week 2: class 1 - esl level 6 class...
TRANSCRIPT
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Week 2: Class 1
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ESL Level 6 Week 2: Class 1
• Unit 1, 2 & 3 Quiz practice review
• Unit 4 Modals
• Tomorrow CASAS Test
• Thursday Sub
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Practice Quiz
• In general, the quiz demonstrated the need to move through sections at a slower pace.
• Lets use the handout and review answers
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Unit 4 Modals Degrees of Necessity
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Unit 4 Modals to Express Degrees of Necessity
• Learning Outcomes
• Express necessity or lack of necessity
• Indentify suggestions made in a conversation
• Recognize an author’s attitude in an article about cultural differences
• Discuss cultural differences and correct behavior in different cultures
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Think. Pair. Share
• Write down answers to these questions:
– What is polite in your culture?
– What is impolite?
– How is it different in the United States?
• Discuss your answers with your partner.
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Read the article: What We Should and Shouldn’t Have Done With your group, discuss the words in blue. What kind of words or phrases are they?
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Exercises A, B & C
• Complete section A & B
• Discuss your answers with your table.
– What is the evidence for your answer?
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Modals of Necessity
1. In your groups, create sentences about cultural rules in your culture using the five categories
2. Write sentences onto post-its
3. Place your post-its on the appropriate sheet for the degree of necessity category
Example: You don’t have to take off your shoes in someone’s house in the United States (no obligation)
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Modals Of Necessity
• Modals are auxiliary verbs
– Auxiliary-helping another verb by expressing a obligations, advice, expectations, and suggestions.
• Simple modals (modal + base form) ex. I could take, we should get
• Perfect modals (modal + have + past participle) ex. We could have brought
• Modal-like:
– Have to, have got to (similar to must)
– Ought to, be supposed to (similar to should)
– Be allowed to (similar to may, can)
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Strong Necessity
• Must (more formal)
• Have to (all situations
• Have got to (informal)
– Past necessity: don’t use must have + past participle
– Ex. We must have left We had to leave
– Have got to is rarely used in the negative, use don’t have to
– Ex. We haven’t got to leave yet We don’t have to leave yet
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Lack of Necessity or Prohibition
• Must not
• Don’t/doesn’t have to
• Past: didn’t have to
• Must = have to
• Must not = don’t have to
– Ex. We mustn't go back to that place
– Not the same as We don’t have to go back to that place
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Advice • Both mean “it would be a good idea to” or “It’s the right thing to do”
• Should
– Used more often in questions and negatives
– Should we go?
– No, you shouldn’t.
• Ought to
• We ought to bring flowers.
• Past:
– Should have/ought to have indicates advice about something that did not happen (we should have brought flowers)
– should have done/ought not to have indicates advice about that something did happen (We should have done that last time)
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Warnings
• Had better
– Warning that something bad or negative will happen if advice isn’t followed
– You had better slow down (stronger than should or ought to)
– Hadn’t you better stop talking about this? (questions use the negative usually)
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Expectations
• Be supposed to (present and past) ex. You are supposed to
– Past affirmative suggests that it didn’t happen Past negative suggests that it did happen (you were supposed to bring your book, you weren’t supposed to bring your book)
• Be to
– You are not to ask any questions.
– More formal/strong expectation
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Suggestions
• Polite, not too strong suggestions
– Could (more common)
– Might
• Suggestions about the Past (make a guess about the past)
– Could have
– Might have
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Pronunciation Notes: Shoulda, Coulda, Woulda
• Listen to how words are often reduced in rapid speech
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Exercises 1 & 2