Week of March 23, 2020

Week of March 30,2020

VITAMINS 1

The word “vitamin” goes back to the Polish scientist Casimir Funk in 1912. He was studying a substance in the layer that covers rice. This substance was believed to cure a disease called beriberi. Funk believed the substance belonged to a group of chemicals known as amines. He added the Latin word "vita," meaning life. So he called the substance a “vitamine” -- an amine necessary for life. Scientists have discovered fourteen kinds of vitamins. They are known as vitamins A, the

B group, C, D, E and K. Scientists say vitamins help to carry out chemical changes in cells. If we do not get enough of the vitamins we need in our food, we may develop a number of diseases. This brings us back to Casmir Funk. His studies of rice were part of a long search for foods that could cure disease. One of the first people involved in that search was James Lind of Scotland. In the 1740s, Lind was a doctor for the British navy. He investigated a problem that had existed in the navy for many years. The problem was the disease scurvy. So many sailors had scurvy that the navy’s lost some of its strength. The sailors were weak from bleeding inside their bodies. Even the smallest wound would not heal. Doctor Lind thought the sailors were getting sick because they failed to eat some kinds of foods when they were at sea for many months. Doctor Lind separated twelve sailors who had scurvy into two groups. He gave each group different foods to eat. One group got oranges and lemons. The other did not. The men who ate the fruit began to improve within seven days. The other men got weaker. Doctor Lind was correct. Eating citrus fruits prevents scurvy. TYPES OF VITAMINS Vitamin A helps prevent skin and other tissues from becoming dry. It is also needed to make a light-sensitive substance in the eyes. People who do not get enough vitamin A cannot see well in darkness. Their eys may get dry. This can result in infections and lead to blindness. Vitamin A is found in fish liver oil. It also is in the yellow part of eggs. Sweet potatoes, carrots and other darkly colored fruits and vegetables contain substances that the body can change into vitamin A.

Vitamin B-one is also called thiamine. Thiamine changes starchy foods into energy. It also helps the heart and nervous system work well. Without it, we would be weak and would not grow. We also might develop beriberi. Apart from rice thiamine is found in beans ,peas, nuts, meat and fish. Another B-vitamin is niacin. It helps cells use food energy. It also prevents pellagra -a disease that causes weakness, reddish skin and stomach problems. Niacin is found in meat, fish and green vegetables. Vitamin B-12 helps produce red blood cells. It is found naturally in foods such as eggs, meat, fish and milk products. It also helps babies of pregnant mothers before they

are born . Vitamin B-12 is found in green leafy vegetables and other foods and citrus fruits. In some countries, it is added to products like bread. Vitamin C is needed for strong bones and teeth, and for healthy blood. It also helps wounds heal quickly. Because our body stores little vitamin C we must get it every day in foods such as citrus fruits, tomatoes and cabbage.

VITAMINS 2

Vitamin D helps make calcium in the blood. Calcium is needed for nerve and muscle cells to work normally. It also is needed to build strong bones. Ultraviolet light from the sun changes a substance in the skin into vitamin D. Fish liver oil also contains vitamin D. In some countries, milk producers add vitamin D to milk so children will get enough. Vitamin K is needed for healthy blood. It thickens the blood around a cut to stop bleeding. Bacteria in the intestines normally produce vitamin K. It can also be found in pork products, liver and in vegetables like cabbage, and spinach. Some people fear they do not get enough vitamins from the foods they eat. So they take products with large amounts of vitamins. They think these products or vitamin supplements will improve their health and protect them from disease. Experts note that taking too much of some vitamins can be harmful. People should be sure to discuss what vitamins they take with their doctors. This is because some vitamins can cause harmful effects when mixed with medicines.

Words

amount =how much of something bean =green or yellow seeds that come from a

climbing plant and are used as food beriberi = a disease of the nerves that you get if

you don't get enough vitamins bleeding = when you lose blood form your body cabbage = a large round vegetable with thick

green and purple leaves cause =lead to contain = have cure = to make an illness go away develop = grow discover = to find for the first time disease = illness fail = here: not to do something harmful= dangerous heal= to grow back together improve = to get better intestine = the long tube in your body through

which food passes after it goes through your stomach

investigate = to try to find out how something works or the cause of something

involve = here: to be a part of something leafy = looks like a leaf lemon = a fruit with a hard yellow skin ; it is sour

light-sensitive =it reacts to very small changes of light necessary = very important and needed nervous system =all of your nerves in the body, brain

and back with which your body feels pain; your movements are controlled here

note = say pea = round green seed that can be cooked and eaten

as a vegetable pork = meat from a pig prevent = to stop something from happening scientist =a person who is trained in science scurvy = a disease that you get by not eating food that

gas vitamin C spinach = a vegetable with large dark green leaves starchy =food that has carbohydrates in it or a

substance which gives you energy store = to keep something in a place and get it when

you need it substance =material thicken = to make thicker tissue = parts of the body that exist between or join

organs and other body parts vitamin supplement = something that you take that

has the same effects as if you ate food with real vitamins

wound =an injury to your body

VITAMINS– EXERCISES 1

1 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN YOUR OWN WORDS ! Who discovered what later turned out to be vitamins ? ____________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

How many vitamins do we know today? __________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Describe beriberi and scurvy ! _________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Where can the following vitamins be found and what part of the body do they help?

VITAMIN FOOD THAT THEY ARE IN EFFECTS ON YOU BODY

Vitamin A

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B12

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Vitamin K

2 EXPLAIN IN ENGLISH !

discover ____________________________________________________________________

intestine ____________________________________________________________________

investigate __________________________________________________________________

lemon ______________________________________________________________________

necessary ___________________________________________________________________

store _______________________________________________________________________

tissue ______________________________________________________________________

supplements _________________________________________________________________

VITAMINS– EXERCISES 2

3 TRUE OR FALSE

T F

Vitamins cause chemical changes in cells

Scurvy can be cured by eating oranges and lemons.

People who do not get enough vitamin A have problems with their nervous system

Vitamin B 1 changes starchy food into energy

Vitamin B 12 helps produce white blood cells.

Our body can store a lot of vitamin C in it

We need vitamin D to get healthy bones

Vitamin K helps to make blood thicker

Everybody needs vitamin supplements.

4 MATCH THE WORDS WITH THE DEFINITIONS

A cabbage to stop something from happening

B involve meat from a pig

C pork round green seed that can be cooked and eaten as a vegetable

D prevent large round vegetable with thick green and purple leaves

E spinach to keep something in a place and get it when you need it

F store long tube in your body through which food passes after it goes through your stomach

G pea to be a part of something

H intestine vegetable with dark green leaves

Week of April 27, 2020

Name: Class: Date:

THE SIX ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS (PLUS ONE!) Why We Need to Eat Your body needs to eat food every day. There are two reasons for this: food gives you materials for growing and repairing body tissues. Food also provides you with energy. Nutrients are the substances in food that your body needs to carry out its normal functions. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fiber, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. Although fiber is not considered a nutrient, it is still important and therefore included in this reading! The Seven Essential Nutrients

Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy. There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates, or sugars, are found in fruits, milk, and table sugar. Complex carbohydrates, or starches, are found in breads, potatoes, rice, cereals, fruit, and vegetables.

Fiber is a special complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested by the body. Though not technically a nutrient, it is still vital for health. Fiber is the tough, stringy part of raw fruit and vegetables, whole wheat, and other whole grains. Fiber is used to help digestion and carry waste out of the body.

Fats (also called lipids) are used by the body to store energy, form cell membranes and for insulation. Fats can be either solid at room temperature (called fats) or liquid (called oils). Foods rich in fats include butter, oil, cheese, meats and some dairy products, like ice cream and milk.

Proteins are used mainly as a building blocks for the body for growth and repair. Proteins are made up of long chains of smaller molecules called amino acids, much like beads on a necklace. Proteins are found in meat, fish, cheese, eggs, beans and dairy products.

Vitamins are nutrients whose main use is to help regulate body functions. Vitamins are only needed in small amounts, but they are very important. Examples of vitamins include vitamin A, B, C, D, E and K. Foods rich in vitamins include fruit, vegetables and dairy products. Some vitamins, such as vitamin C and B, need to be taken in daily. Others, including A, D, E, and K are stored by your body.

Minerals help control important chemical reactions in the body. Like vitamins, minerals are only needed in small amounts. Examples of minerals include iron, calcium and iodine. In all, your body needs 17 minerals every day. Foods rich in minerals include milk, salt, spinach, fruits and vegetables. Water is the most important nutrient because the body uses it to help with all chemical reactions, as well as to help digest food. You might be able to live for weeks without food, but you would only last several days without water. Your body needs about 1.80 L of water a day, which is equal to 8 medium sized glasses. Besides liquid water, foods rich in water include fruits, vegetables, soups, juices and dairy products.

REVIEW - THE SIX ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS (PLUS ONE!)

1. What are the two main reasons why organisms need to eat?

2. Fill in the data table below to summarize the six essential nutrients and their uses.

Nutrient Main Use in The Body: Foods Rich in This Nutrient:

Carbohydrates

Fats / Lipids

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

Fiber (not technically

a nutrient)

Week of April 27, 2020

Name: Class: Date:

THE SIX ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS (PLUS ONE!) Why We Need to Eat Your body needs to eat food every day. There are two reasons for this: food gives you materials for growing and repairing body tissues. Food also provides you with energy. Nutrients are the substances in food that your body needs to carry out its normal functions. There are six essential nutrients: carbohydrates, fiber, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. Although fiber is not considered a nutrient, it is still important and therefore included in this reading! The Seven Essential Nutrients

Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy. There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates, or sugars, are found in fruits, milk, and table sugar. Complex carbohydrates, or starches, are found in breads, potatoes, rice, cereals, fruit, and vegetables.

Fiber is a special complex carbohydrate that cannot be digested by the body. Though not technically a nutrient, it is still vital for health. Fiber is the tough, stringy part of raw fruit and vegetables, whole wheat, and other whole grains. Fiber is used to help digestion and carry waste out of the body.

Fats (also called lipids) are used by the body to store energy, form cell membranes and for insulation. Fats can be either solid at room temperature (called fats) or liquid (called oils). Foods rich in fats include butter, oil, cheese, meats and some dairy products, like ice cream and milk.

Proteins are used mainly as a building blocks for the body for growth and repair. Proteins are made up of long chains of smaller molecules called amino acids, much like beads on a necklace. Proteins are found in meat, fish, cheese, eggs, beans and dairy products.

Vitamins are nutrients whose main use is to help regulate body functions. Vitamins are only needed in small amounts, but they are very important. Examples of vitamins include vitamin A, B, C, D, E and K. Foods rich in vitamins include fruit, vegetables and dairy products. Some vitamins, such as vitamin C and B, need to be taken in daily. Others, including A, D, E, and K are stored by your body.

Minerals help control important chemical reactions in the body. Like vitamins, minerals are only needed in small amounts. Examples of minerals include iron, calcium and iodine. In all, your body needs 17 minerals every day. Foods rich in minerals include milk, salt, spinach, fruits and vegetables. Water is the most important nutrient because the body uses it to help with all chemical reactions, as well as to help digest food. You might be able to live for weeks without food, but you would only last several days without water. Your body needs about 1.80 L of water a day, which is equal to 8 medium sized glasses. Besides liquid water, foods rich in water include fruits, vegetables, soups, juices and dairy products.

REVIEW - THE SIX ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS (PLUS ONE!)

1. What are the two main reasons why organisms need to eat?

2. Fill in the data table below to summarize the six essential nutrients and their uses.

Nutrient Main Use in The Body: Foods Rich in This Nutrient:

Carbohydrates

Fats / Lipids

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

Fiber (not technically

a nutrient)