1. TOOLS, SUPPLIES AND COVERALL

TÖÖRIISTAD, MATERJALID ja ISIKUKAITSEVAHENDID

VOCABULARY /SÕNAVARA

Verbs/ Verbid

to strip – triibutama to plaster – krohvima

to fill – täitma (pragusid, vuuke jne) to hang- üles riputama (tapeeti nt)

to sand – lihvima to tile – plaatima

to paint – värvima to wallpaper – tapetseerima

to cut – lõikama, saagima to saw- saagima

to drill – puurima to hammer – naelutama

to whitewash – lupjama to fit in – paigale sobitama

to paste over – ülevärvima to prime – kruntima

to varnish – lakkima to build – ehitama

Nouns/ Nimisõnad

scissors – käärid

craft knife – kipsinuga

scraper – kaabits

wallpaper brush – tapedipintsel

pasting table – tapeetimislaud

pasting brush –liimipintsel

wallpaper paste – tapeediliim

bucket – ämber

roller – värvirull

brush – pintsel

sandpaper - liivapaber

paint tray -värvialus

paint tin - tinavärv

Respirato- respiraator

Filler- pahtel, täitesegu

tile – plaat

brick tellis

stone – kivi

san liiv

glass – klaas

timber – puit

board –plaat

tin – tina

steel – teras

concrete – betoon

clay – savi

1

dustsheet - tolmulapp

overalls - tunked

safety goggles –kaitseprillid

electric drill - elektridrell

spirit level - lood

hawk – nokad

trowel – kellu

joint filler – vuugitäide

caulking gun – pahtlilabidas

wallpaper – tapeet

varnish – lakk

plaster – krohv

emulsion – emulsioon

sieve - sõel

plasterboard – kipsplaat

scaffolding – tellingud

wheelbarrow – käru

cutting nippers - lõiketangid

crowbar - sõrgkang

screwdriver – kruvikeeraja

patterned roller – mustriga värvirull

masking tape – peiteteip

stepladder – redel

chisel- peitel

hacksaw – rauasaag

hammer – haamer

gravel – kruus

cement – tsement

plastics – plastik

lime – lubi

gypsum – kips

chalk – kriit

artificial stone – tehiskivi

log - palk

Professions and trades

plumber – torumees

fitter – paigaldaja

plasterer – krohvija

carpenter – puusepp

joiner – tisler

bricklayer – müürimees

painter – maaler

foreman – töödejuhataja

builder / construction worker – ehitaja.

2

Task 1 Name these tools and supplies

………………………………… ………………………………… ………….……………………..

………………………………… ………………………………… …………………………………

…………………..………………. …………………..………… ………………………..……………

…………………….………………… …………………….………………… …………………………….[5]

3

…………………….………………… …………………….………………… ……………………………………

…………………….………………… …………………….………………… …………………….…………………

......................................................... ........................................................... ...............................................................

…………….….……..……… …………….………………… …………….……………………[5]

4

…………….…….………………… …………….….………………… ………….…….…………………

………….…….………………… ………….…….……..…………… ………….…….…………………

................................................. ...................................................... ...................................................

5

..................................................... ........................................ ................................................[5]

6

…………………….………………… …………………….………………… ……………….………………

…………………….………………… …………………….………………… …………………….…………………

……………………..…… ………………………….….…… …………………………….……

………………………….….…… ………………………….….…… ………………………….….……[5]

7

2. MATERIALS /MATERJALID

Materials that are used for structural purposes should meet several requirements. In most

cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-resistant and easily fastened together.

The most commonly used materials are steel, concrete, stone, wood and brick. They differ

in hardness, durability and fire-resistance.

Wood is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap and easy to work. But wood

has disadvantages, too: it burns and decays.

Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by man. It is characteristic of

many properties. They are mechanically strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat

insulation and fire-resistance.

Bricks were known many thousands of years ago. They are the examples of artificial

building materials.

Concrete is referred to as one of the most important building materials. Concrete is a

mixture of cement, sand, crushed stone and water.

Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Its manufacture

requires special equipment and skilled labour.

Plastics combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating

properties. It is no wondered that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add beauty

to modern homes and offices.

All building materials are divided into three main groups:

1) main building materials such as rocks and artificial stones, timber and metals;

2) binding materials such as lime, gypsum and cement;

3) secondary or auxiliary materials that are used for the interior parts of the

buildings.

We use many building materials for bearing structures. Binding materials are used for making

artificial stones and for joining different planes. We use secondary materials for the interior finish

of the building.

8

Task 1Read and translate the text.

A building is a construction that is raised on a foundation (vundament) and is generally

made of stone, concrete blocks (betoonplokid), bricks and mortar or cement. Bricks and concrete

blocks are held together by mortar (segu). Walls are made of bricks and those that are built of

concrete blocks are suitable both for small buildings and multistory structures. Nowadays houses

are often built of complete concrete structural units which are factory-made and assembled on the

spot (kohapeal kokku pandud).

Every detail of a house must be carefully planned. The working plan itself is called a

blueprint (ehitusprojekt). Without a blueprint the workmen (tööline) would make all sorts of

mistakes and waste a lot of time.

Plans for building a house are drawn by an architect. The architect draws a separate plan

for each individual floor. He shows all the parts of the house exactly as if the house were already

built.

It is from the blueprint of the architect that the workman sees where to place the walls, the

windows, the doors, the staircases, etc. The size of the rooms, the width of the doors and

windows, the height of the ceilings are also marked on the plan by the architect.

Different workmen are employed in building a house. The stonemason (müürsepp) builds

the foundation. The bricklayer builds the walls and other parts made of bricks. He lays the bricks

one on the top of another and puts mortar between them with a trowel. The tiler is employed for

putting tiles on the roof. The plumber fixes all the baths, water pipes and the sanitary fittings of

drains and lavatories in the places marked for them in the plan drawn by the architect. The

electrician runs electric wires and makes connections all through the house from the cellars under

ground to the attics under the roof. All the doors and window frames are made by the carpenter

and put into their places by the joiner. The latter also lays down the floor. Then the plasterer puts

plaster or cement over all the walls and ceilings and makes them smooth (tasandama). The walls

are then painted, papered or whitewashed as the case may be.

Task 2Write out the unknown words.

.……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………

9

3. COLOURS/ VÄRVIDPrimary colours/Põhivärvid

Primary colours are red, yellow and blue. We can’t gain (saavuta) primary colours mixing

(segades) other colours together.

Colour these circles (värvi ringid)!

If all three of the primary colours were combined together, they would produce black.

Secondary colours/Teised värvid

Secondary colours are produced (toodetakse) by mixing two other primary colours together. [4.,

146. – 148.]

.

Yellow + blue = green

+

Yellow + red = orange

Red + blue = purple

10

RED

YELLOWBLUE

Opposite or complementary colours are/Vastas- või üksteist täiendavad värvid on:

-) red and green

-) yellow and purple

-) blue and orange

Warm and cool colours /Soojad ja külmad värvidColours can be divided into warm colours, such as red and yellow, which are associated with

(mida seostatakse) fire, candlelight (küünlavalgus) and sunlight, and cool colours, such as blue

and green, which we associate with ice, water, and crisp salads. Warm colours like red, yellow,

and orange, make us feel all toasty warm (röstisoe) inside. Cool colours such as blue, green, and

violet, make us think of cool things.

Warm colours come forward (edasi) and cool colours recede (kahanevad). A colour that contains

one of these hot colours becomes a warm colour, example:

 Kollane roheline     punane purpurne

Yellow green     red purple

 A colour that contains one of these cold colours becomes a cool colour, example:

 Blue green     blue purple

White, black and gray are considered (consider - loetakse) to be neutral or achromatic colours.

[4., 167.]

11

3. 1. USING OF COLOURSVÄRVIDE KASUTAMINE

Colours can affect mood (avaldama mõju meeleolule) and emotions. We look at what colours are suitable for different room types. Colour can be created through both paint and furnishing (möbleerimine).

Violet

Effects of VIOLET as a colour:

calming (rahustav) for body and mind;

good for meditation and prayer;

purifying (puhastav).

Suggested areas of use: places of worship

(jumalateenistuse kohtades)

entry areas (sissepääsudes);

to clinics and hospitals;

festival areas;

pale violet (kahvatu

violetne) in bedrooms. magamistubades.

[5]

Blue Effects of BLUE as a colour: calming, relaxing and

healing (tervendav);

also the colour of

Suggested areas of use: any rooms except those

used for physical activity or play.

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communication.

[5]

Green

Effects of GREEN as a colour:

balancing (tasakaalustav), harmonising and encourages tolerance (tolerantsusele õhutav) and understanding;

colour as well to avoid the balance and harmony becoming more like total inactivity (tegevusetus) indecision (otsustusvõimetus).

Suggested areas of use: depending upon the

shade (varjundist), can be used for most areas;

use with other colours.

[5]

13

Yellow

Effects of YELLOW as a colour:

stimulates mental activity (vaimset aktiivsust) ;

promotes (loob) feeling of confidence (enesekindlus);

helpful for study as it helps us to stay alert (ergas).

Suggested areas of use: activity rooms;

entrance halls;

not for bedrooms as yellow can interfere with (häirida) sleep since it tends to keep our minds "switched on";

not ideal for areas of possible (võimalik) stress.

[5]

ORANZ

Effects of ORANGE as a colour:

warming and energizing (ergutav);

can stimulate creativity (loovus);

orange is the colour of fun and sociability (sotsiaalsus).

Suggested areas of use: any activity area and

creative areas;

not ideal for bedrooms or areas of possible stress.

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[5]

Red

Effects of RED as a colour: energizing, exciting

(põnev) the emotions;

stimulates appetite.

Suggested areas of use: any activity area but red

needs careful choice of tone (toon) and depth (sügavus) and the space (koht) in which it is to be used as it can make a space look smaller and can be claustrophobic (klaustrofoobia) or oppressive (ärevus). However, used well, red and its variations can make a space feel warm and cosy (mõnus) Often used in restaurants.

[5]

15

Pink

Effects of PINK as a colour: this colour is sooth

(mahe) and nurture (hoitus);

it helps to dissolve (lahustada) anger and encourages

Suggested areas of use: ideal for a baby's or

child's bedroom.

[5]

Black

Effects of BLACK as a colour:

black used with another colour enhances (võimendab) the energy of that second colour;

black gives us the space for reflection (peegeldus) and inner searching (sisemised otsingud)

Suggested areas of use: not ideal as a single

colour, but when used with care, can enhance (võimendada) and complement (täiendada) other colours in almost any situation. [7

[5]

16

White

Effects of WHITE as a colour:

white contains all the colours. It emphasizes (rõhutama) purity (puhtus/rikkumatus) and illuminates (valgustab) our thoughts, giving us clarity (selgus).

Suggested areas of use: any room, but it can be a

little intimidating (hirmutav) to some. Needs to be broken up with another colour or with plants / ornaments / pictures etc.

[5]

Gray; grey

Effects of GREY as a colour: • this magnificent shade of

nature looks really cosy and soothing (rahustav) when used in home interiors;

• gray is a neutral, balanced color. It is a cool, conservative color that seldom evokes strong emotion although it can be seen as a cloudy or moody color.

Suggested areas of use:• all shades of gray can be

good, neutral background colors. Use lighter grays in place of white and darker gray in place of black.

[5]

17

Brown

Effects of BROWN as a colour:

• this colour gives rooms a casual (tavalise), natural feel; brown is a down-to-earth neutral color. It is found in earth, wood, and stone.

• it is warming. It works well as a feature wall (põhisein), but will make a room look drab (igav) and dull (loid) if overdone.

Suggested areas of use:• feature wall in living area.• use brown to convey a

feeling of warmth, honesty, and

wholesomeness. [7]

[5]

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4. TYPES OF HOUSES /MAJADE LIIGID

There are different types of houses:

-) detached house – eramaja

-) two / three storey house – kahe/kolmekordne elamu

-) dormer house – mansardkorrusega maja)

-) bungalow – bangalo

-) cottage – suvila

-) semi-detached house – kahepereelamu

-) terraced house – ridaelamu

-) log house / log building -palkmaja

-) block of flats / apartment block – korterelamu

There are often other buildings, called outhouses, besides or around the main building:

-) garage – garaaz

-) shed – varjualune

-) barn – ait

-) workshop – töökoda

-) greenhouse – kasvuhoone

The bigger the house, the more rooms there are in it. We know most of them, for example, kitchen, bedroom, living room, dining room, sitting room, bathroom and etc. But there are some other rooms:

-) open plan kitchen – avatud köök

-) study – kabinet

-) hall – koridor, hall

-) nursery – lastetuba

-) utility room – majapidamisruum

-) attic / loft – pööning

-) loft room – pööningutuba

-) conservatory – talveaed

-) porch –veranda

-) cellar – kelder

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-) basement – keldrikorrus

-) stairs – trepid

Some people own a house or an apartment, so it is their property – their private house or apartment. It costs a lot of money to buy a house and maybe even more to build one because you also have to buy a site (krunt). Most people, who want to do it, get a mortgage (laen) from the bank which they often pay back over a period of 20 – 25 years. They pay back more than they actually borrow because they also pay interest (intress) to the bank. Sometimes people also get a loan from the bank if they need a bigger sum of money to renovate (renoveerima) the house or build an extension (juurdeehitis). [2., 7. lpp.]

Task 1Do you know these types of houses?

1. …………………………………………… 2. …………………………………………… 3. ……………………………………………

4. ……………………………………………

7. ……………………………………...... [5]

5. …………………………………………… 6. ………………………………….…………

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Task 2Translate the sentences into Estonian .

1. I live in a block of flats.………………………...………………………………………………………………………………………

2. We live in a small bungalow very near the centre of the village.……………………….………………………...

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Now our home is a four room flat on the ground floor in a nine storey building. ……………………….

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. The rent and the house prices are definitely higher in the city. ……………………………………………………

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. We live in a small detached house. ………………………………………………………………………………………………

6. I live on the third floor of a big block of apartments. …………………………………………………………………..

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. My wife wants to build an extension and a conservatory and convert a garden shed into a

garage. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

.…….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

8. Ann has a three room apartment. …………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. We lived in a private house in the countryside. ……………………..…………………………………………….………

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

10. Now we have a modern kitchen with a dining area. …………………………………………………………………..

.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. 1. 4. 1. LOG HOUSE / LOG BUILDINGPALKMAJAD

Its strength and compactness combined with excellent performance of thermal and acoustic

insulation, its durability and the comfort of living in it have undoubtedly facilitated dissemination

of this type of construction system, especially in countries with cold climate.

21

A wooden house built with log house system has always been popular in large parts of Northern

Europe as well as along the Alps looking harmoniously up with the local landscape. [6]

The log house system allows construction in a simple and neat way. All pieces of the house stuck

to each other making the building compact and resistant.

 An interlocking system of the walls makes up the structure of the house using beams carved

along their perimeter with angles treated for perfect insertion. This structure is

solid and completely self-supporting. [6]

Clear assembling instructions to complete the work with all pieces rigorously numbered for their

easy identification and assembling - this solution offers the opportunity to build the structure on

your own.

The log house construction system uses hardwood logs in Nordic spruce, squared and polished,

with double or triple connections 'male & female' which are vertically stacked together to form a

main supporting wall or an internal partition.

A wooden building with log house system lasts for years, as it's demonstrated by many buildings

existing for more than 200 years. [6]

Main features of the log house system:

solid construction: acoustic insulation, high fire safety, load bearing, mass with

accumulation capacity;

one material: use of a single material and one constructive system to realize bearing walls,

floors, roof and internal partitions;

reduced construction time: fast and dry assembling, immediately loaded;

living comfort: the surface temperature is close to the room temperature;

visual quality: spruce & pine can be planed, sanded  depending on the degree of finish

you want to achieve;

22

gaining space: gaining space thanks to the reduced thickness of the structure for eco-

houses;

prefabrication: economic construction thanks to the prefabrication of the entire building at

the factory, without a need for assembling by a specialized company;

antiseismic construction:  construction of elements,  "dovetail" joints of elements allow to

absorb and compensate vibrations;

disk effect: load reduction, reinforced floor, cross-laminated structure;

thermal insulation: excellent characteristics of accumulation and insulation protect the

premises from overheating in summer;

resistant to bad weather conditions.

Log buildings /Palkmajad

23

[12]

4. 2. 4. 2. LOCATION AND SIZE OF A HOUSEASUKOHT JA MAJADE SUURUS

Location /Asukoht:

-) the house is situated / located… – maja asub….

-) in the centre of the town – linna keskel

-) in a housing estate – elamurajoonis

-) on the ground / first / second floor – esimesel/teasel korrusel

-) in a house overlooking a park – majas vaatega pargile

-) in a house with a view of a mountain – majas vaatega mägedele

-) the front windows overlook the main street / a busy street – esiakenast avaneb vaad

peatänavale

-) the house is surrounded by trees – maja ümbritsevad puud

-) the location is very convenient / inconvenient because… – asukoht on väga

mugav/ebamugav sellepärast,et

-) the house is within walking distance of the town – maja on jalutuskäigu kaugusel

linnast

-) in the neighbourhood = in the vicinity – naabruses

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-) in a small / big town – väikeses/ suures linnas

-) in the country-side – maal

-) on the river Daugava – Daugava jõe ääres

Size of a house /Majade suurus:

-) big / huge / massive – suur/hiiglasuur/ massiivne

-) small / tiny – väike /imetilluke

-) there is / isn’t enough room for all of us – siin on piisavalt/ei ole piisavalt ruumi

meile kõigile

-) there is very little room for all of us – meile kõigile on siin vähe ruumi

-) too small – liiga väike

-) spacious – avar

-) three bedroom apartment – kolme magamistoaga korter

Age of a house /maja vanus:

-) a new / old / modern house – uus/vana/moderne maja

-) newly constructed – vastvalminud

Renovating a house /Maja renoveerimine:

-) renovate a house = reconstruct a house – maja renoveerimine- ümberehitus

-) refurbish a house – renoveerimiseks

-) decorate a house = do up a house – maja dekoreerimine, sanitaarremont

-) modernize a house = upgrade a house – maja moderniseerimine

-) repair = fix – parandamine, remont

-) the house is in good condition = in a good state of repair – maja on heas seisukorras

-) in bad condition – halvas seisukorras

-) derelict house – mahajäetud maja

-) in need of refurbishment / reconstruction – vajab renoveerimist

-) pull down – lammutama

-) build an extension – juurdeehitis

-) extension – laiendamine

-) convert something into something – teisaldama midagi kuhugi

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-) separate –eraldi

-) partition – vahesein

-) install – paigaldama

-) replace –asendama

-) leak – lekkima

-) rotten – mäda

-) blocked – ummistunud

-) damp – niiske

-) insulate – soojustama

-) strip the wallpaper – tapeediribad

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Heating a house/ maja kütmine

-) central heating – keskküte

-) fireplace – kamin

-) radiator – radiaator

-) liquid fuel / solid fuel / natural gas stove – vedelküte/ tahkeküte/maagaasi ahi

-) wood – puit

-) coal – süsi

-) peat – turvas

-) peat briquettes – turba brikett

Garden and yard /Aiad ja hoovid:

-) brick paved yard – kivisillutisega õu

-) asphalted yard – asfalteeritud õu

-) drive – sõitma

-) path – rada

-) patio – siseõu

-) terrace –terrass

-) front / back garden – eesõu/tagahoov

-) lawn –muru

-) hedge – hekk

-) fence – tara

-) gate – värav

-) flower-bed – lille peenar

-) vegetable garden – köögivilja aed

-) decorative plants and shrubs – dekoratiivtaimed ja põõsad

-) well – kaev

-) pond – tiik

-) pool – bassein

27

Task 2Match a word or a phrase from the left with a word or a phrase from the right. Several options are possible in some cases.

A 1. mature a. floor

2. blocked b. pipes

3. tiled c. bedroom

4. rotten d. garden

5. huge e. walls

6. leaking f. house

7. damp g. window frames

8. derelict h. roof

B I’m going to 1. install a. the old central heating system

2. pull down b. the sitting room

3. convert c. an extension

4. varnish d. the washing machine

5. build e. money

6. fix f. the utility room into a shower room

7. upgrade g. the floor

8. decorate h. a gas meter

9. borrow i. an old garden shed

C 1. comfortable a. sofa

2. convenient b. location

c. sitting room [2]

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Task 3Use the suitable linking words and phrases:

We went to look at this house that is for sale in Madona yesterday.

…………………………………………… it is a nice house and it is in very good condition. It has just been

redecorated. ……………………………………………, there is a conservatory and a lovely garden, too.

I thought the rooms upstairs were a bit damp. …………………………………………… they were

not properly insulated. But maybe there is something wrong with the central heating. The agent

said the system was perfect. Well, ……………………………………………, that didn’t convince me. I

would like an independent expert to look at it.

……………………………………………, I really liked the house. ……………………………………………, it

is quite far from the town and all the amenities. I would like to live a bit closer to the town.

…………………………………………… the price is a bit higher than we expected. So I don’t know

what to do. …………………………………………… there is something else that worries me – a motorway

is going to be built in the area next year. The agent didn’t say a word about it.

…………………………………………… we started talking to the neighbours. They mentioned it.

…………………………………………… I don’t want to live right beside a motorway. But if it is not too near,

it could be an advantage.

Well, what do you think? Should I buy the house or look for something else? [2., 21.]

4. 3. 4. 3. BIO RESORTSBIO KUURORDID

"Lebbiano Residence" is a sustainable resort located in the Scandicci hills only a few minutes

away from Florence (Italy). The entire resort from the planning and location of the construction

to the photovoltaic panels enables this structure to be 100% sustainable. [11]

29

The structure was designed considering the following guidelines: caring for the environmental

setting, exploitation of climatic conditions for resource saving cooling and heating, use of natural

recyclable and low energy materials, interaction between buildings and environment and

maximum attention to thermal comfort and indoor humidity.

The most significant technological element is the roof that is made of a wooden frame covered

with boron salts and natural wax and clay tiles with the roof covering made of clay tiles. [11]

The insulation is made from natural materials, panels, and wood fiber with added latex emulsion

for thermal and acoustic insulation.

The waterproofing sheath is made of breathable Tyvek fleece or similar eco-sustainable types.

Other sustainable ideas the resort uses are: storage tanks to collect rain water for non-potable

usage (WC, washing machines, irrigation); organic herbal water purification; natural air

conditioning supplemented by radiant type cooling system; radiant heating to reduce energy

requirements; maximum use of daylight in the winter months; installation of large wooden

pergolas to reduce direct sunlight in the summer months. [11]

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5. PAINTING TIPSVÄRVIMISNÕUANDED

Paint is a very inexpensive and easy way to spruce up (värskendada) the interior of any

room, very quickly but you must know the condition of the wall, how to paint and the amount of

paint needed.

The choice of the paints: paint is available in thousands of colors and a variety of different

textures (tekstuur), sheens (läige) and coats. There are so many changing choices in the trend but

one must be clear what the paint will look like. [8]

The shine determines the brightness the paint will exhibit on your walls or

ceiling.

The less the shine of the paint, the minimum is the glare (silmipimestav) or

the reflection (peegeldus).

The shine of the coat (kiht) hides the small imperfection (ebatäiused) but

are difficult to clean and maintain.

Paints also come in mat finish (mattviimistlus) which is easier to clean and

reflection is not there.

Semi gloss paint (poolmatt) is the perfect paint for children's rooms,

kitchens and bathrooms because of their durability (kestvus).

The enamels (email) are used for painting wooden surfaces. [8]

The condition of the walls determines (määrama) the amount of colour needed and the

finish. Here are some points to take care of:

If the walls are never painted before, they will soak up (niisutama) a large

amount of paint if applied directly, thus a coat of primer should always be

used as the base coat. It also gives you a smoother finish.

If your walls have already been painted, use a paint scraper to remove any

loose or chipped old paint. [8]

Fill any drywall holes with spackling compound too. Clean dirt off your

painting surface.

Hardware and paint stores carry stain blocking products you can spray or

brush on.

31

How to determine the quantity of the paint needed: the right amount of paint needed

requires a skill and should be purchased carefully.

To estimate your ceiling paint multiply the length of the ceiling times the

width. This will give you the area. [8]

LENGTH X WIDTH = AREA

Next, divide the area by 350 to determine how many gallons of paint you will need.

Where did we come up with the number 350? Most gallons of paint will cover 350 square feet!

To estimate the wall paint needed, add together the length of each wall then multiply the sum by

the wall height.

LENGTH + WALL HEIGHT = AREA

You can even subtract 20 square feet for each door and 15 square feet for each window

in the room. Divide the final figure by 350 as shown above to tell you the number of gallons to

purchase. [8]

5. 1. 5. 1. AN OPTICAL ILLUSION OPTILINE ILLUSIOON

There are plenty of tricks with colour that can be used to enhance (parandama) the size of

rooms in a house. Careful use of colour can offer a simple, but effective way of making a home

feel cosier (hubasem). Follow these design rules to transform (muutma) an existing living space

into a dream home. [10]

To make a room appear (väljanägema) larger:

Choose colours from the cool end of the colour wheel (värvikaart).

Paint all surfaces (pinnad) the same colour.

Keep flooring dark and walls light, the floor space will appear to expand

(laiendama).

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A low ceiling will appear higher if painted a lighter shade (toon) than the walls or

put some moldings (borde) up and paint them a darker shade than the ceiling.

Use the deepest tone (toon) of colour near to the floor and the lightest shade on the

ceiling. This will give the illusion of space. Try it the other way around to see how

a room can be made to look smaller.

Large pieces of furniture (mööbel) will appear smaller if they are the same colour

as the walls.

A small room doesn't have to be painted in light colours. Emphasize (rõhutama)

its cosiness by painting it a midnight blue or deep red. [10]

To make a room appear cosier:

Choose colours from the warm side of the colour wheel.

A sunny yellow will 'heat up' a room, but don't go overboard (“liiale minema”),

complement (täienda) it with a white ceiling and woodwork to keep it looking

fresh.

A warmer shade used on the ceiling will bring the height of a room down and

make it feel cosier.

When using bright colours such as orange and red, remember to maintain

(hoidma) balance by keeping the floor and carpet neutral. [10]

Other tricks:

The far end of a long corridor will seem closer if painted in a darker shade.

In a long corridor-like room, paint the two shorter end walls in a slightly darker

(natuke tumedam) shade to make the room appear squarer. [10]

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5. 2. 5. 2. NATURAL PAINTSNATURAALSED VÄRVID

Imagine a house with colours that are resplendent, warm, intense, pure, tenuous and transparent –

a house that breathes and “inspires” its inhabitants. It is easy to create harmonic, homey and

lively spaces with natural colours, varnishes and paints.

Colours can be a mirror of the soul. The wise knowledge of their nature can reveal their effect on

the human being. [9]

Elicona SAS (Italy) is a commercial company that furnishes natural products for bio-architecture

and restoration of historical buildings.

Natural paints offer a vital and valid way of living for the human being in its wholeness, they

enhance a healthy ambience and environment for both the building and the inhabitants.

The raw materials are strictly vegetal and mineral, completely petrol-free and without harmful

chemicals. [9]

The wall paintings are easy to apply on any kind of background (plasters made of lime or clay,

chalk panels, cement, etc.), both indoors and outdoors. There are paintings based on oils and

vegetal resins, and others based on lime in addition to fine natural binders such as milk, egg white

and yolk, following ancient recipes.

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For wall finishes Elicona SAS also offers several options: stucco, fine plasters, marble-similes,

encaustics, matte finishes, etc. [9]

With different natural colours such as coloured earths, mineral and vegetal pigments, prepared on

oil or water basis, this company can obtain astonishing chromatic effects.

Even for wood treatments natural varnishes give a wide choice: stains, oils, finishes, waxes and

impregnations for any kind of wooden surface, both indoors and outdoors. Products that protect

from moulds, woodworms, fluctuations in temperature, rain and sunlight.

Elicona SAS natural waxes, lacquers and enamels are perfect on floors, windows, doors and

pieces of furniture made of wood, as well as for cotto floors, stone and metal surfaces. [9]

Did you find any unknown words? Which ones?

How did you understand words cotto floors? Can you explain them to your classmates?

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USED SOURCES

1. Killers V. K. Latviešu-angļu, angļu-latviešu ilustrētā būvniecības terminu vārdnīca. – R.:

Avots, 203 lpp.; il.

2. Kremptone Z. TIME TO TALK. – R.: Zvaigzne ABC, 52 lpp.; il.

3. Angļu-latviešu vārdnīca bildēs. – R.: Zvaigzne ABC, 360 lpp.; il.

4. Pipes A. Foundations of Art and Design. – London.: Laurence King Publishing Ltd, 2003, 272

pages.

5. http://www.google.lv/imghp?hl=lv&tab=wi

6. http://www.lafocalatvija.lv/log-house

7. http://www.dreamhomedecorating.com/psychological-effects-color-white.html

8. http://www.sereneinteriors.com/interior-painting-tips.html

9. http://www.eliconasas.com/en/NATURAL-COLOURS-VARNISHES-PAINTS/

10.http://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/design/

colour_trickswithcolour.shtml#to_make_a_room_appear_larger

11. http://www.lebbianoresidence.com/, http://cocompeur.wordpress.com/

12. http://www.madona.lv/turisms/ui/?&s=1271029334&fu=show&id=189&ln=en

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