week 1...categorizing categorizing helps you place facts and information into groups that have the...

Middle School Social Studies Grade 8

U.S. History to 1877

2019 – 2020

Extended Spring Break

Instructional Packet

WEEK 1

PDF PROOFProgram: DOPA_TX Component: RESG

Vendor: Six Red Marbles Grade: Middle School TX

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Exploring Social Studiesnetw rks

Terms to Know cause an action that leads to an eventeffect the result of an actioninference something we assume based on what appears to be true.conclusion a logical explanation that is based on known factsidentify to findgeneralizations statements that are generally true, based on the facts availablecreate to make something new or originalplagiarize to present someone else’s ideas or words as your own

ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do we learn about the past?

Lesson 5 Social Studies Skills

What do you know?Before you read, decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write a T or an F before each one. After you read, look at your answers again. Were they right or wrong?

1. Social studies skills help students organize and analyze information and ideas.

2. Facts are things that can be proven to be true.

3. Inferences and conclusions are the same thing.

4. There is no set process to help you solve a problem or make a decision.

5. We communicate information in three main ways—writing, speaking, and visually.

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Explaining1. What can you use

critical thinking skills for as you study U.S. history?

Analyzing2. How does an effect

relate to a cause?

Contrasting3. How are facts

different from opinions?

Defining4. What is an

inference?

Marking the Text

5. Highlight in your text what sequencing means.

Critical Thinking SkillsGuiding Question How can social studies skills help students organize and analyze information and ideas? This table has some social studies skills you will use as you study U.S. history. Historians use them to analyze, explain, and find patterns in the history. You can use them for the same purposes.

Skill ExplanationIdentifying Cause and Effect

A cause is an action that leads to an event. An effect is the result of that action.

Making Predictions

To analyze information, think about what might happen next. To predict what might happen in the future, use what you know about how causes in the past led to certain effects.

Distinguishing Fact from Opinion

Facts are things that can be proven to be true. Opinions are statements of belief about something. Opinions can be argued. Facts cannot.

Drawing Inferences and Conclusions

An inference is something we think based on what seems to be true. A conclusion is a logical explanation based on known facts.

Comparing and Contrasting

When you compare two or more things, you identify, or find, what is alike or much the same about them. When you contrast, you look at the ways in which they are different.

Sequencing Sequencing means putting events in the order in which they happened. You can go by the dates of the events or just put the first event first, the second event second, and so on.

Lesson 5 Social Studies Skills, Continued




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Defining6. What are

generalizations?

Reading Progress Check

7. Which skill helps identify similarities in two or more things?

Marking the Text

8. Underline in the text what you can use to make it easier for you to make decisions and solve problems.

Summarizing9. Write a short

summary of the decision making process.

Identifying10. What is the first step

in solving a problem?

Skill ExplanationFinding the Main Idea

When you look for the main idea of something, you look for the most important idea. Supporting details explain the main idea further.

Summarizing When you summarize, you shrink the important content into short, simple form.

Categorizing Categorizing helps you place facts and information into groups that have the same features.

Making Generalizations

Generalizations are statements that usually are true, based on what facts you have.

Problem-Solving SkillsGuiding Question How are decision making and problem solving similar? A set process, or a series of steps, can help you make decisions and solve problems.Making Decisions: Decision making should follow a process like this one:

• Find out if others should help make the decision.• Gather information to help you make the decision. • Identify options (choices). • Think about each option and guess its results. • Choose the best option. • Put your decision into action.

Solving Problems: This process should help you solve a problem:

• Identify the problem. • Gather information about the problem. • List and consider solutions.• Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each

possible solution. • Choose a solution and put it into action.





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Making Connections

11. Why is it important to ask questions about the author, the Web site, and the point of view when you research a topic on the Internet?


12. Why is it important to decide what you want to find out before beginning your research?

Listing13. List the skills that

make writing good.

Determining Word Meaning

14. What does it mean to plagiarize?


Doing Research: When you research a topic, you must figure out what you want or need to learn about it.

• Create six questions to help you find out the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the topic.

• Gather your research materials. Begin with encyclopedias and textbooks, your notes from class, or the Internet.

• If you use the Internet, ask yourself these questions: 1) Is the information about the author, or writer, clear? 2) Can you easily find out who is responsible for the Web site? 3) Has the Web site been updated recently? 4) Does the writing show a bias toward one point of view?

• Organize the information. Use outlines and reports.• Interpret, or assign meaning to, the information. The

way an outline or report is set up can help you interpret how important different pieces of information are.

Writing and Communication SkillsGuiding Question How do we communicate information?We communicate information in three main ways—writing, speaking, and visually.Writing Skills: Good writing uses correct grammar to express the writer’s ideas and information. All words are used properly and spelled correctly. Sentences are complete and properly punctuated. Sentences are short enough to be understood and are organized in paragraphs. A paragraph is a group of sentences about one idea or topic. The work must be the writer’s own words. To present the ideas or words of another person as if they are your own is to plagiarize. Here are some hints to help you make sure you do not plagiarize:

• Put information in your own words.• If you restate an opinion from something you read,

note who the author is. • Always include a footnote when you use a direct

quotation from another author.




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Marking the Text

15. Underline in your text the definition of bibliography.

Identifying16. What two things

does writing a good paragraph involve?

Explaining17. What should

sentences to support the main idea in a paragraph do?

Drawing Conclusions

18. What might happen if you do not check your finished writing?

You may have to include a bibliography with your report. A bibliography is a list of the sources you used to do your research. List the sources in alphabetical order at the end of your report. Make sure that each source you list includes this information:

• the author of the source• the title of the source• the publisher of the source or the Web site and

Internet address (URL) where it can be found• the date the source was published or that you used the

Web siteWriting a Paragraph: Writing a good paragraph involves two things. 1) stating information clearly, 2) arranging the information in a logical order. Follow these steps to write a good paragraph.

• Decide on the main point you want the paragraph to express. Write the idea in a sentence. This sentence will become the topic sentence or main idea of the paragraph.

• Write sentences to support the main idea. They should add information that explains or tells more about the main idea. They may be facts, examples, or reasons. Arrange the sentences in a logical order.

Use words like next, then, also, finally, because, however, and as a result to link sentences in the paragraph or link one paragraph to another.Good Writing Checklist: Check your finished writing to make sure there are no mistakes. Ask yourself these questions:

• Have I avoided run-on sentences and sentence fragments?

• Have I punctuated sentences correctly?• Have I used every word correctly? • Have I used social studies vocabulary correctly?• Do verbs and subjects agree?• Have I spelled every word correctly? • Are my paragraphs clear and arranged in a logical order?• Are the words my own?





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Comparing19. What do good voice

presentations and good writing have in common?


20. What are the elements of a good paragraph?

Creating Presentations: Good voice presentations use some of the same skills as good writing. When you are giving a speech, an oral report, or other presentation your grammar should be correct. Your sentences should be complete and short. They also should be in an order that makes your meaning clear.

These skills are very important when you are delivering information orally. It also is very important that your audience— the people listening to you—understand what you are telling them.

To help make sure your audience does understand you ask them key questions about the information you are giving. Answer the questions in your presentation. Leave time at the end of the presentation for people to ask questions and for you to answer them.

Photographs, videos, maps, graphs, and diagrams will make your presentation more interesting. Many presenters today use multimedia. Multimedia is the combination of text, images, video, audio, and animation in an interactive computer program. You will need special software on your computer to create multimedia presentations.

Writing Check for Understanding1. Expository What are the three categories of social studies skills?

2. Expository What are the three main ways in which we communicate information?



Middle School Social Studies Grade 8

U.S. History to 1877

2019 – 2020

Extended Spring Break

Instructional Packet

WEEK 2

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NAME DATE CLASS

The Constitution

Chapter Summary

•TheConstitutionisbasedonsevenkeyprinciples.Theseprinciplesare:popularsovereignty,republicanism,limitedgovernment,federalism,separationofpowers,checksandbalances,andindividualrights.

•Thebasisofthegovernmentispopularsovereigntyandrepublicanism,inwhichthepeoplecontrolthegovernmentthroughelectedofficials.OurConstitutiongivescertainpowerstothefederalgovernment,andgrantsotherpowerstothestategovernments.Thissharingofpoweriscalledfederalism.

•Topreventthegovernmentfrombecomingtoopowerful,theConstitutioncreatedthreebranches(legislative,executive,andjudicial)ofthefederalgovernment.Asystemofchecksandbalanceswascreatedtoalloweachbranchtolimitthepoweroftheotherbranches.

•TheConstitutionisreferredtoasa“flexibledocument.”Thismeansitcanadaptandchangeassocietyandothercircumstancesrequire.TheFramersoftheConstitutionincludedinitawaytochange,oramend,it.DifferentinterpretationsoftheConstitution’simpliedpowersalsoallowthedocumenttochangeovertime.

•TheConstitutiondefinestherolesofthelegislativebranch,executivebranch,andjudicialbranch.

•ArticleIestablishesthelegislativebranch.ThelegislativebranchismadeupoftheSenateandtheHouseofRepresentatives.Itistheelectedlaw-makingbodyofgovernment.

•ArticleIIestablishestheexecutivebranch.Itismadeupofthepresident,vicepresident,andpresident'scabinet.

•ArticleIIIestablishesthejudicialbranch,whichconsistsoftheU.S.SupremeCourt,theCourtsofAppeal,andthefederaldistrictcourts.TheSupremeCourtisthetopcourtintheU.S.legalsystem.Thejudicialsystemsayswhatthelawis,anddecidesifanissueisconstitutionalornot.

Lesson 1 Principles of the Constitution

Lesson 2 Government and the People

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The Constitution

Chapter Summary Cont.

•AmericancitizensenjoymanyrightsdefinedintheConstitution.Thoserightsincludefreedomofspeech,press,andreligion,andtherighttoyourlife,liberty,andpursuitofhappiness.Peoplealsohavetherighttodueprocessinlegalproceedingsandequalprotectionunderthelaw.

•Inadditiontorights,citizensalsohaveduties,orthingstheymustdo.Citizensalsohaveresponsibilities,orthingstheyshoulddotohelpprotecttherightsofcitizensandothers.Votingisperhapsthemostimportantresponsibilityofacitizen.Acitizenisapersonwhohastheprotectionofanationandalsoowesitloyalty.TherearedifferentwaystobecomeanAmericancitizen.BeingbornonAmericansoilisoneway,whileforeign-bornpeoplecanbecomecitizensbygoingthroughaformalprocesscallednaturalization.

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The Constitution

Vocabulary Builder

A. Content Vocabulary

Directions Match the correct word from the list above to its proper definition. Write the word in the corresponding box in the left-hand column.

Judicial review Due process Reserved powerPopular sovereignty Separation of powers NaturalizationEnumerated power Implied power Equal protectionConcurrent power Limited government

TERM DEFINITION1. the right to be treated the same as

everyone else under the law2. the power of the court to judge if an action

is constitutional 3. the process by which a person born in

another country can become an American citizen

4. powers that are clearly listed in the Constitution and given solely to the federal government

5. powers that are retained by the states6. when government is subject to the will of

the people7. the rules the government must follow

before it may limit or take away the rights of a citizen

8. a power that is suggested but not spelled out9. a government that only has as much power

as necessary to carry out its duties10. powers that are shared by the state

governments and the federal government11. the principle by which government power is

divided among different branches of government

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The Constitution

B. Academic Vocabulary

Directions: Complete the chart below with the correct word forms. You may use a dictionary to help you.

Vocabulary Word

Related Term

Synonym or Antonym?

Create your own antonym and synonym

Example: HOT COLD Answer: antonym

A: burning S: freezing

ADMINISTRATE CARRY OUT

DIMINISH INCREASE

INVOLVE EXCLUDE

CONTRADICT AGREE

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The Constitution

Vocabulary Builder Cont.

C. Combined Vocabulary Reinforcement

Directions: Complete the following sentences by selecting the content or academic vocabulary term that best fits. You may need to change the form of the word to fit the sentence. Not all terms will be used.

preamble implied power administratepopular sovereignty limited government enumerated powerreserved power involve concurrent powernaturalization contradict due processequal protection separation of powers judicial review

1. The Constitution spells out —those powers that belong to the federal government alone. It also discusses , which are those powers retained by the states. Sometimes, both state governments and the federal government have the same authority to act, something called .

2. Before the government can take away a person’s rights or liberties, the government must follow a clear and consistent set of rules and procedures. This is known as

.

3. The role of the executive branch is to , or carry out, the laws created by Congress.

4. People are entitled to be treated the same way under the laws, an idea known as .

5. A person can become a citizen by being born on American soil or by going through a process called

.

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Vocabulary Builder Cont.

6. If people do not live up to their responsibilities as citizens by getting , it can diminish the quality of our government and communities.

7. To make sure that no person or group becomes too powerful, the Constitution provides for a , by which government powers are divided among three branches.

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1787 1789 1791 17931785

Terms to Knowpopular sovereignty the belief that the government is subject to the will of the peopleconstitutional republic a government in which citizens rule through elected representatives, according to a plan of governmentlimited government government with limited powers strictly defined by lawenumerated power a power specifically given Congress in the Constitutionreserved power a power belonging only to the statesconcurrent power a power shared by the federal and state governmentsseparation of powers a principle by which powers are divided among different branches of government implied power a power not enumerated (listed) in the Constitution, but suggested in its language

ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why do people form governments?

When did it happen?

Lesson 1 Principles of the Constitution

Where in the world?

1788 Constitution ratified

1787 Constitution drafted and signed

1789 George Washington elected president

1790 First census taken

AT L AN T I CO CE AN

N.H.

N.J.

Del.

Conn.R.I.

Mass.

Mass.N.Y.

Pa.

Md.

S.C.

Ga.

Va.

N.C.

N

S

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New England ColoniesMiddle ColoniesSouthern Colonies




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Explaining1. What is the purpose

of the U.S. Constitution?

Defining2. What is a

constitutional republic?

Analyzing3. Why is it important

to limit a government’s powers?

Marking the Text

4. Underline the definition of enumerated powers.

Identifying 5. What term is used to

refer to powers kept by the states?

Our ConstitutionGuiding Question What basic principles of government are set forth by the Constitution? The United States Constitution sets up our country’s government. It is based on seven main ideas: (1) popular sovereignty, (2) a republican form of government, (3) limited government, (4) federalism, (5) separation of powers, (6) checks and balances, and (7) individual rights.

The idea that the people control the powers of government is known as popular sovereignty. The Declaration of Independence says that governments should draw their powers “from the consent of the governed.” That idea is also in the preamble, or introduction, to the Constitution. It begins, “We the People.”

The Constitution sets up a system of government in which the people rule by electing, or choosing, representatives. It limits the power of government and stresses the values of people's liberty and rights. This is called a constitutional republic.

The people who wrote the Constitution knew the United States needed a strong government. They also knew it was important to limit the power of the government. Otherwise, the government might take away people's rights or favor certain groups. To avoid this, the Constitution sets up a limited government, which means that the government’s powers are clearly defined. A limited government has only the powers that the people give it.

The Constitution also divides power between the state governments and the national, or federal, government. This system is called federalism. Under the Constitution, the federal government has some powers, and the states have other powers. Certain powers are shared by both the federal and the state governments.

Powers that belong to the federal government are called enumerated powers. These include coining—or printing—money, regulating interstate commerce and foreign trade, maintaining armed forces, and creating federal courts.

All powers not given to the federal government are kept by the states. These are called reserved powers. These include setting up schools, creating marriage and divorce laws, and controlling trade inside the state.

Sometimes, the federal government and the states share a power. These shared powers are called concurrent powers. Concurrent means “happening at the same time.”

Lesson 1 Principles of the Constitution, Continued




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The Constitution

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Analyzing6. If there is a conflict

between federal law and state law, which one wins?

Identifying7. List the three

branches of government.

Marking the Text

8. What is the Bill of Rights? Underline the answer in the text.


9. What is the purpose of the system of checks and balances?

However, sometimes there is a conflict between a federal law and a state law. The Constitution makes federal law the “supreme Law of the Land.” In the event of a conflict, federal law will win over state law.

Federal government

Enumerated powers

Concurrent powers

State governments

Reserved powers

The Constitution also makes sure that no person or group gets too much power. It sets up a separation of powers. This means the Constitution divides powers among three branches of government: legislative, executive, and judicial. Each branch has a different role.

The Constitution also set up a system of checks and balances. Each branch can prevent the other branches from becoming too powerful. Each branch has powers that can limit the other branches.

The Constitution also protects individual rights. These are the basic freedoms that Americans enjoy. The Bill of Rights, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, lists many of these freedoms. They include freedom of religion, freedom of speech, the right to a speedy and public trial, and freedom from “cruel and unusual” punishment.

Amending the ConstitutionGuiding Question How is the Constitution able to change over time? The Constitution can be amended, or changed. One part of the Constitution describes the process for amending the document. As a result, the Constitution can be updated as time passes and society changes.

It includes two steps to amend the Constitution. In the first step, Congress or the states—either one—can propose, or suggest, an amendment. In the second step, the states ratify, or approve, the amendment. Three-fourths of the states must approve the amendment in order for it to become part of the Constitution.





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STEP 1: Proposal

Congress can propose.

OR

States can propose.

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT

STEP 2: Ratification

States must ratify (approve).

Three-fourths of the states must approve.

AMENDMENT IS A TWO-STEP PROCESS

It is not easy to amend the Constitution. Even though people have proposed hundreds of amendments, only 27 have been ratified.

Among those 27, there have been many important amendments. Some of them have given more people the right to vote. For example, the Fifteenth Amendment said that African American men can vote. The Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment changed the voting age to 18.

The Constitution can also change in another way. Its words can be interpreted, or understood, in different ways. For example, one section says that Congress may “make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper” to carry out its duties. Another allows Congress to “regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States.” These clauses give Congress implied powers—powers that are suggested even though they are not stated clearly.

WritingCheck for Understanding

1. Expository What words would you use to describe the main ideas, or principles, of the Constitution?

2. Expository How can the Constitution be changed?

Identifying 10. How many

amendments to the Constitution have actually been ratified?

Marking the Text

11. Underline the definition of implied powers.


12. What was the purpose of the Nineteenth Amendment?

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1805 1825 1855 18751785

Terms to Knowjudicial review the power of the Supreme Court to judge whether or not actions of the other branches are constitutionaldue process procedures the government must follow that are established by lawequal protection the equal application of the law regardless of a person’s race, religion, political beliefs, or other qualitiesnaturalization the legal process of becoming a citizen

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONHow do new ideas change the way people live?

When did it happen?

Lesson 2 Government and the People

Where in the world?

1788 Constitution ratified

1870 Fifteenth Amendment added to Constitution

1787 Constitution drafted and signed

1865 Thirteenth Amendment added to Constitution

1868 Fourteenth Amendment added to Constitution 1789 George Washington

elected president

1790 First census taken

1791 Bill of Rights added to Constitution

U.S. Capitol

U.S. SupremeCourt

WhiteHouse

Po

tom

ac

R.

Potomac R

.

VIRGINIA

WASHINGTON, D.C.

MARYLAND

N

S

EW




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Marking the Text

1. Underline two roles of Congress.

Identifying 2. How many members

are in the House of Representatives?

How many members are in the Senate?

Making Connections

3. What two roles does the executive branch play regarding the laws Congress passes?

Identifying4. What is the top

court in the country?

The Federal GovernmentGuiding Question What are the three branches of government? The federal government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. This ensures a separation of powers.

The legislative branch is called Congress. Article I of the Constitution describes what Congress does. Congress makes laws for the nation. These laws can create taxes, permit government spending, and set up government programs. Congress can also declare war.

Congress is made up of two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. In order for a bill to become a law, most of the members from both houses must agree on the bill. After that, the bill goes to the president. If the president signs it, the bill becomes a law.

The House of Representatives is the larger house of Congress. The number of representatives that a state sends to the House is based on its population. States with more people have more representatives. When the population of a state goes up or down, so does the number of its representatives. Today, the House has 435 voting members and 6 nonvoting delegates. Representatives are elected for a term of two years. Every two years, all 435 House seats are up for election at the same time. There are no limits on how many terms a representative can serve.

The Senate has fewer members—100 senators. Each state is represented equally with two senators. Senators are elected for a term of six years. Every two years, there are elections for the Senate. Only one-third of the senators are up for election at a time. As with members of the House, there is no term limit for Senators.

The executive branch carries out the laws Congress passes. The president is the head of this branch. Article II of the Constitution describes the president's many powers, like dealing with foreign policy. The president also proposes laws to Congress and is commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

Article III of the Constitution sets up the judicial branch. It creates the U.S. Supreme Court and allows Congress to create lower courts. The Supreme Court is the top court in the country. It nine members, or justices, listen to cases and give their decision. Lower courts can use these decisions in their own rulings.

Lesson 2 Government and the People, Continued




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Marking the Text

5. Underline the definition of judicial review.


6. What parts of the Constitution discuss the establishment and duties of the three branches of our federal government?

Defining7. What is due process?

Identifying8. What right

guarantees that we must be treated the same as everyone else under the law?

The Supreme Court has an important power called judicial review. Judicial review allows the Supreme Court to look at the actions of the other two branches and decide if those actions follow the Constitution. The justices are chosen by the president and approved by Congress.

Constitution,Article I

Defines:Legislative

branch

Headed by:Congress

Made up of:* House of

Representatives

* The Senate

Constitution,Article II

Defines:Executive branch

Headed by:The president

Made up of:* Vice president

and cabinet

*Government departments

Constitution,Article III

Defines:Judicial branch

Headed by:The Supreme

Court

Made up of:* The federal court system

* Other lower courts

What It Means to Be a CitizenGuiding Question What are the rights and elements of participation of American citizens? As U.S. citizens, our rights fall into three main categories:

• To be protected from unfair government actions• To be treated equally under the law• To enjoy basic freedomsDue process is a right guaranteed by the Fifth

Amendment. The amendment states that no one shall “be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” This means that the government must follow certain rules before it takes a right or freedom away from a citizen. For example, a person accused of a crime has the right to a trial before his freedom is taken away.

Equal protection is a right guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Equal protection means that the law must treat all people in the same way—no matter what race, religion, or political group they belong to.

The First Amendment describes many of our basic freedoms. These include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. These freedoms allow us to share ideas, which is necessary in a free society.





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NAME _______________________________________ DATE _______________ CLASS _________

The Constitution

netw rks

Listing9. List three ways a

person can become a U.S. citizen.


10. What are some examples of responsible citizenship?


Our rights and freedoms also have some limits. For example, we cannot exercise our rights or freedoms if it hurts others or takes away their rights or freedoms.

A citizen is a person who owes loyalty to a country and receives its protection. There are several ways to become an American citizen. One way is to be born on American soil. Another is to have a parent who is a citizen. People born in other countries can become citizens by following a process called naturalization.

Citizenship comes with responsibilities. A responsibility is something you must or should do. U.S. citizens must pay taxes, follow laws, and sit on a jury when called. Voting is a very important responsibility. Other more personal responsibilities include taking care of one’s family, getting an education, and staying informed. If citizens do not take care of their responsibilities, it diminishes, or reduces, the quality of their government.

A CITIZEN’S

DUTIES RESPONSIBILITIES• Obey the law• Pay taxes• Sit on a jury when

called

• Vote• Take part in

government• Respect the rights of

others

Writing Check for Understanding

1. Persuasive Do you agree that voting is a very important responsibility? Why or why not?

2. Expository What do you not have the right to do?


week 1...categorizing categorizing helps you place facts and information into groups that have the...

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