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for the twelfth graders

compiled by: Dra. Wulandari

WORD BUILDING

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Standar Kompetensi:

Membaca :

Memahami makna dalam teks tulis fungsional pendek dan esei sederhana dalam

berbagai jenis teks dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari

Kompetensi Dasar: Merespon makna dan langkah retorika dalam esai yang menggunakan bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar dan berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan dalam berbagai bentuk teks.

Tujuan Pembelajaran:

Setelah melaksanakan pembelajaran dengan tertib, penuh tanggung jawab dan tidak

mudah putus asa, siswa dapat:

- Membentuk kata sesuai jenis katanya

- Menggunakan hasil bentukan kata dalam kalimat

Conceptual Map

WORD BUILDING

PREFIXES

SUFFIXES

ZERO AFFIXATION

COMPOUND NOUNS

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

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Glossary

A root is a word in its simplest (and first) form.

An affix is a word element added to a root to form a new word.

A prefix is a word element added to the beginning of a root to form a new word, e.g.: dis-agree.

A suffix is a word element added to the end of a root to form a new word. e.g.: teach-er.

Compound Nouns is a noun of two or more words or parts of words, written as one or more words, or joined by a hyphen

Compound Adjectives is an adjective of two or more words or parts of words, written as one or more words, or joined by a hyphen

PREFIXES

In the following exercises, syllables or words are to be added to the front of other words to change or add to their meaning. Where necessary, hyphens have been places in the sentences. 1. co- (= with, together) re- (=again) ex- (former, before) inter- (=between)

a. The ______-pilot took over the plane’s control while the captain had a coffee and sandwich.

b. The US and the USSR can attack each other with _____-continental missiles. c. Germany and France are _____-operating on the design of a new space rocket. d. She’s divorced but she’s still on good terms with her ____-husband. e. The teacher told his students to ____write his bad composition.

2. bi- (=two) pre- (=before) semi- (=half) counter- (=in the opposite direction) a. We managed to drive the enemy back, but they _____ attacked. b. The back wheel of a ____cycle bears more weight than the front wheel. c. Dinosaurs lived millions of years ago in _____historic times. d. The pupils’ desks were arranged in a ______circle wound the teacher. e. His father is Greek and his mother is Italian, so he’s _____lingual.

3. post- (=after) mono- (=one) anti- (=against) non- (=not) a. He got his university degree last year. Now he’s doing ______graduate studies. b. Some flights go from London to the Middle East ____-stop. c. The word ‘fat, ‘help’, and ‘come’ are all ______syllables. d. That’s _____sense! You don’t know what you’re talking about. e. The principal ___-war problem was to rebuild the destroyed cities and industries.

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4. multi- (=many) trans- (=across) super- (=above, more than) de- (=acting against) a. The countryside is becoming ____forested so quickly that soon there’ll be no trees at all. b. He works in London and in New York so he’s a regular ____ atlantic air passenger. c. The train became _____railed at 60 miles per hour but no one was seriously injured. d. He was so powerful that he sometimes seemed almost ______human. e. Britain has all people from all over the world. It’s a _____racial society.

5. pro- (=for, in favour of) sub- (=under) uni- (=one) tri- (=three) a. The road is very dangerous. Use the _____way to get across. b. That newspaper is very left-wing. In fact, it’s _____ communist. c. Soldiers, policemen and firemen wear _____form. d. Small children ride _____cycles, not bicycles. e. The _____marine approached the warship unseen.

6. over- (=too much) under- (=not enough) a. He needs a good holiday. He’s suffering from _____work. b. In needs to be cooked a little more. It’s ______done. c. She didn’t hear the alarm clock and _______slept. d. You’ve ______charged me. The price is $8 not $10. e. They say they’re ______paid and want more money. 7. An antonym is formed by adding a prefix ‘un-, dis-, ir-, il-, im-, in-‘

a. _____able f. _____satisfied

b. _____load g. _____mortal

c. _____honest h. _____appropriate

d. _____accurate e. _____complete

SUFFIXES

In the following exercises, syllables or words are to be added to the end of other words to change or add to their meaning. 1. -ish (=with the qualities of) Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below. childish girlish amateurish piggish monkish

a. He lives in one small room and he hasn’t many needs. He leads an almost ______life. b. He is usually a very fine actor, but last night he was terrible, really _________. c. He’s nearly eighteen but he still has very _________ attitudes and interests. d. He behaved very badly at lunch. He really has ________ manners. e. She still wears rather young, _________ fashions.

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2. -ish (=rather, about, more or less) Put each of the following words in its correct place in the text below.

smallish sevenish twentyish fairish greenish darkish tallish Well, it happened very quickly, officer. I was just leaving my office. It was fairly late, perhaps a. _________ and I couldn’t see very well because it was already getting b. _________. A man came out of the bank. He had c. __________ hair. His age, well, he was d. _________ or may be twenty-five. I couldn’t guess his height, but he was e. ________. He had a suitcase and he got into a car, not a very big one, f. _________ in fact. The colour? I think it was g. _________. Sorry, I can’t be more exact.

3. -ful (=having) -less (=lacking) Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below. harmless thoughtful waterless beautiful friendless a. She’s very beautiful. Three artists have painted her. b. The Sahara Desert is a vast ________ area which runs from east to west across Africa. c. Smoking is _______ for your health. d. I was alone and ________ in a strange city. e. This present is just what I want and need. How _________ of you.

4. -er has an active meaning -ee has a passive meaning Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below. interviewer trainer employer interviewee trainee employee a. I was given a pay rise by my ___________. b. A football team normally has a __________ to keep the players fit. c. A television ___________ should always give the _________ a proper chance to express

his or her opinions. d. That company has 200 people working in its factory. My brother works there and I, too,

am an ____________. e. At the moment he’s a management ____________. If he’s successful, he’ll be given his

first responsible position in January.

5. -proof (=safe against, able to resist) Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below. waterproof soundproof bulletproof heatproof foolproof a. The recording studio was completely __________. b. The soldiers were given __________ watches. c. The windows of the President’s car were made of ___________ glass in case of an

assassination attempt. d. The dishes are ____________. You can put them in the oven. e. The bank’s security system is completely ___________. It can’t possibly go wrong.

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6. -ful (=used to indicate quantity) Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below. houseful cupful tankful handful mouthful teaspoonful a. At Christmas we had a _________ of visitors. b. A ________ _ of petrol should take this car over 200 miles. c. The foreign tourist put a __________ of money in front of the taxi driver and sad, “Is this

enough?” d. After just one ________ I knew she was wonderful cook. e. Put a large _________ of rice in boiling water, then add a little salt, just a _______

7. ‘-er, -or, -ar’ are added to verbs to make nouns describing people a. teach __________ f. ski __________ b. inspect __________ g. photograph __________ c. rob __________ h. operate __________ d. swim __________ i. compete __________ e. elect __________ j. donate __________

8. ‘-ist, -ian’ are added to nouns to make other nouns describing people a. motor ___________ d. psychiatry __________ b. Paris ___________ g. electricity __________ c. music ___________ h. parachute __________ d. Buddha ___________ i. comedy __________ e. journal ___________ j. language __________

EXERCISES:

Nouns made from Verbs

e.g.: -sis : emphasis -age : storage -ure : seizure -sion : conclusion -y : recovery -ment : improvement -ence : coincidence -tion : competition - ance : entrance -ation : accusation -al : proposal etc

Make nouns from the following verbs by adding the correct affixes and making any other necessary changes in spelling. a. The doctor’s ____________ (diagnose) was that I had bronchitis. b. The ____________ (analyze) of the blood will help the police find the murderer. c. Thank you for your ___________ (enquire) about our products. We enclose our current

catalogue. d. Police dogs are trained to a high standard of ____________ (obey).

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e. She accepted his __________ (apologize) for his rude behavior at dinner. f. It was the actor’s finest ____________ (perform). g. His unpunctuality and bad work soon led to his ____________ (dismiss) from the firm. h. Airmail ____________ (post) to Australia for a large parcel is very expensive. i. He was delighted by his ___________ (admit) in the national football team. j. His parents gave him a lot of _________ (encourage) in his study. k. There’s a lot of __________ (compete) among car manufacturers to sell most cars. l. If I can work all day without any __________ (interrupt), I can finish the job by this evening. m. He had to face an _________ (accuse) from his neighbours. n. They are trying to find the ___________ (solve) for this problem. o. To get married before you are eighteen, you need the _________ (approve) from your

parents. n. The President believed there was a ____________ (conspire) to overthrow him. p. I can’t tell the ____________ (differ) between butter and margarine. q. I wish you happiness, good health and ___________ (prosper) for this coming year. r. The __________ (wreck) of the smashed car was left by the road as a warning to motorists. t. I like a museum with a __________ (mix) of objects: pictures, sculptures, furniture, and other

things.

Nouns made from Adjectives

e.g. -ence, : independence -y : jealousy -ance : reluctance -iness : loneliness -cy : efficiency -ion : perfection -ity : similarity -ment : contentment -ness : madness etc -ty : anxiety

Make nouns from the following adjectives by adding the correct affixes and making any other necessary changes in spelling. a. Zimbabwe gained its __________ (independent) in 1975. b. The _______ (deep) of the water here is over three metres. c. He escaped to __________ (free) by climbing over the prison wall. d. The __________ (frequent) of this bus service is about one in every ten minutes. e. Men and women should have __________ (equal) of pay and opportunity. f. Thank you for your ___________ (kind) to my mother when she was ill. g. He spoke with great __________ (clear). Everybody understood. h. ‘___________’ (courteous) is another word for ‘politeness’. i. Living alone in the city, he suffered from _________ (lonely) first. j. She dances so beautifully she almost reaches _________ (perfect). k. The _________ (popular) of the Beatles was amazing. l. Please have a little _________ (patient). We must wait another hour.

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m. The _______ (dead) of the president was announced on the radio. n. _________ (ill) kept him away from work for a week. o. The French _________ (fond) for wine is well known. They like it a lot. p. There’s no __________ (necessary) to take an exam if you don’t want to. q. The children’s _________ (excited) increased as Christmas Day drew near. r. The _______ (lovely) of the view almost took my breath away. s. This animal is dangerous. It should be handled with the greatest _______ (cautious). t. Her death brought great __________ (sad) to all her family.

Adjectives made from Nouns

-y : grassy -able : fashionable -ly : friendly -ar : muscular -ous : poisonous -ful : successful -ic : alcoholic -less : waterless -ical : grammatical etc Make adjectives from the following nouns by adding the correct affixes and making any other necessary changes in spelling. a. It’s a very academic, __________ (year) book. b. It’s been dry for two weeks but I think next weekend will be_______ (rain). c. She is a _________ (humor) person. I really like her. d. He was very patient and ________ (sympathy) when I told him my problem. e. He is interested in _________ (politics) affairs. He might enter parliament. f. He bought a very ________ (value) painting last month. g. Do you think that this business is ________ (profit)? h. I’d love to have a big house in the ___________ (suburb) area. i. It was such a _________ (miracle) event. How could they survive from the accident! j. She paints and draws. She is very _________ (art).

Adjectives made from Verbs

-able : adjustable -ing : boring -ive : attractive -ed : amazed -y : sticky -ive : educative -ant : observant etc Make adjectives from the following verbs by adding the correct affixes and making any other necessary changes in spelling. a. It’s _________ (advise) to book early, but not essential. b. He was very _________ (appreciate) of all I had done for him. c. The _________ (observe) guard inspects all the visitors.

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d. His appearance is ________ (deceive). He is older than he looks. e. He is a very ________ (depend). You can rely on him

Verbs made from Nouns or Adjectives

-en : frighten -en : sharpen -en : endanger etc a. They plan to _________ (strength) the bridge by building more stone supports. b. Why can’t they _________ (length) the break so that we have time more coffee? c. You can ________ (less) the risk of theft by locking your bicycle. d. The police cannot _________ (proof) that he committed the crime. e. If the ambulance doesn’t come soon, he’ll _________ (blood) to death. f. The smoke was so dense that we could hardly ________ (breath). g. My brother and I decided to _______ (half) the money we found.

More Exercise:

Fill each space in the sentences below with the correct form of the word in bold print above it. 1. beauty a. She is very ___________. b. She’s training to be a ____________. c. They’re going to _________ the town with more trees and parks. 2. pay a. To buy this car I made a monthly ___________ of $280 for two years. b. Please make your check ___________ to John Watson. c. The person a check is made out is called the _____________. 3. receive a. She works as a ______________ at a hotel in Scotland. b. Ask for a ___________ when you buy something, in case you need to return it. c. I made several suggestions to improve production, but the management was not very

____________ to my ideas. 4. hero a. He received a medal for his ____________. b. They fought ___________ in the war. c. She was described as a ______________.

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5. produce a. _____________ of the new sports car has been halted by a strike. b. China is one of the world’s leading ___________ of rice. c. I’m afraid the talks were totally ____________. We didn’t reach agreement on anything. 6. explain a. An ____________ leaflet is given to all purchasers of the machine. b. His disappearance is very strange, in fact quite _______________. c. I think you owe me an _____________ for your behavior. 7. compare a. This is ____________ better than that. In fact, there is really no ____________. b. Scientists have made _____________ tests on the new drugs. 8. advise a. Until the situation has settled down, it is ____________ to travel to that country. b. The government set up an ____________ body on the use of drugs in sport. c. I doubt the ___________ of drinking alcohol while undergoing that medical treatment. 9. admire a. She was a pleasant, attractive girl, always surrounded by ____________. b. I am full of ____________ for what she has achieved. c. I approve of him wholeheartedly. He is and ___________ man. 10. real a. I think it’s a bit __________ to hope the world peace can be gained so easily. b. He spends all his time in romantic daydreams. He’s lost touch with ________. c. Ladies and gentlemen, I am a ________ and I think we must face facts.

ZERO AFFIXATION

Many words in English can function as a noun and verb, or noun and adjective, or verb and adjective, with no change in form. The meaning is not always the same. Here are a few examples:

Noun and Verb

- We queued for half an hour. We waited in a queue for half an hour. - This orange smells/tastes strange. This orange has got a strange smell/ taste. - I didn’t know the answer, so I guessed. I didn’t know the answer, so I had a guess.

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EXERCISES: 1. Rewrite these sentences using the underlined nouns as verbs.

a. We had a long wait. b. I had a dream about you last night. c. The cost of the holiday was about $500. d. I wrote a reply to his letter yesterday. e. I need some water for my car.

2. Rewrite these sentences using the underlined verbs as nouns. a. I’ll ring him this evening. b. I diet if I put on weight. c. It was very hot, so we rested for a while after lunch. d. I braked but I still couldn’t stop in time. e. He pushed me.

COMPOUND NOUNS

A compound noun is formed from two nouns, or an adjective and a noun. Here are some common examples: alarm clock baby-sitter credit card T-shirt tin opener sunglasses science fiction earring table tennis mother-in-law

Exercises: 1. Take one word (the first part or the second part) from each compound and create a new

compound. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary. brother-in-law mother-in-law table tennis table leg dining room …………………………… film star ………………………….. credit card ………………………….. toothpaste ………………………….. traffic lights ………………………….. post office ………………………….. hairdryer ………………………….

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COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

A compound adjectives is formed from two different words, and occasionally three. They are usually written with a hyphen (e.g. good-looking, well-known).

Exercises: 1. Match words from the box on the left with words from the box on the right to form 12

compound adjectives.

2. Complete the compound adjectives in these sentences.

a. They were both wearing short-……………. Shirts. b. We stayed in a five-………….. hotel. c. There is a shop in London which sells things for left-…………… people. d. He’s just bought a brand-………………. Car. e. The airport is about ten miles south-…………….. of the city centre. f. It was a badly-……………… article. I noticed lots of punctuation and spelling mistakes. g. Have you ever met a well-……………… actor or politician? h. I had a nice time with my cousin – he’s good company and very easy-……………. i. She’s got a little stall in the market where she sells second-……………… things. j. They’re very well-……………, so they can afford to go to expensive restaurants.

Bibliography

Redman, Stuart. English Vocabulary in Use, Pre-Intermediate & Intermediate. 1997. Cambridge: Cambride University Press. Thomas, B.J. 1986. Advanced Vocabulary. 1986. Hong Kong: Nelson and Sons Ltd. Thomas, B.J. 1986. Intermediate Vocabulary. 1986. Hong Kong: Nelson and Sons Ltd.

good well easy north ten short brand badly part left first second

new known written class looking sleeved hand handed going east time pound