welcome b ack from spring break! week 12: monday do now

Welcome back from spring break!

Week 12: Monday Do Now

1. Name one place that you would like to travel to.

2. Why do you want to go there?

In a different color pen make corrections to your quiz.

If you finish early, help a classmate

Once you are done, place your quiz in your Test Folder

Corrections to PT Trends Quiz

• Elements are determined by their atomic number

• Atomic number = Number of protons• Atomic number does not change,

therefore the number of protons will not change

Elements

• In a neutral atom…Number of protons = Number of electrons

• However, in an ion, the number of electrons will change

Elements

• An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost at least one electron• If an atom gains an electron, it will have a

negative charge• If an atom loses an electron, it will have a

positive charge• Why?

Ions

• Ions with a positive charge are called cations • Atom will have more protons

Positive ions

+++++++++

• Ions with a negative charge are called anions• Atom will have more electrons

Negative ions

-- -- -- -- --

Lithium with a +1 charge = Li +1

Fluorine with a -1 charge = F -1

Examples of Ions

Normally, Lithium has 3 electrons

3 negative electrons -33 positive protons +3(-3) + (+3) = 0

Example A

Lithium with a +1 charge = Li +1

Li +1 has lost an electron2 negative electrons -23 positive protons +3(-2) + (+3) = +1

Example A

Normally, Fluorine has 9 electrons

9 negative electrons -99 positive protons +9(-9) + (+9) = 0

Example B

Fluorine with a -1 charge = F -1

F -1 has gained an electron10 negative electrons -109 positive protons +9(-10) + (+9) = -1

Example B

Write the number of protons and electrons the element normally has and then determine the new number of protons and electrons given the charge of the ion

*Independent Practice*

Break: ChallengeVery reactive elements are often sealed “under Argon atmosphere” and not in normal air. Why

would they do this?

Valence ElectronsDefinition: the outermost electrons of an atom

Full Valence Electron Shell

What is a full shell?

• A full shell is 8 valence electrons• Elements are more stable with 8

valence electrons• Elements will gain or lose some

valence electrons in order to obtain 8 valence electrons

Elements want a full shell

• An element with less than 4 valence electrons will lose electrons.• This is why Alkali Metals (1 valence

electron) are the most reactive metals. They are very close to a “full” shell.

Elements want a full shell

• An element with more than 4 valence electrons will gain electrons.• This is why Halogens (7 valence

electrons ) are the most reactive non-metals. They are very close to a “full” shell.

“Full” Valence Electron Shell

Noble gases are“inert” or un-reactive

because their outer shell of valence electrons

is full with 8 electrons

Anion formation

Element # Valence Electrons

Gain or lose electrons?

Ion that will form

Chlorine 7 Gain 1 Cl - 1

Sulfur

Nitrogen

Anion formation



Ion that will form


Sulfur 6 Gain 2 S - 2

Nitrogen

Anion formation



Ion that will form


Sulfur 6 Gain 2 S - 2

Nitrogen 5 Gain 3 N - 3

Cation formation



Ion that will form

Sodium 1 Lose 1 Na +1

Calcium

Boron

Cation formation



Ion that will form


Calcium 2 Lose 2 Ca +2

Boron

Cation formation



Ion that will form


Calcium 2 Lose 2 Ca +2

Boron 3 Lose 3 B +3

Fill in chart Circle all cations


Week 12: Monday Exit Ticket

Iodine has a negative 1 charge

1. Is Iodine an anion or a cation?2. Write how many electrons and

protons Iodine -1 would have.

*Monday Homework* Copy these elements down on a piece of paper. Make a chart like the independent practice and fill it out.

1. Lithium (Li)2. Beryllium (Be)

3. Iodine (I)4. Arsenic (As)5. Krypton (Kr)

Week 12: Tuesday Do Now

1. What is an ion?2. Classify the following as either

cations or anionsa. Bromine (Br)b. Potassium (K)c. Magnesium (Mg)d. Sulfur (S)

Electrolytes

• All ions carry an electric charge• Electrolytes are substances that become

ions in solution and acquire the ability to conduct electricity.

• They are present in the human body in a specific balance that is necessary for the function of our cells and organs

Electrolytes

Electrolytes

NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl−

(aq)

(Na+), (K+), (Ca2+), (Mg2+), (Cl−), (HPO4

2−), (HCO3−)

Page R5 in appendix ARead Electrolyte Balance in the Body and answer the following 5 questions

If you finish early, check out the Sodium-Potassium Pump on page R6

• Using the information you have just read, you will act as a doctor and answer several questions about your patients’ electrolyte balances

• Leave your book open to page R5, you will need to refer to Table 1B

Doctor Activity

• A patient comes in with a Na+ level of 180 mmol/L. What should you be worried about?

• Hypernatremia • Increased urine excretion (peeing too much).• What happens if you lose too much water?• Dehydration

You are the doctor

• A patient comes in with a K+ level of 2.0 What should you be worried about?

• Hypokalemia. Gastrointestinal conditions• What do you think gastrointestinal issues

are?• Gastro = stomach, Intestine = intestines.• Stomach and intestine problems: stomach

upset

You are the doctor

• A patient comes in with a Na+ level of 120. What should you be worried about?

• Hyponatremia. Vomiting, diarrhea• What do you think is a problem that

could come from vomiting and diarrhea?• Dehydration from water loss

You are the doctor

• A patient comes in with a K+ level of 6.0. What should you be worried about?

• Renal failure• What organ are we talking about when

we say “renal failure”• Kidneys

You are the doctor

Kidneys

Normal kidney Renal failure kidney

• A patient comes in with a Cl- level of 90. What should you be worried about?

• Hypochloremia: acute infection, burns.• What does the word acute mean?• Temporary

You are the doctor

• Record your answers in your notes

Take the sodium IQ quiz on page R7

Challenge Question:High pressure lamps (used along highways and in parking lots) contain the elements _____________ and ____________ in addition to sodium.

Break

Lewis Dot Diagrams

X Draw the chemical symbol Treat each side as a box that can

hold up to two electronsCount the valence electronsStart filling the boxes - don’t make

pairs unless you need to

Lewis Dot Diagram

O Oxygen has 6 electronsin its valence shell

Start putting them in the boxes.

Lewis Dot Diagram

This is the Lewissymbol for oxygen.

O

Lewis Dot Diagram

Li Be B C

Lewis diagrams of second period elements

Draw Lewis Dot Diagrams for all elements givenYou should notice a pattern


Week 12: Tuesday Exit Ticket

1. Define the term electrolyte2. Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for

Sodium3. What do the dots in #2

represent?

Week 12: Wednesday Do Now

1. Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for Fluorine (F)

2. Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for Potassium (K)

White Board ActivityReview of Lewis Dot Diagrams

Boron (B)

Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for…

Nitrogen (N)


Chlorine (Cl)


Magnesium


Neon


Bromine


Bromine -1


Lithium +1


Arsenic -3


The ion of Sodium


The ion of Iodine


The ion of Phosphorous


Please return all white boards & markers

Lewis Dot Structure & Bonding

Na + Cl

Which element is more electronegative?

Na + Cl Na Cl

Cl is more electronegative.

Therefore, Cl will steal an electron from Na.

Formation of NaCl

Na + Cl Na+ Cl -

Na becomes Na+1 the cationCl becomes Cl-1 the anionThe + and - charges attract each otherand form a bond

F + Li


Which element is more electronegative?F is more electronegative.

Therefore, F will steal an electron from Li

F + Li F Li

F becomes F-1 the anionLi becomes Li+1 the cationThe + and - charges attract each otherand form a bond

F + Li F - Li+

Formation of LiF

Mg + O


Mg + O Mg O

O is more electronegative.

Therefore, O will steal 2 electrons from Mg

Mg + O Mg+2 O -2

Mg becomes Mg+2 the cationCl becomes O-2 the anionThe + and - charges attract each other and form a bond

Break Challenge Question

Write out the electron configuration for the bromine ion Br -1

Independent Practice

Questions?Ask 3 other students before you ask Ms. McCullough

Week 12: Wednesday Exit Ticket

Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for Sulfur (S) and Barium (Ba)

individually and then show how an ionic bond will form.

Week 12: Thursday Do Now

Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for Sodium (Na) and Bromine (Br)

individually and then show how an ionic bond will form.

BondingKey Points

1. There are 3 types of bonds

• Ionic• Polar Covalent• Non-polar Covalent

2. The difference betweenionic and covalent bonds

• Ionic bonds:–One atom steals electrons from the

other atom• Covalent bonds:–Two atoms share electrons

3. The difference in electronegativity between the two atoms will determine the type of bond that forms

• Difference of 3.3 to 1.7 Ionic• Difference of 1.7 to 0.3 Polar Covalent• Difference of 0.3 to 0.0 Non-polar Covalent

Chemical Bonding Notes

• Read the 3 sections & complete notes– Introduction to Chemical Bonding (Pg 165)– Covalent Bonding and Molecular Compounds (Pg

168)– Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds (Pg 180)

• Not all of the blanks are for bolded vocabulary words. You will have to read thoroughly.

What type of bond will form?

Practice Problem A

• What type of bond will form between Lithium and Fluorine?

• Hint: you need to look up the electronegativity value of both elements on page 153

• What type of bond will form between Lithium and Fluorine?

• What is the difference in electronegativity?• Lithium: 1.0• Fluorine: 4.0• 4.0 – 1.0 = 3.0 • Ionic Bond!

Practice Problem A

Practice Problem B

• What type of bond will form between Oxygen and Hydrogen?

• Hint: you need to look up the electronegativity value of both elements on page 153

• What type of bond will form between Oxygen and Hydrogen?

• What is the difference in electronegativity?• Oxygen: 3.5• Hydrogen: 2.1• 3.5 – 2.1 = 1.4• Polar Covalent Bond!

Practice Problem B

Index Card Activity

• Every person will receive 3 index cards labeled:– I (Ionic)– PC (Polar Covalent)– NPC (Nonpolar Covalent)

• I will put up 2 elements on the board and based on their electronegativities, you will decide what type of bond will form

Sodium and Chlorine

3.0 – 0.9 = 2.1 Ionic Bond

Sulfur and Oxygen

3.5 – 2.5 = 1.0 Polar Covalent Bond

Calcium and Oxygen

3.5 – 1.0 = 2.5Ionic Bond

Carbon and Hydrogen

2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4Polar Covalent Bond

Hydrogen and Hydrogen

2.1 – 2.1 = 0Non-polar Covalent Bond

Nitrogen and Oxygen

3.5 – 3.0 = 0.5Polar Covalent Bond

Potassium and Bromine

2.8 – 0.8 = 2.0Ionic Bond

Fluorine and Fluorine

4.0 – 4.0 = 0.0Non-polar Covalent Bond

Potassium and Iodine

2.5 – 0.8 = 1.750% Ionic

50% Polar Covalent Bond

Week 12: Thursday Exit Ticket

1. What are the 3 types of bonds?2. What type of bond would form between Hydrogen and Sulfur?3. What type of bond would form between 2 atoms of Nitrogen?

Week 12: Friday Do Now

1. Ionic bonds _____ electrons2. Covalent bonds _____ electrons3. What type of bond would form between an atom of Nitrogen and Oxygen?

Covalent Bonds

Types of Covalent BondingSingle bond- one pair of

electrons is shared between two atoms

Chlorine-ChlorineCl-Cl

Types of Covalent BondingDouble bond- two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms

Oxygen-OxygenO-O

Types of Covalent BondingTriple bond- three pairs of

electrons are shared between two atoms

Nitrogen-NitrogenN-N

Examples A, B, and C

Drawing Covalent Bonds in Molecules

Steps to draw a covalent bond

1. Write out all atoms in the molecule2. Draw Lewis Dot Diagrams for each atom in the molecule3. Count the total number of valence electrons to be shared

among the atoms 4. Arrange the atoms to form a skeleton structure for the

moleculeEach atom should now have an octet Circle the electron pair bonds. (Each atom wants a full shell of 8) (Exception: hydrogen wants only 2)

5. Draw the electron pairs as lines. These are the covalent bonds.

3. )

Drawing Covalent Bonds in Molecules

Silane: SiH4

Ammonia: NH3

Hydrogen sulfide: H2S

Carbon Dioxide: CO2

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHxHjnS5y5E

Week 12: Friday Exit Ticket

Using Lewis Dot Diagrams…1. Draw the bond between Lithium

and Sodium2. Draw the bond between two

atoms of Bromine

welcome b ack from spring break! week 12: monday do now

Documents

number of electrons

valence electrons elements

outermost electrons

electron10 negative

electron2 negative electrons

valence electronselements

valence electronsdefinition

positive protons