Slide 1

WELCOME

Presentation

OnTELECOMMUNICATION

SUBMITTED TO,

ECE DEPTT. SUBMITTED BY, PRAKASH KUMAR ARYA ROLL NO. 1608214 GROUP:- A BRANCH:- ECE YEAR:- 3rd Yr. TRAINING REPORT ON TELECOMMUNICATIONJIND INSTITUTE OF ENGG. & TECH. INTRODUCTION TO BSNLBSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the serviceproviders role from DoT. Today, BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is the fourthlargest integrated telecom operator in the country. BSNL is the market leader in Broadband,landline and national transmission network. BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5lakh village with telecom connectivity. Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi &Mumbai.INTRODUCTIONGovernments also need to intervene for ensuring fair competition and the best value for money for its citizens.This handouts gives exposure on the Telecom Environment in India and also dwells on the role of international bodies in standardizing and promoting Telecom Growth in the world.

Institutional FrameworkIt is defined as the systems of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic activity and behaviour.country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro Districts, Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA) and Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA).

Major changes in Telecommunications in India

Its began in the 1980s.The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and private manufacturing of customer premise equipment.Soon after, the Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set up in 1986.

Major changes in Telecommunications in IndiaThe Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent regulatory body in 1997 the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to assure investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner.In 2000, DoT corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.

Major changes in Telecommunications in India

With the TRAI Act of 2000 that aimed at restoring functional clarity and improving regulatory quality and a separate disputes settlement body was set up called Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) to fairly adjudicate any dispute between licensor and licensee, between service provider, between service provider and a group of consumers.

Major changes in Telecommunications in IndiaIn October 2003, Unified Access Service Licenses regime for basic and cellular services was introduced. This regime enabled services providers to offer fixed and mobile services under one license.

Indian telecom has seen unprecedented customer growth crossing 600 million connections. India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea.

The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world and the second largest among emerging economies.

Lesson Plan

Institutional Mechanism and role & Telecom Eco system National DOT, TRAI,TDSAT, TEC,CDOT International Standardization bodies- ITU,APT,ETSI etc.Licensed Telecommunication services of DOTVarious Trade associations, Network Operators, Manufacturers, service providers, service provisioning and retailing, billing and OSS Job opportunities in telecom Market, government and statutory bodies.

TELECOMMUNICATION

INTRODUCTION

Computer network A communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or protocols, so that they can work togetherTelecommunication system - Enable the transmission of data over public or private networks (voice, data, graphics, video)

TELECOMMUNICATIONS-VOICEVoice Communications Require:- 1. A source device 2. A switching system 3. A data channel 4. A destination device The line remains open for the duration of the callRequires a dedicated connection Telecommunications - data

Data communications data trafficData traffic on the Internet doubles every 100 days.Does not grab the line during transmissionUses packet switching technology

Ways to describe a networkType of traffic (voice or data)Type of signal (analog or digital)Type of transmission mode (Simplex)Geographic area covered (LAN, WAN...)Architecture - peer-to-peer, client/serverPhysical topology (Bus, Star)Protocols - Ethernet, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)Transmission medium (guided or unguided)

Types of SignalsAnalogContinuous sine wave over a certain frequency rangepositive voltage = 1negative voltage = 0DigitalDiscrete burst of electric energyon = 1off = 0Most phone lines use analog signaling

Converting Signals Computers can only process digital signals

If data is transmitted using analog signaling over a phone line, it must be converted into a digital signal before the computer can process it

Converting Signals

ModemsModulation - converting digital signals into analog form

DEModulation - converting analog signals back into digital form

Transmission ModesPerformance can be measured by the mode of the connection.Simplex transmission, messages can be carried in only one direction.Half-duplex, messages can be carried in both directions just not simultaneously.Full-duplex, messages can be carried in both directions simultaneously.

LOGICAL TOPOLOGIES (protocols)Protocol - a standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission

A communication protocol is essentially a set of codes or conventions used for facilitating communications between hardware and software.

Interoperability - the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even though they are made by different manufacturers

Protocol how it workscommon set of rules that allow different components in a network to talk to each other handshaking protocolidentify each devicesecure attention of other device transmission protocol verify correct receipt of messagesend re-transmit message if necessaryrecover error and re-transmit Some ProtocolsEthernet - a physical and data layer technology for LAN networkingIP or Internet Protocol directs packets on the Internet.

TCP or Transmission control protocol puts the packets in their correct sequence.

HTTP or hyper text transfer protocol is used to transmit web pages over the Internet.

Mobile IP provides IP routing for mobile devices.

Voice over IP (VoIP) - uses TCP/IP technology to transmit voice calls over long-distance telephone lines

TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING DEVICES THE HARDWARE: Network adaptersModemsRepeatersWiring concentrators, hubs, and switchesBridges, routers, and gatewaysMicrowave transmittersInfrared and laser transmittersCellular transmittersWireless LAN transmittersNETWORKING BASICSBandwidth - indicates how much information can be carried in a given time period (usually a second) over a wired or wireless communications link. Measured in megabits per second cdma2000 Radio Access NetworkOutlinecdma2000 network architectureCall processing states and call flowsCDMA evolutionEssential elements in a CDMA systemPower ControlMobility managementHandoffsRegistrationRoaming

Network Architecture

Ericsson

Black MountainUCSDMSCBSC

PSTN

Packet NetworkPDSNA CDMA Network architecture consists of the following components:Mobile stationRadio Base Station (RBS)Base Station Controller (BSC)Mobile Switching Center (MSC)Public Switch Telephone NetworkPDSN as an IP Gateway

Call Processing - Pilot First MS monitors Pilot channel forInitial acquisitionChannel estimationDetection of multipaths for rake receiverHandoffs

Pilot ChCall Processing - SyncPilot channel is transmitted at all times by the base station. MS uses it to lock to Synch Channel toSynchronize to CDMA system timeObtain configuration parameters such asProtocol Revision (P-REV)Network Identifier (NID)Pilot PN offsetLong-code statePaging channel data rate

Sync Ch

Call Processing - PagingMS decodes the Paging Channel with the information received from the Sync Channel. Paging channel providesOverhead messages: systems parameter, access parameter, neighbor list, channel listMobile directed messages: page request, SMS

Paging ChCall Processing AccessMS uses Access channel to originate a call or to respond to a page request.Access Channel is used in a random access fashion.

Access Ch Call Processing - TrafficBase station assigns a forward and reverse traffic channel to the mobile when it is in conversationTraffic Channel conveys signaling and traffic informationWhen MS is on traffic channel it no longer listens to paging channel or uses the access channelMobile Station StatesPower UpInitializationStateAccessStateTrafficStateSynchronizationPaging LossCall originationor page responsePage response completedEnd of callIdleStateInitialization:Acquire pilot channel of the selected CDMA system within 20 secs (not standardized)Process synch channel for synchronization (long code and CDMA timing)

Idle:Monitor paging channel for overhead and mobile directed messagesMove to access state to originate a call or respond to a page request

Access:MS sends messages to the base station and gets responses in the paging channelThis can be a call origination or a page response

Traffic:MS communicates with the base station using forward and reverse traffic channelsPaging and access channels are no longer monitoredAlert with info is used for order messageMobile Originated Voice Call FlowMSBSCMSCPaging Ch.Rev Traffic Ch.Paging Ch.Fwd Traffic Ch.Paging Ch.Access Ch.Fwd Traffic Ch.Rev Traffic Ch.Fwd Traffic Ch.Assignment CompleteOverhead InfoBS Ack OrderOrigination MsgNull FramesChannel Assign MsgPreambleBS Ack OrderMS Ack OrderService ConnectCM Service RequestSCCP Connection CfmAssignment RequestService Conn CmpltRev Traffic Ch.CDMA Evolution (1/3)IS-95A (2G)First CDMA protocol, published in May9914.4/9.6 kbps circuit/packet dataIS-95B (2.5G)Most analog information is removedSome technical correctionsNew Capabilities, such as higher data rate64 kbps packet data

CDMA Evolution (2/3)CDMA2000 1XHigh speed data (144 kbps packet data with Mobile IP)Coding (Turbo) and Modulation (Hybrid QPSK)New dedicated and common channelsEnhanced Power ControlReverse link detectionForward link modulationCDMA Evolution (3/3)1X EV-DO (1xRTT Evolution for high-speed integrated Data Only)The objective is to provide the largest practical number of users to run high-speed packet data applications2.4 Mbps packet data1X EV-DV (1xRTT Evolution for high-speed integrated Data and Voice)Voice and High Speed Data mixed on one carrierBackward-compatible with CDMA2000 1X 3.1 Mbps packet dataMultiple Access Methods

Dedicated band during entire call

Certain frequency, time-slottedEach user transmits at the same time,at the same frequency with a uniquecodeFrequency Re-use Patterns FDMA and TDMAvs.CDMA

AAAAAAAAAAAAADCGBEFEGFBA46 ChannelizationChannelization is provided by orthogonal Walsh codescdma2000 uses variable length Walsh codes for supplemental channel data servicesWalsh codes can be of length 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128Walsh CodesWalsh codes are orthogonal to each otherThe shorter the code the higher the data rate since the chip rate is kept constant

Use of Multipath sin CDMA SystemsFDMA/TDMA (narrow-band)multipath hurtsequalizers are used to cancel multipathCDMA (wide-band)can discriminate between the multipath arrivalsRake receivers are used to combine multipath signals to reduce error rate at the receiver

Power Control AlgorithmCapacity is maximized By having each user transmitting just sufficient SNR to maintain a target FEROpen Loop EstimateInitial transmit power level for the mobile is determined by the received pilot strengthClosed Loop Power Control Base station controls the power level on the mobile by the received quality information. Mobility managementA CDMA system provides mobility:Handoff continuity of the service across adjacent cells

Registration locating the mobile user

Roaming continuity of the service across different service providersHandoffHandoffs between cells are supported while the mobile is in traffic or idleMS continuously keeps searching for new cells as it moves across the networkMS maintains active set, neighbor set, and remaining set as well as candidate setThere are 4 types of handoffs:Idle HandoffAccess HandoffSoft/Softer HandoffHard HandoffSoft Handoff

Ericsson

BlackMountainUCSDMSCBSC

PDSN

Both cells have the same frequencySoft HandoffMake-before-breakBoth cells are at the same frequencyReduces number of call dropsIncreases the overall capacityMobile transmit power is reducedVoice quality near the cell boundaries are improvedMS reports the SNR of the candidate setsHard HandoffBreak-before-makeHandoff between different frequencies, non-synchronized or disjoint cells which are controlled by different BSCs

RegistrationIt is sufficient to know the cell or the region that a MS is active for routing purposesMobile station identifier, desired paging slot cycle, and registration type is conveyedCell/LAC based paging is preferred to flood paging

Registration TypesAutonomous Registration: power-up, power-down, timer-based, distance-based, zone-based registration.Parameter-change registrationOrdered registrationImplicit registrationTraffic channel registrationRoamingUsers that are outside their home area can receive service from another system by paying some additional chargesMobile station can be:Home state (not roaming)Network roamingSystem roaming

Network 1Network 2Network 3System Fibre used in Telecom & Their Characteristics Brief History In 1880, Alexander Graham Bell patented an optical telephone system, which he called the Photophone. By 1970 Corning Glass invented fiber-optic wire or "optical waveguide fibers" which was capable of carrying 65,000 times more information than copper wire. Prof. Kao was awarded half of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication".Today more than 80 percent of the world's long-distance voice and data traffic is carried over optical-fiber cables

Fiber-Optic ApplicationsFIBRE OPTICS: The use and demand for optical fiber has grown tremendously and optical-fiber applications are numerousTelecommunication applications are widespread, ranging from global networks to desktop computers. These involve the transmission of voice, data, or video over distances of less than a meter to hundreds of kilometers, using one of a few standard fiber designs in one ofseveral cable designs

ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabitsBANDWIDTH: Large carrying capacityDISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be "refreshed" or strengthened.RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or other nearby cables.MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.

Fiber Optic System Information is Encoded into Electrical Signals. Electrical Signals are Converted into light Signals. Light Travels Down the Fiber. A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals. Electrical Signals are Decoded into Information.Inexpensive light sources available. Repeater spacing increases along with operating speeds because low loss Fibres are used at high data rates.

Principle of Operation - Theory Total Internal ReflectionThe Reflection that Occurs when a Light Ray Travelling in One Material Hits a Different Material and Reflects Back into the Original Material without any Loss of LightSpeed of light is actually the velocity of electromagnetic energy in vacuum such as space. Light travels at slower velocities in other materials such as glass. Light travelling from one material to another changes speed, which results in light changing its direction of travel. This deflection of light is called Refraction

PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH FIBRE The optical fibre has two concentric layers called the core and the cladding. The inner core is the light carrying part. The surrounding cladding provides the difference refractive index that allows total internal reflection of light through the core. The index of the cladding is less than 1%, lower than that of the core. Most fibres have an additional coating around the cladding. This buffer coating is a shock absorber and has no optical properties affecting the propagation of light within the fibre.Specific characteristics of light depends onThe size of the fibre. The composition of the fibre. The light injected into the fibre.

.

Diameters of the core and cladding

FIBRE TYPES Step Index Graded IndexBy this classification there are three types of fibres : Multimode Step Index fibre (Step Index fibre)Multimode graded Index fibre (Graded Index fibre)Single- Mode Step Index fibre (Single Mode Fibre)

STEP-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBER large core, up to 100 microns in diameter. As a result, some of the light rays that make up the digital pulse may travel a direct route, whereas others zigzag as they bounce off the cladding. These alternative pathways cause the different groupings of light rays, referred to as modes, to arrive separately at a receiving point. The pulse, an aggregate of different modes, begins to spread out, losing its well-defined shape.

GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBERContains a core in which the refractive index diminishes gradually from the center axis out toward the cladding. The higher refractive index at the center makes the light rays moving down the axis advance more slowly than those near the claddingAlso, rather than zigzagging off the cladding, light in the core curves helically because of the graded index, reducing its travel distance.

GRADED-INDEX MULTIMODE FIBERThe shortened path and the higher speed allow light at the periphery to arrive at a receiver at about the same time as the slow but straight rays in the core axis. The result: a digital pulse suffers less dispersion.

SINGLE-MODE FIBER has a narrow core (eight microns or less), and the index of refraction between the core and the cladding changes less than it does for multimode fibers. Light thus travels parallel to the axis, creating little pulse dispersion. Telephone and cable television networks install millions of kilometers of this fiber every year

OPTICAL FIBRE PARAMETERS Wavelength. Frequency. Window. Attenuation. Dispersion. Bandwidth Cable ComponentsComponentFunctionMaterialBufferProtect fibre From OutsideNylon, Mylar, PlasticCentral MemberFacilitate StrandingTemperature StabilityAnti-BucklingSteel, FibreglassPrimary Strength MemberTensile StrengthAramid Yarn, SteelCable JacketContain and ProtectCable CoreAbrasion ResistancePE, PUR, PVC, TeflonCable FillingCompoundPrevent Moistureintrusion and MigrationWater BlockingCompoundArmoringRodent ProtectionCrush ResistanceSteel Tape INTRODUCTION TO BROADBAND SERVICESOverviewBroadband service in growth of GDP and enhancement in quality of life through societal applications including tele-education tele-medicine,e-governance, entertainment employment generation by way of high speed access to information and web-based communication,OverviewBroadband refers to greater bandwidth-or transmission capacity of a medium Broadband technology will allow for high-speed transmission of voice, video, and data over networks like the Internet Currently, high speed Internet access is available from 64 kbps onwards and an always-on high speed Internet access at 128 kbps is considered as Broadband ; There are no uniform standards for Broadband connectivity and various countries follow various standards. Broadband Is...High SpeedMegabits: Millions of bits per second at least in one directionAlways onContinuous connection to the outside worldBidirectionalHigh speed from the home as well as to the homeCan see the home from the outside

BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY:DEFINITIONAn always-on data connection that is able to support interactive services including Internet access and has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256 kbps to an individual subscriber from the Point Of Presence (POP). BroadbandDifferent technologiesNarrowband2.4 kbps 128kbpsBroadband256kbps 8000kbpsLAN1000kbps 100Mbps / Giga Ethernet

NETWORK EVOLUTION - VOICEVoicePOTS/PayphoneISDN BRIE1 leased linesADSL accessSHDSL accessTV & VODCPECuOSP LE GE L2 Ring

xDSLSTBEdge Video ServersGE`

RAS

Internet

B-RASISP NOC

EncodersClass 5 LE+ DATA+ TV & VIDEORSUDLCDLCDial-up InternetHigh-Speed InternetTV & VoD

IP DSLAMIP-DSLAMIP-DSLAMIP-DSLAM

Central Video Servers

Edge Video ServersIncremental infrastructure by way of DSLAMs and IPTV solution to provide High-speed Data and TV & Video ServicesOSS/BSSISP InfrastructureBroadcast TV Head-end

Wi-Fi

+ Video Phone

Home GatewayBROADBAND APPLICATIONS1. Personal Services High Speed Internet Access Multimedia2. Govts. Public services E-governance E-education Tele-medicine3. Commercial services E-commerce Corporate Internet Videoconferencing 4. Video & Entertainment services Broadcast TV Video on Demand Interactive gaming Music on Demand Online Radio (256 Kbps and above)

BROADBAND APPLICATIONSVARIOUS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIESDSL on copper loopOptical Fiber TechnologiesCable TV Network Satellite Media Terrestrial WirelessFuture TechnologiesWireline Broadband Access Technologies In the domain of wide area network access, there are numerous wireline technology options that are presently competing for market share and acceptance These technology options originate from both the WAN and LAN environments and include e.g. ISDN, ATM, switched Ethernet Frame Relay, several technologies for data transmission over coaxial (CATV) cable, and the family of Digital Subscriber Line technologies.

91Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) on copper loopDSL has proved to be an important technology for provisioning of Broadband services through the copper loop. The owners of copper loop have to be given a high priority because their role is critical as key drivers in the Broadband service market using DSL.BSNL and MTNL as well as other access providers are expected to aggressively use their copper loop infrastructure for providing Broadband services through this technologyOPTICAL FIBRE TECHNOLOGIESIt provides nearly unlimited bandwidth potential and is steadily replacing copper network specially in intra-city backbone networks. This is being deployed in commercial buildings and complexes and some metros / big cities having high-density potential broadband subscribers.The fiber based models are future proof as they are able to provide huge amounts of bandwidth in the last mile as well as provide a true IP and converged network that can deliver high quality voice, data and video Cable TV NetworkCable TV network can be used as franchisee network of the service provider for provisioning Broadband services.The cable network was designed to deliver TV signals in one direction from the Head-End to the subscribers homesOperators had to upgrade the cable network so that signals could flow in both directionsOne spectrum is used for the signals that move from the Head-End towards the cable subscriber

Cable TV NetworkGSM Architecture

Network ComponentsSwitching System(SS)Base Station System(BSS) BTSMSC VLR

HLR

PSTNISDN

DataNetworks(Air interface

OSSBTSBTSMSC VLR

BSCA InterfaceA-bis interfaceBGWSOGOSSERICSSONS GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE SCF MIN SDP EIR AUC HLR Switching System ILRMSC/VLRDTISSF MC(MXE)GMSCOther PLMNszISDNPSTNPublic Data NetworksTRCBSCRBSBase Station SystemLOCATION AREAA LA is defined as a group of cells. Within the network, a subscribers location is known by the LA which they are in.The identity of the LA in which an MS is currently located is stored in the VLR. (LAI)

Network StructureNetwork StructureMSC Service Area An MSC Service Area is made up of LAs and represents the geographical part of the network controlled by one MSC.MSC Service AreaMSCVLRLA1LA2LA3LA6LA4LA5Network StructurePLMN SERVICE AREA A PLMN service area is the entire set of cells served by one network operator and is defined as the area in which an operator offers radio coverage and access to its network.Network StructureGSM SERVICE AREA The GSM service area is the entire geographical area in which a subscriber can gain access to a GSM network.Relation between areas in GSMLocation AreaCell

Location AreaMSC Service AreaPLMN Service AreaGSM Service AreaMobile StationGSM MSs consist of: Mobile Equipment Subscriber Identity Module

Functions of Mobile StationVoice and data transmission& receiptFrequency and time synchronizationMonitoring of power and signal quality of the surrounding cells Provision of location updates even during inactive state

Functions of Mobile StationVoice and data transmission& receiptFrequency and time synchronizationMonitoring of power and signal quality of the surrounding cells Provision of location updates even during inactive state

SIMFixed data stored for the subscription: IMSI,Authentication Key, KiSecurity Algorithms:kc,A3,A8 PIN&PUKSIMTemporary network data: Location area of subscriber and forbidden PLMNsService data: language preference, advice of chargeKEY TERMSAn MS can have one of the following states :

Idle: the MS is ON but a call is not in progress.

Active: the MS is ON and a call is in progress.

Detached: the MS is OFF.

Network IdentitiesMSISDNIMSITMSIMSRNIMEI

MSISDNMobile Station ISDN NumberThe MSISDN is registered in the telephone directory and used by the calling party for dialing.MSISDN shall not exceed 15 digits.NDC--National Destination CodeSN--Subscriber Number

CCNDCSN1 to 3 digitsVariableVariableMSISDN : not more than 15 digitsIMSIInternational mobile subscriber IdentityThe IMSI is an unique identity which is used internationally and used within the network to identify the mobile subscribers. The IMSI is stored in the subscriber identity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR database.

IMSI3 digitsMCCMNCMSIN3 digitsNot more than 9 digitsNMSIIMSI : Max. 15 digitsMCC--Mobile Country Code, MNC--Mobile N/W Code, MSIN--Mobile Station Identification Number NMSI--National Mobile Station Identity, assigned by Individual Administration.Mobile station Identification Number. It identifies the subs. In a PLMN. First 3 digit identifies the Logical HLR-id of Mobile subs.IMEIInternational Mobile Equipment IdentityThe IMEI is an unique code allocated to each mobile equipment. It is checked in the EIR.IMEI check ListWhite ListGrey ListBlack List

GSM ApplicationsMobile telephonyGSM-RTelemetry System - Fleet management - Automatic meter reading - Toll Collection - Remote control and fault reporting of DG setsValue Added Services

Future Of GSM2nd Generation GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)

2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)GPRS (General Packet Radio service)Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 KbpsEDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max) 3 GenerationWCDMA (Wide band CDMA)Data rate : 0.348 2.0 Mbps THANKS !