log itself does not storeany data.

Display Styles:

3D Log display as fully rendered cylinder (left) or as wire frame (right)



48/514

www.alt.lu

1 . 3 . 2 B a s i c L o g E d i t i n g

The following paragraphs will describe some fundamental operations that can becarried out on logs. Knowledge about how to select, position or rename a log isessential for working with WellCAD. More specific information on how to create alithology column, filter and resample data can be found in 1.5 Working with Logs.Details about the functionality of WellCAD add-on modules can be found in therelevant books.

All log types have a title zone or log handle that displays the name of the log andother properties of the log. It acts as a handle for selecting, moving, sizing or scaling

the log within the borehole window.

1 . 3 . 2 . 1 S e l e c t i n g L o g s i n a B o r e h o l e D o c u m e n t

Before any action can be carried out on a log or its data, the log(s) must be selected.

To select a log simply click once onto its log handle. The handle color becomesinverted to indicate the selected status.

If you want to select multiple logs hold the CTRLkey pressed while clicking on thelog handles.

To deselect a log, hold down the CTRLand clickon the handle of the selected log.You can also click outside a log (without pressing the CTRL key), but this willdeselect all multiple selected logs as well.

Log title(log handle)

Log data area

Selected log

Log not selected



49/514

An alternative way to select or deselect logs is provided by the Tracks Selectiondialog box.

To call up this dialog box click the icon or choose the Selectoption from theEdit > Select Tracks menu. Click on the log names in the list to select thecorresponding logs. Hold the CTRL or SHIFT keys down to allow multiple

selections.Note:

If you select multiple logs you might have noticed that the first log selected gets ared frame around its handle. This becomes important if document layout tools areused to arrange the logs within the borehole document. The first log selected will beused as a reference to adjust track width, title height and position of all otherselected logs.

Selecting hidden log titles:

Sometimes log titles are hidden by the user. In order to display these hidden logtitles selectView > Show all titlesor press the key combination

CTRL + SHIFT + A.

1 . 3 . 2 . 2 C r e a t i n g a n d D e l e t i n g L o g s

Logs can be created in various ways. They will be created automatically for you ifdata is imported from a file. The log type created will be chosen either automaticallyaccording to the type of data imported or the user can select the type of log himself,as it is for the import of ASCII data.

But the user can create empty logs directly in the borehole document and populatethem with data (e.g. lithology patterns or descriptive text) afterwards. To create anew empty log:

Selected log names from the list



50/514

www.alt.lu

Insert a new borehole document or load an existing one.

Select Insert New Log from the Editmenu.

Select the log type from the list.

Depending on your selection it will be either the Main Settings dialog box thatpops up requesting information such as log title, log position and presentation styles,or it will be another dialog boxes prompting for logs to be specified that will be usedas data source (e.g. you can create a new Image Log from multiple Well Logs).Details for each log type can be found in Appendix A.

To delete an existing log:

Select the log(s) you want to delete.

Press the DELETE key on your keyboard, select Edit > Delete from the

menu or clickthe icon.

Another way to delete a log is to

Right click onto the log handle and select Delete from the appearing flyingmenu.

Select the type of log tobe inserted from the

menu.



51/514

If you just want to erase the data from a log without removing it from thedocument:

Right clickon the log title(s) from which you want to erase the data.

From the context menu that opens select the Clear Contentsoption.

1 . 3 . 2 . 3 N a m i n g L o g s

You can change the title of a log within the Main, Base and Title Settings dialogboxes. (All of these dialog boxes are explained in detail further down.)

Double clickonto a log handle to call up the Main Settingsdialog box for that

particular log. Enter the new log name into theTitleedit box.

You can also select the log and click the icon (or CTRL + B) for the Base

Settingsor the icon for the Main Settings dialog box (or CTRL + M). Simplyenter the new log name in theTitleedit box.

Click the icon (or CTRL + T) to display the Title Settings dialog box on

screen.

Select the Title part

Click on Text to changethe log name

Right click on log handle and

select delete to destroy the log



52/514

www.alt.lu

From the Display Settingslist clickon theTitlepart to select it.

ClicktheTextbutton next and enter the new log name into the appearing editbox.

Note:

Logs can be linked to each other to act as a data server or they are used incalculations. Therefore each log title is used as a unique identifier for thatparticular log. You cannot have two or more logs with the same title within the sameborehole document even if they differ in log type. WellCAD changes the log titleautomatically and adds an extension like #1or #2 to avoid having twice the same

log title. If you would like to display equal names please display the Comment andhide the Title display.

Log titles can be renamed automatically during file import or when applying atemplate using an Alias Template. You will learn about Alias Templates in thecorresponding chapter.

You can force log names to be renamed using the Alias Table (see 1.4.2 DataImport). From the Editmenu select Rename Logs. An editor window will open

listing all current log titles of your borehole document in the left column. Click intothe corresponding cell in the New Namecolumn to set a new title. Click the UseAliases button to change the names according to the currently loaded (Tools >Options > Alias Table) Alias Table.

1 . 3 . 2 . 4 P o s i t i o n i n g L o g s

Logs can be positioned anywhere on the borehole document. They may also overlapeach other. You can enter a left and right position value in the Main, Base andTitle Settingsdialog box or you can use your mouse pointer to interactively changethe position and width of a log.

You can switch on a snap option to allow a more convenient positioning of logs. Incombination with the short cuts from the Layout Toolbaryou should be able toarrange logs very fast.

Snap

To enable the snap option: Select Ruler bar settingsfrom theViewmenu.

Or

Ensure the Ruler Baris displayed at the top of your borehole window.

If not: Select the Ruler Baroption from theViewmenu.



53/514

Double click the Ruler Baror Right clickon it and select Settings.

The Ruler bar settingsdialog box opens. Select the units you want to measure yourhorizontal position in and tick the Enable snapoption. Enter a number into theColumn Position Snapedit box to set the snap step.

Sizing Logs

If you move the mouse pointer close to the left or right edge of a log handle the

pointer changes its shape to a cross with arrow tips on the horizontal arms .

Now clickand drag the side of the log to its new position.

Note:

You can also use the Layout Toolbarto easily make multiple logs the same size.

If the cursor changes to a crosswith arrow tips, click and drag

the edge of the log to its newposition

Select the unit you wantthe horizontal positionto be measured in

Tick to enable snap tospecified multiple of theunit



54/514

www.alt.lu

Moving logs

When moving the mouse pointer into the center of the log handle of a log the

cursor changes to a bold black arrow .

Now click and drag the entire log track to any position on the boreholedocument. The width of the log track will be maintained.

If you want to move multiple logs at the same time, select them and hold down theShiftkey. Click into the center of one of the log handles and drag it to the desired

position. When releasing the mouse button all selected logs will move to align leftwith the dragged log and they will adjust their width to match the one of the draggedlog.

Note:

You can also use the Layout Toolbarto easily move and align logs relative to eachother.

1 . 3 . 2 . 5 L a y o u t T o o l b a r

The Document Layout Bar provides a selection of tools, which allow the user toeasily move and size logs relative to a reference log. Operations such as Make SameWidth, Align Side By Side or Insert After will be mostly used when arranging logwithin the borehole document.

You can select all document layout options from the View > Document Layoutmenu, but all tools are also assembled in a tool bar, which allows much faster access.

If the cursor changes to an arrowshape, click and drag the log to itsnew position

The Document Layout Barprovides short cuts to mostcommonly used layout operations



55/514

To display the Document Layout Bar:

Select View > Toolbars > Document Layout Bar or press the short-cutCTRL + 7.

You may have noticed that if logs are selected the first log chosen is surrounded by ared frame. The red-framed log handle is used as reference (or master log) for all theoperations explained below. E.g. if multiple logs are selected and you click on MakeSame Width all logs will be become of the same width as the master log.

Making same width / height

Select all the logs for which you want the title box to become the same width /height as the reference log. Ensure that the log you want to use as reference hasbeen selected first and is surrounded by a red frame.

Click on the icon to make the log title boxes the same width.

Click on the icon to make all log title boxes the same height.

Before making logs thesame width

After making logs thesame width

Before making log titles thesame height



56/514

www.alt.lu

Align left / right / side-by-side

To align a selection of logs with the left or right border of the reference log clicktheicon to align them left or the icon to align them right. Or click to

superimpose the selected log(s) to the master log.

If you want to align the selection of logs side-by-side, clickon to align all logsright of the master log. The logs will be lined up in the order they were selected.

After making log titles thesame height

Before aligning logs left / right

After aligning logs left

After aligning logs right

Before aligning logsside-by-side



57/514

Insert before / after

Select your logs and clickthe icon to insert the selection left of (in front of) thereference log. Click the icon to insert the selection right of (behind) the masterlog. The document width will be increased automatically if there is insufficient spaceto place the logs.

Auto Fit

Clickthe icon to remove all gaps between logs and adjust the document width sothat the right border is lined up with the right most log border. This process isindependent from the selection of logs.

If you do not want to decrease the document width you can select the Move Leftoption from theView > Document Layoutmenu. (This option has no icon in thetool bar.)

Stretch

If you want to remove all gaps between logs and stretch all logs so that they fit intothe document you have to select the Stretchoption from the View > DocumentLayoutmenu. All logs will be resized relative to their original with.

After aligning logsside-by-side

Before Auto Fit

After Auto Fit: gaps areremoved and document widthhas been decreased



58/514

www.alt.lu

If you want to stretch logs to fit into the limits given by the most left and most rightlog border found in a selection of logs, you can use the Stretch Selectionoption

from theView > Document Layout menu.

Move up / down

You can alter the vertical order of the logs by using the move up or down icons

. Please note that this option is available only for a single log selected and if logsare stacked.

Before (left) and after (right) moving the selected log up

Note:

The order of superimposed logs can be important as it defines the order of painting.The first log painted is the one at the top. If you want to cover parts of a Lithology

Before applying Stretch

After applying Stretch (independent oflog selection)

After applying Stretch Selection (stretchonly between Master and Log 2)



59/514

Log with an opaque color of a curve shading (Well Log), you should ensure that thelog handle of the Lithology Log is on top of the log handle of the Well Log.

The Grain Size log has been moved down (right)

in order to allow the white shading to cover the lithology.

Grouping Logs

Multiple logs can be combined to form a group. A group title (handle) allowshandling the group like a single log in terms of positioning and resizing.

A group formed by multiple logs



60/514

www.alt.lu

To build a group:

Selectthe logs you would like to group.

Click the icon in the Layout Bar and select the Groupoption from thedrop down list.

The group title settings dialog box appears which allows setting a title and acomment similar to the log title.

Once a group has been build you can arrange the logs within the group as usual. Toadd a log to an existing group:

Select the group and afterwards the log you want to add.

Click the icon in the Layout Bar and select the Add To Group optionfrom the drop down list.

The group control in the Layout Bar can also be used to remove a selected log froma group or to destroy the group (ungroup).

If you want to copy the title settings from one log to another you can use the Copy

Title Settingsoption from the Editmenu. Select the source log first and the targetlog(s) afterwards.

1 . 3 . 2 . 6 S l i c i n g a n d M e r g i n g L o g s

Logs can be sliced, which means that the user can split the data set at a certain depthand generate new logs for each resulting subset. On the other hand the other canmerge logs, which means multiple data sets can be joined to form a single log.

To merge an existing log:

Select the logs you want to slice.

Right clickon the log handle and from the popup menu select the Slice at option.

Or

From the Editmenu choose Slice logs at.

Enter depth at whichthe data set will be split



61/514

The Logs Slice Atdialog pops up. Enter the depth at which you want to split thedata set.

Next the Log Slice Options dialog comes up asking whether to keep the originallog or to delete it after the subsets have been created. The user can decide togenerate a log containing the upper part of the split data set and/or generate a logfor the lower subset of the data.

1 . 3 . 2 . 7 D e p t h S h i f t i n g L o g s

In order to apply a constant shift in depth to one or more logs:

Select the logs you want to shift.

Right clickon a log handle and select Shift byfrom the popup menu.

Or

Select Shift logs byfrom the Editmenu.

Specify what should becreated

Top and Bottom loggenerated after slicingLog 1



62/514

www.alt.lu

Enter the depth span by which you want to shift the data set. As depth is countedpositive when going downwards, you will have to enter a positive value to shift your

data set down, a negative number to shift the data upwards.

A copy of the original log (data set) will be generated and added to the boreholedocument containing the shifted data.

Note:

This process applies a constant shift only. In order to depth match a data set againsta given reference and apply non-linear shifts you have to use the DepthMatchertool (1.7.1 Depth Matching).

1 . 3 . 2 . 8 M e r g i n g E q u a l I t e m s

If log types dealing with interval data Litho, Comment, CoreDesc and IntervalLogs are used, data values of adjacent intervals might be equal. To merge allintervals with equal data together, choose the Merge Log Items command fromthe Editmenu.

A constant depth shift has been

applied and a shifted copy of theoriginal log has been inserted

Enter depth span toentire data set shift upor down



63/514

Equal lithology data(left) has been merged (right)

1 . 3 . 2 . 9 E x t e n d i n g L o g s

Well and Analysis Logs store data only for a defined depth range. In order to adddata points the user has to extend the depth range.

Right clickon the log handle and select Extend from the popup menu.

Enter the new top and/or bottom depth value to extend the log to the topand/or bottom.

The new depth intervals will be populated with No Data (NULL) values and depthinformation according to the depth sample rate of the log.

1 . 3 . 2 . 1 0 C u t , C o p y a n d P a s t e L o g s

Logs can be copied (or cut) from one borehole document and pasted into anotherdocument. The target document can be a WellCAD borehole document or adocument from another application such as EXCEL or Word.

When you copy data, WellCAD duplicates the information and places a copy ontothe Windows Clipboard. When data is cut, WellCAD removes the original data fromthe active document and places it onto the clipboard.

To copy or cut logs:

Select the logs you want to copy.

From the menu bar choose Edit > Copy (Edit >Cut) or right clickon a loghandle and from the popup menu select Copy (Cut). You could also press the

key combination CTRL + C (CTRL + X) or clickthe icon ( ).

To paste logs:

Activate the document you want to paste the data to.

If it is a WellCAD document you can select Edit > Pasteor use the short cut

CTRL + V. You can also clickthe icon.



64/514

www.alt.lu

For other than WellCAD documents the process to paste log data might vary.

You can also copy data from other applications into WellCAD using the WindowsClipboard. E.g. Select a Depth and a Data column in EXCEL. In EXCEL chooseEdit > Copy. In WellCAD go to Edit>Paste Specialand select theTextoption.

Your data will be copied from EXCEL into the Windows Clipboard, which will beused as buffer.

The Text File ImportWizard will pop up and guide you through the importoptions (see 1.4.2.2 TXT, CSV and ASCII Import).

Dragn Drop Data between WellCAD Documents:

Single or multiple selected logs can be copied or cut and pasted between boreholedocuments by drag and drop. Conceptually drag and drop is like using the clipboard

with cut or copy and paste, but it leaves the clipboard unchanged and is a moreefficient way of moving data between documents.

To cut and paste a single log from one document to another using drag and drop:

Ensure that the two documents are visible.

Clickon the log Handle and continue holding down the mouse button.

Drag the log from one borehole window into the other. Releasing the

mouse button completes the move.To copy and paste a single log from one document to another using drag and drop:

Ensure the two documents are visible.

Clickon the log Handle and continue holding down the mouse button.

Select Paste

... as Text



65/514

Press the CTRLkey and drag the log from one borehole window to theother. Releasing the mouse button completes the move.

Similarly multiple logs can be dragged and dropped if multiple logs are selected.

Note that the SHIFTand CTRLkeys have a different meaning while performing alog selection or a drag-drop operation:

While performing a log selection, i.e. Clickon a log Handle:

Simple click selects the log, eventually deselecting all previously selectedlogs.

CTRL +Click toggles the log selection, leaving the rest of the selectionunchanged.

SHIFT + Clickleaves the selection unchanged.

While performing a drop operation, i.e. releasing the mouse button over apossible drop area:

Simple Drop or SHIFT + Drop moves the selected logs to the drop area.

CTRL +Drop copies the selected logs to the drop area.

The Clipboard

The clipboard is a Microsoft Windows built in feature that applications use toexchange data. It can be perceived as a shared buffer. WellCAD is capable ofcopying four different families of Borehole Document information to the clipboard.

WellCAD Borehole Logs Native Binary Format

Although this format completely describes the data and the way it is presented inWellCAD, it can only be read and written by WellCAD itself. It is the preferredformat used to copy and paste data within WellCAD, e.g. from one boreholedocument to another, or within the same document. This format is used to copy aselection of single or multiple logs.

Graphical Formats

WellCAD can copy a bitmap or a metafile to the clipboard. It is graphical copy ofthe Borehole Document as is appears on the screen. This allows you to paste animage to a graphical application such as Paintbrush, Word, Microsoft Publisher,Corel Draw etc. This format is used to copy documents in their entirety, i.e.containing all logs.



66/514

www.alt.lu

Text Formats

WellCAD is capable of reading and writing various text based clipboard formatsincluding TXT, CSV, WA* (see1.4.2.2 TXT, CSV and ASCII Import). As for thetext format the clipboard format is the same as the equivalent ASCII file format.This format is used to copy a selection of single or multiple logs.

OLE Object Format

WellCAD supports the exchange of data using the OLE Data Object format. Thisformat allows linking and embedding OLE objects into OLE enabled applications,to produce compound documents. WellCAD can export its documents as OLE

objects (i.e. WellCAD is an OLE server) and import other applications OLEobjects (i.e. WellCAD is an OLE container. This format is used to copy WellCADBorehole documents in their entirety or single OLE Logs containing OLE objects. ).For more details about these features, refer to 1.7.4 Embedding BoreholeDocuments.

1 . 3 . 2 . 1 1 I n t e r a c t i v e l y I n s e r t i n g D a t a

Most log types allow interactive insertion of data points. That means you can useyour mouse in combination with your keyboard to draw data points directly intothe data view of the borehole document. You can also enter data into a spreadsheetusing the tabular editor. In any case the log you are going to edit must be selected.

If and how data can be inserted depends on the log type. Details for each log typecan be found in Appendix A. As a general rule of thumb you should remember thefollowing:

- Data can be edited only if a log is selected.

- To insert data press the SHIFTkey and use your mouse.

- To delete data use your mouse while the CTRLkey is pressed.

1 . 3 . 2 . 1 2 E r a s i n g a l l d a t a f r o m a l o g

You can easily delete all data from a log:

Right clickon the title of the log from which you want to erase all data. You canalso select multiple logs and right clickon one of the selected log titles to erasedata from multiple logs.

From the context menu select Clear Contents.

This will remove all data from the log(s) without deleting the log(s) itself.



67/514

1 . 3 . 2 . 1 3 C o m p a r i n g L o g D a t a T h e T r a c k i n g B a r

The Tracking Bar is a tool to view and compare data values of multiple logsoriginating from the same depth in a window floating on top of the boreholedocument. As the mouse cursor is moved along the borehole document the actualdepth position will be determined and used to refresh the values displayed in theTracking Bar.

Tracking Bar showing values of multiple Logs at cursor depth

The Tracking Bar can easily be displayed by pressing the key combination CTRL+9or selecting theTracking Barentry from theView > Toolbarsmenu. If you selectthe log titles before the box will already be filled with your selection.

The bar is docked to the bottom of the borehole document by default. If you wishto make it floating on top of your borehole document simply drag or double click

the left or right border to undock the bar. If you wish to have it docked again simplydouble click on the frame of the window.

Adding a log:

The easiest way to add logs to the Tracking Bar is having the logs selected prior tocalling up the bar (i.e. select one or multiple logs and press CTRL+9).

If you wish to add a log to an existing display simply click into the next free cell inthe Log column in order to display a drop down list with all log titles available.

To change to another log simple click in the corresponding cell in the Log columnand pick a new log title.

Removing one or multiple logs:

To remove a single log from the list select the row and hit the Deletekey.

To clear the entire list right clickinto the list and select Remove all logs.



68/514

www.alt.lu

1 . 3 . 2 . 1 4 T h e T a b u l a r E d i t o r

As already mentioned, logs are container to store and present log data according to

the log type in a borehole document as curve, pattern, bar, etc.. The data stored in alog can be viewed and edited in a spreadsheet using theTabular Editor.

Tabular Editor view of Well, Interval and CoreDesc Log

The format in which the Tabular Editor shows the log data corresponds to the data

format of the log type. If you want to import data from an EXCEL sheet or anASCII file, ensure you provide the data in the same format as you can see in theTabular Editor.

The Tabular Editorview is displayed in separate windows for each log and theinformation displayed in the tables is dynamically linked to the log. In other words,if you edit values in the Tabular Editor view the changes will immediately bereflected in the graphical display of the borehole document and vice versa. Thedepth information is always displayed in same units as the current depth scale of the

Borehole Document.

The appearance of the tabular editor can be changed in the default settings. Openthe Tools > Options menu and choose Tabular Editor from the tree control.Make your selection of font style and background color for the spread sheet headerand columns. You can pick different background colors for editable and not editablecells.

To open a Tabular Editor: Select the log for which you want to call up the Tabular Editor.

Clickthe icon, press CTRL+Eor chooseTools > Tabular Editor. Youcan also right clickon the log handle and select Editorfrom the popup menu.

The Tabular Editor window can be handled as the Borehole Document window interms of resizing, scrolling and splitting. You can use the options from the



69/514

Windowsmenu to easily arrange Borehole Document and Tabular Editor windowson your screen.

Most of the cell values can be edited. Nevertheless there are some exceptions. Forlog types requiring a constant depth sampling rate you cannot edit the depth values.In case depth values are editable WellCAD automatically corrects the newinformation to keep an order of increasing depth.

To edit values:

Clickthe cell you want to edit and type in the new value. If the value is basedon a dictionary (e.g. lithology codes) its contents will be shown and you can

pick a new value from the drop down list.

Press the Enterkey or Click into another cell to confirm the change.

To insert a new data row:

Clickwhere you want to insert a new row.

From the Rowmenu select Insert before or Insert after to add a new datarow.

Or

Hold down the SHIFTkey and clickbetween two rows (or above the first rowand below the last row) when the mouse pointer changes to an insert symbol.

Default depth values will be provided. The options to insert a new data row are onlyenabled for log types, which do not require a constant depth sample rate. For theselog types the allocated data range must be extended (see Basic Log Editing ExtendLogs).

To delete a data row:

Click the row you want to delete.

From the Rowmenu select Delete to remove the entire data row.

Or

Hold down the CTRL key and click the row you want to delete when themouse pointer appears as delete symbol.

1 . 3 . 2 . 1 5 F i n d a n d R e p l a c e d a t a

To find and replace data values within a log, display the logs data in the TabularEditor. From the Editmenu select the Find/Replaceoption or press the short cutkey CTRL + H. The following dialog box will open:



70/514

www.alt.lu

In the first line of the dialog enter the value you would like to replace. The secondline should contain the new value. The example shown in the dialog box abovereplaces the lithology code 1288 by the string Sst. Use the Replace or Replace Allbutton to alter only the current or all data values. If theMatch entire cell contentsoption

is not checked the Find algorithm will look for the specified part of the data valueonly and will only replace this part of the value. E.g. finding Sandand replacing it bySwill find the value SandStone. After replacing it the new value will be Sstone.

1 . 3 . 2 . 1 6 C o n v e r t i n g L o g s

Most logs can be converted to other log types in order to use different presentationstyles and data format. E.g. a Mud Log can be converted into a Well Lo