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TRANSCRIPT
Welcome to Fall CE Event 2015�
Basic Vestibular Function, Examination Procedures,
Diagnosis, and Intervention
Mark Amos, BA, DC, DACNB, FABVR
What’s It About? �
� Fall prevention � 6 million people/ year � Balance disorders and dizziness in top
3 complaints among elderly � Falls leading cause of death and
disability in elderly � 85% of falls are vestibular
Who Falls?�
� Over 55 years old � Someone who has fallen and develops
fear of falling � History of head or neck trauma � Should be evaluated
Anatomy and Physiology of Vertigo and Balance �
� Humans have a very complex system to maintain balance and eye position
� The system relies on vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive input
� This input is translated into neurological signals
Things to Remember �
� Intensity of movement determines intensity of signal
� Vestibular system is capable of self regulation of sensitivity
Localization�
� Vertigo (feeling of motion) is cortical disruption in interpreting spatial orientation
� Nystagmus results from direction specific imbalance of VOR
� Postural imbalance results from inappropriate activation of vestibulospinal pathways
Localization�
� Autonomic symptoms (nausea, vomiting, anxiety) results from activation of the vestibulo-autonomic pathways
Visual System�
� What needs to be said? � Get new glasses � Get checked for cataracts � Get checked for glaucoma
Proprioceptive System�
� Moving joints – it’s what we do � Decreased motion = decreased input � Restored motion = increased input
� More later with cervicogenic vertigo
Vestibular System�
� Works with the other two � Weakness in one will lead to
compensation by the others
Example �
� A diabetic patient with peripheral neuropathy
� Cannot feel his legs or feet � Decreased proprioception � Walks by looking at his feet � Turn off the lights and see what
happens
Vestibular Rehabilitation�
� Certain exercises and maneuvers can correct or mitigate vestibular disturbance
� That’s what we will explore today
2 Vestibular Sensations�
� Otolithic System � Linear acceleration � Static head position
� Canal System � Rotational acceleration
Why Review Anatomy? �
� Understanding anatomy leads to understanding of pathology
� Understanding pathology leads to understanding of treatment � The why’s and how’s
How It Works�� The hair cells stick
straight up � The “hairs” are
ion channels � In the upright
position they are closed
� Note the channels are connected
How It Works�� The “hairs”
deflect with motion of the macula or cupula
� The connections open the ion channels
� Ions rush into the channels and depolarize the cell
How It Works�� The hair cells stick
straight up � The “hairs” are
ion channels � In the upright
position they are closed
� Note the channels are connected
How It Works�
� When the kinocilium bends the opposite direction it makes it harder to open the channel and depolarize the cell
� Inhibition
Otolithic System�
� Utricle- horizontal acceleration � Saccule- vertical acceleration � Utilize otoliths
Otolith System
MaculaCalcium CarbonateOtoliths
Vestibular Nerve
Otolith System
Vestibular Nerve
Head Motion ! (+)
Otolith System
Vestibular Nerve
!Head Motion (-)
Bear 1996
Purves 2001.
Canals �
� 3 canals- angular acceleration � 90º orientation � Ampulla � Cupula
Semicircular Canal
Ampulla
Cupula
CristaAmullaris
Hair
Vestibular Nerve
Semicircular Canal
Ampulla
Cupula
CristaAmullaris Vestibular Nerve
EndolymphFlow ! (+)
Semicircular Canal
Ampulla
Cupula
CristaAmullaris Vestibular Nerve
Endolymph ! Flow(-)
Horizontal Canal
Anterior Canal
Posterior Canal
Top View
Anterior and Posterior Canals �
� Anterior canal activates when the head moves FORWARD and lateral
� Posterior canal activates when the head moves BACK and lateral
Lesions �
Cervicogenic Vertigo �� Whiplash or cervical trauma � Affects COR cervico-ocular reflexes � Affects CSR cervicospinal reflexes � Involves muscle spasm � May be confused with BPPV � Subluxation indicators apply
� Upper cervical � Horizontal canal orientation � Cervical mechanoreceptors develop before vestibular
3 Basic Types �
� Bilateral peripheral loss- patient has feeling of up and down head movement while walking, gait instability, increased difficulty with darkness and uneven ground
� Acute/subacute unilateral loss- causes imbalance in tone, vertigo, body positioning, nystagmus, autonomic symptoms
3 Basic Types �
� Paroxysmal stimulation- short attacks of vertigo
Two Locations�
� Peripheral vestibular lesion � Central vestibular lesion
Peripheral vs. Central�
� Peripheral � Intermittent � Motion provoked � Cause nausea � Consistent
nystagmus
� Central � Constant (usually) � Not motion
dependent � Only fluctuates in
intensity � Variable nystagmus
Peripheral Lesions�
� BPPV � Neuritis � Labyrinthitis � Meniere disease � Fistula-dehiscience � Nerve compression � Bilateral vestibular loss
BPPV�
� Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo � Results from head/neck trauma � Medication use � Dislodges otolithis from the utricle and
saccule into the semicircular canals
BPPV�
� 2 models � Canalolithiasis � Cupulolithiasis
� Otolithic debris causes extreme vertigo, nausea with head position
Normal Canal Function�
Endolymph
!Head Motion
Canalithisiasis �
Canaliths
Canalolithiasis �
� Responds well to repositioning maneuvers
� Purpose is to move the crystals out of the canal
Normal Canal Function�
Endolymph
!Head Motion
Cupulolithiasis �
Cupulolithiasis
Cupulolithiasis �
� Does not respond to canalith repositioning
� Responds well to a liberatory maneuver to break it free
BPPV�
� 3 canals � 3 forms � 90%, 9%, 1% � Posterior, horizontal, anterior
Vestibular Neuritis�
� Acute unilateral viral infection � Usually superior portion of vestibular
nerve (anterior and lateral canals) � Associated with GI or upper respiratory
infection � Lasts 48-72 hours
Labyrinthitis�
� Infection of the membranous labyrinth � Often with upper respiratory infection � Dizziness with hearing loss � Gradual return to function (months)
Meniere Disease �
� Endolymphatic hydrops � Overproduction of endolymph � Feeling of fullness in the ear � Ringing + vertigo � Newer information shows correlation
with autoimmune disorders and migraine
Meniere Disease �
� Does not respond well to vestibular rehabilitation
� Intermittent � Episodes may last minutes to hours � Standard treatment is salt restriction
and /or surgery
Meniere Disease �
� Patient will experience fullness of the ear and ringing
� The there is a sudden change as the membranes rupture
� Tumarkin otolithic crisis
Meniere Disease �
Fistula/Dehiscience�
� Head or neck trauma � Tears an opening in the membranous
labyrinth results in new window and decreased pressure
� Changing pressure or loud noise causes vertigo
Fistula/Dehiscience�
Nerve Compression�
� Will often involve hearing loss
� Often affects facial nerve and trigeminal nerve
� All three emerge at the cerebellopontine angle
Acoustic Neuroma�
Bilateral Vestibular Loss�
� Often medicinal/toxic (mycin drugs) � May be autoimmune � May be infectious � May be longstanding Meniere � May or may not involve hearing � Often has oscillopsia and gait ataxia
Central Lesions�
� Stroke/degeneration/scarring � Constant
� Ischemia � Hyperventilation � Low cardiac output
� Possible low blood sugar
Medulla Lesion�
� Habituation is the key � System will decrease sensitivity
� Chiropractic is a piece of this puzzle � Increase input � Normalize function
� Cawthorn Cooksey exercises
Hyperventilation�
� The exception to the constant rule � May be intermittent � Often with fear of falling leading to
anxiety attack � Anxiety attack leads to hyperventilation
which leads to fall
How?�
� Capillaries have chemoreceptors for carbon dioxide
� More carbon dioxide in the blood means more capillary dilation
� Less carbon dioxide in blood means less capillary dilation and ischemia
How?�
� Decreased CO2 means heart and brainstem ischemia
� Brainstem ischemia leads to dizziness and anxiety and panic and hyperventilation
How?�
� Decreased CO2 means heart and brainstem ischemia
� Heart ischemia leads to angina and therefore panic attack over heart attack and hyperventilation
Hyperventilation�
History Considerations�
BPPV VestibularNeuritis
Labyrinthitis Meniere'sDisease
FistulaDehiscience
NerveCompression
BilateralLoss
Vertigo Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Nystagmus Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Duration 30 sec-2 min
24-72 hours Months 30 min- 24hours
Seconds Seconds tominutes
Periodic
Nausea Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No
Specificity Onset withposition
Acute onsetw/ viral inf
Acute onsetw/ viral inf
Fullnessand tinnitis
Tullio orpressure
Frequent tinnitis Severegait
ataxia
Hearing Loss No No Yes Yes No Yes Possible
PrecipitatingAction
Posturalchange
None None None Valsalva Increased ICPFacial
weakness
Drugs
Evaluation �
CTSIB�
� Clinical Test of Sensory Organization in Balance
� Foam Dome Test � 6 conditions
� Help reveal which has failed: vision, proprioception, vestibular
Sensory Organization Test�
� Condition 1 � Stable platform � Eyes open � Utilizes all 3
sensory modalities
Sensory Organization Test�
� Condition 2 � Stable platform � Eyes closed � Relies on
somatosensory and vestibular
Sensory Organization Test�� Condition 3 � Stable platform � Eyes open � Environment moves-
provides false sense of motion
� Patient MUST suppress vision and rely on somatosensory input and vestibular input
Sensory Organization Test�� Condition 4 � Unstable platform � Eyes open � Patient must rely
on vestibular and visual input
Sensory Organization Test�
� Condition 5 � Unstable platform � Eyes closed � Patient must rely
solely on vestibular input
Sensory Organization Test�
� Condition 6 � Unstable platform � Moving environment � Patient must rely entirely on vestibular
input
Positional�
� Head in extension + rotation � Vertebral artery � Cervicogenic � Posterior canal
Cervicogenic Test �
� Patient seated in a spinning stool � Stabilize patient’s head � Rotate patient with head horizontal � Dizziness = Cervical problem � Do what we do best
Vertebrobasilar Artery Test�
� Have patient seated leaning forward � Neck is in extension � Have patient rotate head to one side
then hold 30 seconds � Repeat to other side and hold � Hautant test
Eye Movement Testing �
� Observe nystagmus while stationary � Pursuit � Saccade � Vestibulo-ocular reflex VOR
Pursuit!
!!Cardinal fields of gaze
!! H pattern + convergence
!!Patient should follow smoothly to all positions
Saccade!!!Hold fingers 14
apart !!1-2 in front of
patient !!Patient goes to one
side on command !!Back to neutral !!Go to side on
command
Vestibulo-ocular Reflex!
!!Ask the patient to fixate on doctor
!!Doctor slowly turns head side to side
!!Patient should maintain fixation on doctor
!!Head Thrust Test !!Test VOR a little
faster
Dizziness Simulation Battery�
� Designed to reproduce dizziness � The portion of the test reproducing
dizziness is the cause and then may be addressed
� Helps aid the patient in understanding the cause
Dizziness Simulation Battery�
� Seating vs. standing blood pressure � Carotid sinus reflex � Valsalva test or Tullio � Hyperventilation provocative test � Hallpike Dix maneuver � Lateral canal maneuver � Anterior canal test
Hallpike Dix Maneuver�
� Patient’s head is turned 45º
� This sets the posterior canal parallel to the table
Hallpike Dix Maneuver�
� Patient is quickly lowered back to a head off the table position
� This view shows testing the right posterior canal
� Nystagmus indicates BPPV
Hallpike Dix Movie!
Horizontal Canal
Anterior Canal
Posterior Canal
Top View
Hallpike Dix Position
Anterior Canal
Posterior Canal
Hallpike Dix Maneuver�
� The test focuses on the posterior canal by putting it in a gravity dependent position
� Patient complains of dizziness or develops nystagmus to make the test (+)
Hallpike Dix (+)!
!!Patient is leaned back in the right posterior canal position
!!Eyes will beat upward and right
Nystagmus �
� Will point toward the affected ear � Hallpike Dix will give the plane of the
problem � Observation of nystagmus will reveal
whether it is the posterior canal or the OPPOSITE anterior canal
Horizontal Canal Testing�
� Lay patient supine � Flex head 30º � Turn head side to side � Nystagmus toward the affected ear will
reveal which horizontal canal is involved
Horizontal Canal Movie!
!!The video shows a purely horizontal nystagmus
!!The position places the horizontal canal in a purely vertical orientation
Treatment�
Based Upon Cause �
� Cervicogenic = adjustment � Orthostatic = send patient back to MD � Fistula = rest in bed for several days
until it heals, possible surgery � VBAI = light force adjustment, doppler
unltrsound, MRA � Infection- re-evaluate and VRT as
needed
Hyperventilation�
� Breathing exercises � Lots available on line � 10 breaths/ minute in 2, hold 2, out 2 � Andrew Weil 4, 7, 8 � Work to six breaths per minute � Start 5 minutes work up to 1/2 hour
BPPV�
� Cupulolithiasis = liberatory maneuvers (Semont)
� Canalolithiasis = repositioning maneuvers Epley, Lempert
� ????? = Brandt Daroff
Semont Maneuver�
� To liberate the stuck on cupulolithiasis � Preloads endolymph � Then slams the head opposite � Washes the crystals off the cupula
Semont’s Maneuver �
Posterior Canal Semont!!!Starts like Hallpike !!Turning head lines up
the posterior canal with direction of motion
!!Fall and wait 2-3 minutes
!!Flip and wait 5 minutes !!Important to slam
patient into table repetitively
Horizontal Semont!
!!Clears the horizontal canal by liberating crystals off the cupula
Epley’s Maneuver �
� Specific to posterior canal � Also will clear opposite anterior canal � Starts with Hallpike-Dix position � Moves free floating otoliths through the
canal to drop out into the vestibule � Hold each position 30 seconds or until
dizziness/nystagmus stops
Epley’s Maneuver �
Epley Video!
Vertigone Movie!
DizzyFix�
Bar-B-Que Roll�
� Lempert maneuver � Clears horizontal canal � Put the patient on a spit
Lempert’s Maneuver �
Bar-B-Que Roll Movie!
!!Starts with affected ear down
!!Then is a 450º roll to the opposite side
Anterior Canal!
!!This is the rarest form
!!Patients often have confusing contradictory symptoms
Brandt Daroff Maneuver �
� This is the WTF maneuver � If all else fails maneuver � Promotes habituation � Fall and stay there until the dizziness
stops � Then go the other way
Brandt Daroff Maneuver �
Brandt Daroff Movie!
!!This is used also in conjunction with other maneuvers to promote habituation.
Central Lesion�
� Cawthorn Cooksey Exercise � Starts with eyes � Then head moves � Then seated � Then standing
Cawthorn Cooksey Exercise �
� In Bed Supine � Eye movements done slow then quick � Gazing up and down � Gazing side to side � Accommodation 3 feet to 1 foot � Head movements done slow, then quick,
eyes open, then closed � Flexion extension � Rotation
Cawthorn Cooksey Exercise �
� Sitting � Bed exercises 1-5 � Shoulder shrugging and circles � Bend forward to pick up objects from the
ground
Cawthorn Cooksey Exercise �
� Standing � Bed exercises 1-5 � Sitting exercise 6 � Sitting to standing eyes open and closed � Doing same with a turn � Throwing ball hand to hand above eye level � Throwing a ball hand to hand below the
knees
Cawthorn Cooksey Exercise �� While moving � Circle round a person while playing catch � Walking with eyes open and closed � Walking up and down a slope eyes open and
closed � Walk up and down steps eyes open then
closed � Performing stooping, stretching and aiming
motions
Vestibular Rehabilitative Therapy (VRT) �
� Main types � Gaze stabilization � Adaptation exercises � Substitution exercises
Gaze Stabilization�
� Just as it says � Do pursuit exercises
� Track moving target side to side, up and down
� Do Saccade exercises � Look from side to side, up and down
� Do VOR exercises � Look at stationary target move head side
to side and up and down
Gaze Stabilization!!!Combine the above !!x2 viewing- move target and head in opposite
directions !!OKN plus
Adaptation Exercises �
� For unilateral vestibular loss � Main goal is to restore VOR � Use Gaze stabilization exercises � Use head moving exercises
� Walking with head turns � Walking on foam
Substitution Exercises�
� For bilateral vestibular lesion � No restoration of of VOR (no V) � These train patients to use vision and
mechanoreception in place of VOR � Exercises include 1 leg stand, sit to
stand, balance beam, foam walk � Patients also need balance hygiene
Documentation�
� WHO is gearing more toward quality of life
� Describes how a balance disorder may turn into a handicap
� This underscores the importance of rehabilitation
Documentation�
� The patient perception of the problem is the handicap or disability
� Even the patient who has been rehabilitated with no symptoms may be disabled by fear of falling or recurrence
� Documentation = patient education? � Documentation = psychological
recovery?
Documentation�
� Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale
� Dizziness handicap inventory � Vertigo score card
Activities-Specific Balance Confidence ScalePatients are asked to fill in one of the following percentages for each individual question.Even if the patient does not perform the activity now, the patient should consider theactivity and assign a confidence rating. A rating of 100% indicates certainty thatunsteadiness or loss of balance will not result from that activity. If an aid is usually usedto perform the activity, rate the activity as though performing with the aid.
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%No Confidence Complete Confidence
_____ 1. Walking around the house._____ 2. Walking up and down stairs inside the home._____ 3. Picking up a slipper or something from the floor_____ 4. Reaching at eye level._____ 5. Reaching overhead while standing on toes._____ 6. Reaching overhead while standing on a chair._____ 7. Sweeping the floor._____ 8. Walking outside to a nearby car._____ 9. Getting in and out of a car or other transportation._____ 10. Walking across a parking lot._____ 11. Walking up and down a ramp._____ 12. Walking in a crowded area where people walk rapidly past you._____ 13. Being bumped while walking in a crowd._____ 14. Using an escalator while holding the railing._____ 15. Using an escalator while holding packages without holding the railing._____ 16. Walking on slippery floors or icy sidewalks.
Total Average Score _____ (< 68% = low mobility, increased fear)
Powers and Myers, 1995.
Dizziness Handicap Inventory
Patient Name: ______________________________ Date: _______________
The purpose of this scale is to identify difficulties that you may be experiencing becauseof your dizziness or unsteadiness. Please answer "Yes," "No," or "Sometimes" to eachquestion by writing the corresponding letter in the blanks to the right of the questions.Answer each question as it pertains to your dizziness or unsteadiness only.
Y = Yes S = Sometimes N = No
Physical 1. Does looking up increase your problem?Emotional 2. Because of your problem do you feel frustrated?Functional 3. Because of your problem, do you restrict your travel for business or recreation?Physical 4. Does walking down the aisle of a supermarket increase your problem?Functional 5. Because of your problem, do you have difficulty getting into, or out of bed?
Functional 6. Does your problem significantly restrict your participation in social activities such as going out to dinner, going to movies, dancing, or to parties?
Functional 7. Because of your problem, do you have trouble reading?
Physical 8. Does performing ambitious activities like sports, dancing, household chores such as sweeping or putting dishes away increase your problem?
Emotional 9. Because of your problem are you afraid to leave your home, without having someone to accompany you?
Emotional 10. Because of your problem, have you been embarrassed in front of others?Physical 11. Do quick movements of your head increase your problem?Functional 12. Because of your problem, do you avoid heights?Physical 13. Does turning over in bed increase your problem?
Functional14. Because of your problem, is it difficult for you to do strenuous housework or yard work?
Emotional 15. Because of your problem, are you afraid people may think you are intoxicated?Functional 16. Because of your problem, is it difficult for you to go for a walk by yourself?Physical 17. Does walking down a sidewalk increase your problem?Emotional 18. Because of your problem, is it difficult for you to concentrate?
Functional19. Because of your problem, is it difficult for you to walk around your house in the dark?
Emotional 20. Because of your problem, do you feel handicapped?Emotional 21. Because of your problem, are you afraid to stay home alone?Emotional 22. Has your problem placed strain on you relationships with family and friends?Emotional 23. Because of your problem, are you depressed?Functional 24. Does your problem interfere with your job or household responsibilities?Physical 25. Does bending over increase your problem?
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY: ___ Initial Visit ___ Follow-up VisitFunctional (36) ___ Emotional (36) ___ Physical (28) ___Scoring: Yes = 4; Sometimes = 2; No = 0
Jacobson and Newman 1990.
Vertigo Score CardPosition Changing StimuliDo You Get Dizzy…….. No Yes1. Bending down to pick up something from the floor?2. Looking up?3. On first laying in bed?4. Upon turning left or right?5. When walking in the dark?Subtotal
No = 1Yes = 0
Visual StimuliDo You Get Dizzy……….. No Yes1. Walking between shelves in a store?2. Sitting in a moving vehicle?3. Ironing striped material?4. Walking up or down stairs?5. Walking up an escalator?Subtotal
Total
Developed by Savundra 1993