Honors Physics 1st

Study Guide for Semester 2 Exam ***Study your notes, labs, and assignments. Chapters in the book are also included. Show all work, equations used and include units for full credit.***Physics Book- Conceptual Physics (yellow and blue book). Paul Hewitt

Chapter 25 Vibrations and WavesChapter 26 SoundChapter 27 LightChapter 28 ColorChapter 29 Reflection and RefractionChapter 30 LensesChapter 31 Diffraction and Interference

Chapter 17 the Atomic Nature of MatterChapter 20 GasesChapter 21 Temperature, Heat and ExpansionChapter 22 Heat TransferChapter 23 Change of PhaseChapter 24 ThermodynamicsChapter 38 The Atom and Nuclear Physics Chapter 39 The Atomic Nucleus and RadioactivityChapter 40 Nuclear Fission and Fusion

Show all work, include units for full credit and circle final answer in decimal form.1. Define waves and list the properties of all waves.Define: a wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to anotherProperties: parts of wave labeled below. All carry energy.2. Label the following parts of the wave (Crest, Trough, Amplitude, equilibrium line wave height and wavelength)

3. Answering the following questions (a-c) about the graph below. Include units where appropriate.v = f l f= 1/T v = l / T

a. The amplitude is____2m______

b. The wavelength is ____1m______

c. How many crests are shown? 4

d. How many troughs are shown? 4

e. If this is a sound wave, calculate the frequency using the speed of sound and the wavelength above in a. (343m/s= v)The frequency is ______N/A________

f. The period is ________N/A_________

v = f l f= 1/T v = l / T4. Be able to calculate and solve for speed, frequency and wavelength of a wave?

4a. The speed of a wave is 25m/s. If the frequency of the wave is 10 Hz, what is the wavelength? v = f l 25 = 10 l l= 2.5m

4b. The speed of a wave is 25 m/s. If the frequency of the wave is 10 Hz, what is the period of the wave? f= 1/T 10 = 1/T 0.1s or v = l / T 25 = 2.5/T 0.1s

4c. If it takes 15 seconds for 20 wave crests to pass, what is the frequency of the wave?Period (T) – number of seconds per cycle Frequency (f) – number of cycles per second

20 waves/15 seconds = 1.33HZ5. What is the relationship between frequency and period?As the frequency of a sound wave increases, the period of the wave ____Decreases_______. (increase/ decrease)6. What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?As the wavelength of a sound wave increases, the frequency of the wave ____Decrease________. (increase/ decrease)7. What is the relationship between pitch and wavelength?As the wavelength of a sound wave increases, the pitch of the wave ________Decrease_____. (increase/ decrease)8. Diagram the wave pattern for the Doppler effect.

8b. Explain any changes in wavelength, amplitude, frequency, speed, pitch and label them in the diagram. Ex. When police car is driving towards you, the sirens will sound louder than they really areAs the ambulance approached with its siren blasting, the pitch of the siren sound was high; and then suddenly after it passed by, the pitch of the siren sound was low. Frequency is the pitch of a sound. High pitch = high frequency/ Low pitch = low frequency8c. What types of waves will the doppler effect occur for? observed to occur with all types of waves - water waves, sound waves, and light waves.

9. What is the source of all sounds? How are they produced?Longitudinal waves produced by a vibration. Changes in pressure (high to low)

10. How does pitch relate to frequency?Frequency is the pitch of a sound. High pitch = high frequency/ Low pitch = low frequency

11. Light can travel through the vacuum of space, as is evidenced when you see the sun, moon, or stars in the sky. Can sound travel through a vacuum also? Explain why.

No it cannot – it needs a medium to travel through12. How fast does sound travel in room temperature air? 343 m/s

12b. How does it compare to the speed of sound in water? And steel?

The speed of sound in steel is faster than in air.In general, sounds are transmitted easily in solids, then liquids, and slowest is air (gases.)12c. What affect does increasing temperature do to the speed of sound?

Temp increases = speed Faster colder = slower13. How does carpet keep a room quiet? (use the vocabulary word associated with this and explain how it is done) items that absorb sound don't reflect the vibrations. Soft items such as carpet and curtains will help to absorb sound and make a room quieter. 

14. A vibrating tuning fork emits sound. What is emitted by the vibrating electrons of atoms?All sound waves are produced by vibrating objects

15. Define the phenomenon known as resonance and give two examples of this that were covered in class. When an object is forced to vibrate at its natural frequency

16. Define the following and give an example of each. Which type is light? Which type is sound?Longitudinal wave Wave particles move parallel to wave Ex. Sound

Transverse wave energy moves perpendicular to the direction of the wave.

Ex. Light is transverse and electromagnetic

Standing wave A standing wave is produced when a wave that is traveling is reflected back upon itself.Electromagnetic wave - capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum (or empty space). Produced by the vibration of charged particles. Ex. All light waves

Mechanical Wave - not capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum. Require a medium in order to transport their energy from one location to another. Ex. Sound, slinky, water, standing waves.

17. Define the following and give an example of each: Draw what each example would look like and in what material this occurs (solids, liquids, gases).

Constructive Crests/troughs will ADD together to produce a greater amplitude.

Destructive crests/troughs add together they will produce a smaller

amplitude.

Diffraction - a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in their path. Occurs when light passes the edge of a barrier

Absorption

18. Waves spread out when they pass through an opening. Does the spreading become more or less pronounced for narrower openings? What is this spreading called?

More for narrower opening. Type of diffraction. Spreading is dispersion

19. If you can see the face of a friend who is underwater in a pool, can she also see you? Why does the depth of your friend underwater look distorted?

Yes they can see you. Looks distorted due to refraction.

20. Define refraction. Give an example. Draw what refraction would look like. is the bending of the path of a light wave as it passes across the boundary separating two media. Is caused by the change in speed experienced by a wave when it changes medium.

21. When you stand on the edge of a swimming pool and look downward, the refraction of light will cause the bottom of the pool to appear? Draw and explain the likely path of light passing from air into water. The bottom will look closer than it really is

22. When a wave passes from one medium to another and slows down, in which direction does the wave bend? Towards the normal. Like a car going from asphalt (street) to grass.

23. What is the law of reflection? Does the law of reflection work for all mirrors including curved?The incident angle (Ɵi) of a light ray is equal to the reflected angle (Ɵr) .The incident and reflected rays are on opposite sides of the normal line.

The law of reflection applies to any reflective surface.

23b. Does the law of reflection hold for diffuse reflection? yes

23c. Does the law of reflection hold for sound waves as well as light waves? Explain.Only reflective surfaces

24. Draw and label the reflection off a plane mirror: (label the angle of incidence, incidence ray, normal line, reflected ray, angle of reflection)

25. A light ray reflects off a plane mirror. The angle of incidence is 35 degrees. What is the angle of reflection? 35 degrees

26. Why do smooth metal surfaces make good mirrors? What kind of reflection do they exhibit?Always virtual – specular reflection

27. Compare and contrast plane, concave and convex mirrors. What kinds of images are produced by each? Give an example of each mirror and when it is used. Plane mirrors – always virtual

Concave mirrors produce all kinds of images. Convex mirrors always produce images located behind the convex mirror, virtual, upright, reduced in size (i.e., smaller than the object)

MIRROR

28. Using the Ray Diagram Rules for Mirrors find the resulting images from all of the objects pictured. After completion state the full descriptions of the resulting images (type, magnification, orientation…)Object is past Center of Curvature. Image is between C and F, inverted, reduced (smaller), real

29. When you view your image in a plane mirror, how far behind the mirror is your image? Same distance - always virtual30. Compare and contrast specular and diffuse reflection. Give an example of each. Draw what each example would look like.

Specular reflection: Smooth, shiny surfaces

Diffuse Reflection: Rough, dull surfaceslight is scattered in different directions

31. Compare and contrast real and virtual images. (Which is inverted? Which is right side up? Is one magnified larger or smaller?)Virtual - images are images that are formed in locations where light does not actually reach. Real - are formed on the same side of the mirror as the object and light passes through the actual image location.32. Write out the seven parts of the EM spectrum including ROYGBV. Write them in increasing order of wavelength. Note which parts of the EM have the highest and lowest: wavelengths, frequency and energy. Which part is the fastest (speed)? Give an example of each type.

EM spectrum all types of light

Written opposite - in decreasing order.All electromagnetic waves travel the same speed.Examples:Radiowaves – radios, type of lightMicrowaves – microwavesInfrared – infrared cameras, predatorUV – sun (sunburns)Xrays - xraysGamma rays -

R O Y G B V33. What determines whether or not a material is transparent or opaque?

Transparent Objects: materials through which light can pass in straight lines Translucent: Materials that absorb some light and let some light passOpaque: Materials that absorb light.

34. What is a prism and how does it work?Separation of visible light into its component colors by dispersion.

34b. How is a raindrop similar to a prism? Separation of visible light into its component colors by dispersion.

35. If all colors of visible light combine, what is the resulting color? White

36. List the three primary colors of additive light system. Red, green, blue36b. What color do you get when red and blue light mix? Yellow and green? What other colors can you make and what would you use to make them?

Red/blue = purple/magenta yellow/green = blue/turqoist

37. Are black and white real colors, in the sense that red and green are? Explain.Black is the absence of color and therefore not a real color. White is the blending of all colors and

therefore is a real color.

38. What will an image formed by a single diverging lens look like? (Virtual? Real? Upside down? Right side up? Smaller? Larger? farther? Closer?)

Located on the object' side of the lens, a virtual image, upright, reduced in size (i.e., smaller than the object)

39. Compare and contrast concave and convex mirrors lenses. What kinds of images are produced by each? Give an example of each lens and when it is used.

Concave mirrors produce all kinds of images. Convex mirrors always produce images located behind the convex mirror, virtual, upright, reduced in size (i.e., smaller than the object)

40. According to the situation below, find the location of the arrowhead’s image due to the placement of the double convex lens. The arrowhead currently is located at the radius of curvature. Show at least 3 rays in your determination of the image location. Is the image real or virtual? What would the magnification be?

41. What are photons? When are they released?Photons are small pockets of light. Photons are released when an electron jumps down an energy level.42. Fill out the following chart:

Subatomic Particle Charge Location MassProtons Positive In nucleus 1 amuNeutrons Neutral In nucleus 1 amuElectrons Negative Electron Cloud 0 amu

*** Mass of atom is not distributed equally (last column). All weight is in nucleus from p’s and n’s.43. Draw a picture of an atom and label the 5 parts that were discussed in class.

44. Give the atom above 5 electron orbitals. Discuss how electrons become excited and what happens to them. Illustrate this on your atom.

Electrons become excited (gain energy) and jump up levels. When they return to their ground state they release the energy in forms of photons.

44b. Draw and label the highest energy level change possible on your atom.*** Energy is quantized

44c. Draw and label the longest wavelength that can be produced with an energy level change on your atom. Longest wavelength would be from N=3 back down to the nucleus.

45. Define the following and give an example of each: Draw what each nuclear equation would look like.

Alpha a helium nucleus (2 protons, 2 neutrons)

Beta A beta particle is a fast moving, high energy electron which is emitted from the nucleus of an atom undergoing radioactive decay.

Gamma A gamma is a high energy light particle. Found with Alpha or Beta

46. Define half life. time required for half of the original sample of radioactive nuclides to decay

46b. If a sample of radioactive sand has a half-life of 2 hours. How much of a 100g sample remains after 6 hours? 100 50(2hrs) 25(4hrs) 12.5(6hrs)

47. Compare and contrast nuclear fission and fusion. Give two examples of when each is used.Nuclear fission – One nucleus collides into another nucleus causing a chain reaction. Atomic nucleus is split into smaller atomic nuclei (two ss’s). Does not occur in nature. Energy Plants.

Nuclear fusion – When two or more atomic nuclei collide at a very high speed and join to form a new atomic nucleus. releases energy when very light nuclei fuse together

48. Name the three phases of matter discussed in class. Describe the six processes of one phase changing to another. Solids Liquids Gases/ like liquid to gas is called evaporation

49. On a very hot day, the height of piece of metal will (be longer, shorter, or remain unchanged)? Explain your answer. Longer or higher due to metals expanding in heat

50. Compare and contrast heat and temperature. Define and give examples of both.Heat - The energy that transfers from one object to another because of a temperature difference between them.

Temperature – measure of the average kinetic energy (motion) of gas particles

51. Why would a piece of metal feels colder than a piece of wood at the same temperature?Metals are good heat conductors / Wood is a good insulator

52. What happens to the air and water when water boils? Explain on a molecular level.Water boils when water turns to steam at the bottom of the liquid

53. Explain what a bimetallic strip is and what it is used for.A bimetallic strips is made up of two strips of different metals. During heating/cooling they expand at different rates and can be used in ovens, thermostats and automatic switches.

54. Two pots are filled with boiling water. The pots are exactly the same size, but one pot is white and the other is black. Which pots cools faster? Explain your answer.

The black pot will cool faster. It is the better absorber of heat and hence the better emitter.

55. One hundred joules of heat is added to a system that performs 60 joules of work. What is the change in the internal energy of the system?Start with 100J 60J of work 40J changed

56. What is Boyle’s Law? Give an example. Write the equation.At a constant mass (n) and temperature (T) , Volume (V) changes inversely (oppositely) with pressure (P). (Ex. Marshmallow/syringe) P1 V1 = P2 V2

56b. At SP, 1.37 L of a gas was collected. What is the new volume (L) at 1.02 atm?P1 V1 = P2 V2 (1 atm)(1.37L) = (1.02) V2 1.34L

57. What is Charles’ Law? Give an example. Write the equation.At a constant mass (n) and pressure (P), volume (V) changes directly (same) with temperature (T). V1 = V2 (Ex. Crushing pop can)

T1 T2

57b. What will be the new volume of a sample of gas at ST if 374 L was collected at 12°C?V1 = V2 (374L)/(273K) = V2 / (12 + 273) 390L T1 T2

58. A gas has a temperature of 14 0C, and a volume of 4.5 liters at 1 atm. If the temperature is raised to 29 0C and the pressure is not changed, what is the new volume of the gas? P1 V 1 = P2 V2 (1atm)(4.5L) = (1atm) v 4.74L T1 T2 14+273 29+273 59. What are the three ways heat is transferred? Give examples of each one.

Radiation – transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic waves. energy from to sun gets to Earth by radiationConduction – transfer of heat by direct contact. Cooking egg in pan.Convection = Heat is transferred by currents in a liquid or a gas. When heated molecules move from one place to another, taking the heat with them. Boiling water

60. State the first and second law of thermodynamics.1st Law - The energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, so while energy can be converted to another form, the total energy remains constant.2nd Law - Heat will always flow from an object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature… or natural systems tend to proceed toward a state of greater disorder… aka entropy

61. Define entropy. A measure of the disorder of a system.