Ch1 Review outline

Box One – Main Types of Travel

1. Domestic: within country2. International: crossing borders3. Outbound: home country you are leaving4. Inbound: country you are visiting5. Domestic Tourism: ^ popular/convenient/Lang/Religion/ same currency/no

passport/no visa/same culture/same holidays/usually cheaper

Reasons why people travel

Box Two – Leisure Travel

1. For pleasure and enjoyment2. See attraction/break from daily routines3. Free time/ more money (disposable income)4. Day trippers/ overnight visitors/short breaks

Box Three – Business Travel

1. MICE – meetings/incentives/conferences/and exhibitions2. Work-related 3. Employer pays for significant cost of travel4. Business travelers spend more usually than leisure travelers on

Transport/Accommodation

Box Four – VFR – Visiting Friends and Relatives

1. MEDCs and LEDCs – international travelers for purpose of seeing friends and family

2. Globalization of careers/more flights/cheaper flights/trains/cars/ more disposable income/more time off

Box Five – Niche Markets

1. Medical Tourism: general or cosmetic surgery abroad2. Religious Tourism: pilgrimages 3. Adventure tourism: trekking jungles, mountains4. Cultural Tourism: heritage tours, history, clothing, architecture, museums etc.5. Ecotourism: experience unspoiled natural environment and wildlife6. Sports Tourism: World Cup7. Spa Tourism: Spa resorts, health therapy and beauty treatments8. Dark Tourism: former battlefields / concentration camps

Characteristics of the Travel and Tourism Industry

Box Six: Seasonality

1. The demand for various tourism products and services vary throughout the year2. Levels of demand often reflect local climatic conditions associated with the

passing of the different seasons of the year3. Seasonality causes problems for suppliers of travel and tourism products and

services because demand levels fluctuate throughout the year.4. Empty hotel room does not generate revenue if it remains unoccupied and empty

seats on a flight cannot be sold once the aircraft takes off.5. Suppliers seek to minimize the impacts caused by seasonal nature of demand by

reducing prices in the shoulder months when demand is traditionally lower.6. Look up shoulder months:7. Many consumers try and take advantage of low season offers: Miami Spice /

Miami Spa Month

Box Seven: Intangibility

1. Service product in intangible when it cannot be easily evaluated or demonstrated in advance of its purchase.

2. Travel agent cannot provide for the testing or sampling of a tourism product such as a package holiday.

3. Cannot test-drive or sample tourism before you go on the trip.4. Problem may be overcome by printing a wide range of literature, by producing

videos or providing the or by providing the product on a special offer in an attempt to increase tangibility. You can get magazines; read reviews, YELP, Travel APPS, Social Media, past weather patterns etc… Go to State Dept. for alerts

Box Eight: Perishability

1. T and T products cannot be stored for sale for a future occasion. 2. Hotel bed, airline seat, convention center left empty, represents lost revenue that

can never be recouped. 3. Marketers in the tourism and hospitality sectors have to devise complex pricing

and promotion policies in an attempt to sell “ off-season” periods.4. Offer cheap tickets and use computerized reservations system in order to forecast

the need for tactical action if demand is believed to be below expectations.5. Hotel Tonight APP

Travel and Tourism Industry

Box Nine:

1. Range from capital cities/small towns/villages/rural/coastal/mountain areas2. Global economy, creating jobs and wealth, generating exports, boosting taxes and

stimulating capital investment

Development of the modern travel and tourism industry

Box Ten

1.MEDCs: mass participation activity, accessible to enjoyed by the majority of their citizens2. T and T is a good indicator of economic growth and maturity within a country.3. Tourism participation rate: % of a countries population that participates in T and T4. Western Europe: 80% involved 5. Asian countries have seen an increase in participation in T and T during the last 20 years. Reflects major changes that have occurred within their economies.

Box Eleven: Impact of the national economy

1. Rise in per capita incomes: GDP per capital, citizens will have an increase in disposable income. Increase participation rate/ service jobs/ weekends off / higher paying professional jobs

2. Increase in disposable income/ more willingness and ability to consume various goods and services, including an increase in tourist demand.

Box Twelve: Car ownership

1. Car ownership influences travel behavior2. Eur/NA: widespread ownership/affordability/number one way to travel3. Cars offer freedom/remote destinations/cities/road trips/on your own time/your

passengers/your luggage choices/not a lot of planning4. Even in USA/lack of car ownership will limit travel opportunities/ New

Orleans/Hurricane Katrina 5. Post WWII, boom in car ownership/Interstate highways/changing landscapes/gas

stations/attractions/service plazas/hotels/rest stops6. Before cars, when most people traveled by rail; most attractions were near train

stations in Downtown areas.7. Car ownership/ bed and breakfasts/roadside cafes/Disney/car ferry

services/bridges/ think Key West

Box Thirteen: Increase in leisure time

1. Increased leisure time has come with the following: Flexibility of working hours/ greater freedom for employee to pick dates to take off.

2. Paid leave in countries: USA two weeks / EUR four weeks paid holiday3. Retirees are younger, more fit and healthy/active lifestyle 4. Young people leisure time constrained by limited income rather than time.5. Young people today more willing to travel/ less emphasis on lifetime careers/ take

longer period of time off between jobs.6. Gap Year7. Consumer behavior on T and T is changing in response to economic and social

developments8. Changing patterns lean towards shorter/more intensive/more frequent getaways9. Young people/retirees willing to travel in groups 10. Leisure time availability continues to be shaped by hours of work, public

holidays, paid leave entitlements and retirement arrangements. Each of these varies from country to country

11. Each country tends to have its own national values and traditions in terms of importance attached to leisure.

Box Fourteen: Money Rich and Time Poor

Box Fifteen: Money Rich and Time Rich

Box Sixteen: Money Poor and Time Poor

Box Seventeen: Money Poor and Time Rich

Technological Developments

Box Eighteen: Transport Technology

1. Two parts of transport technology: A. Mode of travel designed for water, dry land, steel rails, sky and B. Infrastructure needed to run them.

2. Rails/Tracks/Train stations 3. Interstates/Highways/Bridges/ cars4. Cruise Ships/ ports/terminals5. Airplanes/runways/terminals6. Technology in transport/travel more efficient and more comfortable7. More people/ greater distance/faster8. Mass Tourism is know worldwide/ globalization of T and T9. Reduce friction of distance: A380/747 – more people/greater distance/cheaper

flights

10. New Cruise ships: floating cities/over 3,000 people/cheaper tickets11. Fast Bullet Trains12. Tunnel Technology: Alps and Chunnel

Box Nineteen: Developments in ICT: information and communication technology

1. E-tourism: biggest force in e-commerce2. Internet-based service provision and 24/7 availability has transformed customer

interaction with service providers 3. Customer service and profitability have improved4. Websites offer online booking/ acts as a marketing tool5. Ease and convenient in booking travel arrangements6. Instant reservations/payment confirmation/open 24/77. Pictures/videos/reviews/packages/maps8. Accommodations/Transport/Transfer/Attractions/Tour guides/Car rentals etc…

Box Twenty Product Development and innovation

1. Vladimir Raitz: first pioneer to mass package holidays = charter flights from UK to Corsica 1950

2. Flight/transfers/and accommodation = affordable travel for the first time3. There is a trend now to start booking your own budget airline and accommodation4. Package holidays/ companies bundle together tier services5. Vertical co-operation – airlines/charters/accommodations/attractions/restaurants

all working together 6. Product package holiday covers complete experience from the time you leave

home to the time you come back.7. Product development/process of individualizing mass market products/ stay

competitive / product differentiation, product line extension, branding, changing cost/quality ratio of the product

8. Offer uniqueness through choice destination, hotels, etc…..

Box Twenty-one – Consumer needs and expectations

1. Range of tastes and budgets vary in flights/accommodations/restaurants 2. Specialized holidays/family holidays/beach vacations/spa get-aways3. Global warming/climate change/rising oil prices/energy crisis/economic

slowdown/will change consumer attitudes/travel seasonality4. Helps influence individual choices regarding travel destinations, length of trip,

looking into greener ways to travel/ enviro-friendly modes of transport/enviro-responsible service providers

5. Cultural tourism/educational activity/tend to be better educated than the average visitor

6. Cultural tourist today seem to be interested in experiences/taking part/active/creative/ not just observing from sidelines

7. Participates in festivals/carnivals/8. T and T is evolving as a result of changes in society and lifestyles9. Niche markets are popular today/motivated by a specific reason

External Factors

Box Twenty-Two: Legislation

1. Countries/cities/states/laws on tourism operations and activities2. Protection of tourists/border controls/quality of services/protection of

environment/conservation of historical sites and monuments/tourism industry regulations

3. Demand for tourism legislation is for protecting the locals/tourists/environment/businesses/setting standard of services

4. Sustainable tourism laws/protecting the interests of local environment/local citizens/local businesses/economic benefits that put back into the community

5. European Package Travel Regulations/Regulation 2 “ Package Holiday” means prearranged combination of at least two components

6. All-inclusive price/ when contract is more than 24 hours or overnight, must include Transport and Accommodation

7. Regulation 15: Organizer ( tour operator) is liable for the failures of hotels/suppliers and services within the contract

8. Tour rep must provide you with prompt assistance

Role of local authorities and gov’t

Box Twenty-Three

1. National and local gov’t can plan/promote/highlight designated areas to be targeted for tourism development

Box Twenty Four / Fluctuations in currency

1. Rise or fall in value of a given currency can have far reaching economic impacts on travellers and destinations alike.

2. Currency exchange rates have big impact on decisions made by both international tourists and suppliers of tourism products and services

3. Price of foreign currency decreases then the overall travel costs for visiting for the international tourist will become cheaper

4. This will cause a high demand within that destination

5. Fluctuations in currency therefore have direct effects on both outbound tourists and the suppliers of travel services in particular destinations

6. Dollar/Euro/Peso

Box Twenty Five / Climatic Change and natural disasters

1. WTO/ World Tourism Organizations2. Two environments/ coastal zones and mountains ranges3. Threat of climate change puts tourism at risk in many of these destinations4. Seaside tourism: damage from most of the effects of climate change/ beach

erosion/higher sea levels/flooding/reduced water supply5. Mountain regions/ reduction in winter activities6. Winter season will shorten/ decline in winter sports7. Summer season now longer/ help make up for losses due to winter8. Natural disasters/destroy local economy/regional economy/natural environment

and infrastructure9. Really hurt overall economy if the single main attraction of a country or region is

damaged due to natural disasters

Box Twenty Six / Make a list of Natural disasters and impact on locals and tourists

Box Twenty Seven/ War, Civil Unrest/ terrorism/ and crime

1. 9/11 impact on T and T industry2. Negative impact on tourism 3. West Bank, Egypt, other historical sites have seen rates of tourism drop due to

violence.4. Trip cancellations/safer alternative destinations are result of violence in these

areas5. Violent and Non-violent crimes6. Large number of tourists in one area/ lots of money/carrying valuables/easy

targets/cameras/phones/passports/IDs/ jeweler/watches7. Violent crime/robbery/rape/assault/murder can ruin a place’s attraction

Box Twenty Eight / Commercial Organizations

1. Private sector/accommodations/airlines/travel agents/ tour operators/ restaurants/ attractions/care hire

2. (SME) Small and medium sized enterprises employ up to 250 people3. Micro businesses have 10 workers or less4. Goal of commercial business/ Make a profit/have high sales/ make money/ make

share holders stocks go up/ market and R and D/ advertise that brings in more customers/ bring in more cohorts/ capture more of the market from their

competitors/ make workforce happy and dedicated to the company/ rewarding experience for customers and workers/win loyalty with customers

5. Income from the sale products and services is expected to be greater than the costs of operating the business so as to leave a surplus

Box Twenty Nine / Non-Commercial organizations

1. Public sector/ services provided for the population that are financed from public money ( Taxes)

2. Education services/police/public libraries/refuse collection/parks/transport/tourism facilities

3. Promote destinations/encourage tourism development/ Tourist Information centers/marketing posters/commercials/ads that promote State/Country/City/Region

4. Help with grants for start up businesses5. Public sector not concerned with making a profit6. Goal of public sector/promote city/make social and economic gains for

locals/environment/tourists/businesses/increase quality of life for its citizens.7. Increase tax base/create jobs through tourism/improve tourist

facilities/transportation

Box Thirty / Voluntary sector

1. Organization that is not controlled by the state/ do not operate to make a profit2. Clubs/societies/charities 3. Funded by membership subscriptions/donations/grants/fund-raising activities/sale

of a product/4. Day to day operations/ rely on volunteers/individual members 5. Volunteer tourism is gaining in participants/ worthy causes 6. China/India/USA/Indonesia/Latin America/Africa7. Building homes/schools/caring for animals/medical aid/teaching children8. Responsibility in tourism means that everyone involved in some aspect/

gov’t/private/locals/tourist9. Responsible tourism/emphasize all stake holders to develop and engage tourism

Box Thirty One / list ways to be practice responsible tourism

Box Thirty Two/ list ways to practice sustainable tourism

Box Thirty Three/ Agencies delivering travel and tourism products and services

1. Tour operators/travel agents/transport operators/accommodation providers/all work together to help promote a destination.

Box Thirty Four/ Tourism Attractions

1. Attractions/leisure time/individual preferences/could be relaxation/amusement/entertainment/education

2. Attractions are what help develop a destination – Disney3. Without attractions there would be know need to for many other tourism services4. Natural attractions:

mountains/forests/coastlines/beaches/caves/canyons/volcanoes/rain forest/water falls/deserts/lakes/rivers

5. Built attractions/theme parks/museums/heritage centres/sports facilities/family entertainment/cinemas/cultural attractions/animal parks/historic sites/shopping centers

6. Every attraction tries to appeal to as many visitors as possible/maximize profits/generate funding to support further development

7. Meet needs of overseas visitors/websites/pre-book/leaflets/maps/books/foreign languages/help centers/guided tours that are multi-lingual/headsets/visitor centers/interactive displays/choice of language

Box Thirty Five / Accommodation and catering

1. Serviced or non-serviced2. Serviced accommodations/price reflects the fact that members of staff are

available on site to provide guests with services such as cleaning/meals/room service

3. Non-serviced/purchase sleeping accommodation that is being offered to guests furnished on a rental basis

4. Non-serviced/apartments/holiday cottages/caravans/BRB5. Popular destinations will have variety of

accommodations/five-star/one-star/rentals6. Five-star/provide restaurants/bars/24-hour room service/gyms/pool/spa/leisure

activities7. Camp sites/basic needs met8. HOTREC/ hotels/restaurants/and cafes/organization 9. Culinary/food tourists/visit countries/regions/cities 10. 25% of leisure travel is based on food 11. Culinary tourism/food/wine/Napa Valley

Box Thirty Six/ Tourism Development and Promotion

1. NTO/National Tourism Organizations/promote tourism for a country/increase the value of inbound tourism to a particular country

2. NTO/work with regions/states/cities of their country

3. Tourist Information Centres: TICs/provide wide range of services to meet the needs of visitors

4. Offer wide rage of info about local areas/promotional leaflets/brochures/guidebooks/currency exchange/tips from locals/maps/tickets/tour guides/transportation/different languages/restaurants/apps/websites/weather/hotels/night life/wide range of activities

5. Located in Airports/Downtowns/Train Stations/near high volume of tourist

Box Thirty Seven / Transportation / air-water-land

1. International and domestic travelers/types of travel will vary with needs/ leisure or business

2. Influenced by factors such as price/convenience/choice of departure points/timing of services/comfort/ease/variety

Box Thirty Eight/ Air Transport

1. National carriers/2. Budget carriers/LCCor LLC3. Operation of scheduled flights/ published time tables/schedules4. Charter airlines

Box Thirty-NineWater Transport

1. International and domestic travel include ferry operators and cruise companies 2. Ferry companies/link up to remote destinations/increase levels of accessibility and

connectivity Box Forty Rail Transport

1. Rail services are scheduled and travellers regard trains as being safe, inexpensive and more convenient for many journeys

2. Eurostar / TGV3. Business and leisure travellers like train service/major inter-city routes/many

different facilities on trains/sleeping compartments/restaurant cars/laptop plug-in

Box Forty-One Coach Transport

1. Express coach services for both domestic and international travel 2. Private hire/charter

3. Tours and excursions4. Transfer

Box Forty-Two

Car Transport

1. Private motor vehicles can be independently through international chains such as Hertz, Thrifty, and Avis or by making a reservation through travel agencies

2. Car hire is popular with independent travellers because it offers convenience and flexibility while away from home.

Box Forty-Three

1. List advantages and disadvantages Plane travel National/Budget/Charter

Box Forty-Four 1. List advantages of Ferry Services/Cruises

Box Forty-Five

1. List advantages of Train travel

Box Forty-Six

1. List advantages of Coach Travel

Box Forty-Seven

1. List advantage and disadvantages of Car transport

Box Forty-Seven

Travel Agencies

1. Act intermediaries providing info about destinations, tour packages and various ancillary travel services

2. Travel agencies act as agents for a variety of principals who are the suppliers of travel products

3. Travel agencies therefore sell on behalf of airlines, rail companies, hotels, tour operators, car hire companies, and currency suppliers

4. There are specialized business travel agents who provide services for the business traveller in terms of timely and flexible travel arrangements with scheduled airlines and accommodation bookings with large international hotel chains

5. Multiple are agencies that have branches throughout a country (Thomas Cook)6. Smaller independent travel agents ( miniples) not part of a national chain7. Role of travel agencies within the chain of distribution is under threat as many

consumers now make their own arrangements using the Internet.8. Online reservations systems allow customers to by-pass traditional intermediaries

and deal directly with primary suppliers.

Box Forty-Eight

Advantages of using a Travel Agent

Box Forty-Nine

Tour Operators

1. Produce a new product by combining or packaging the basic products/components offered by primary suppliers

2. Product would be a flight on a charter airline, transfer from the airport to a hotel for a certain length of time and the services of a local representative, all for the one inclusive price.

3. Secure way to travel because of components have been brought together at a lower price than if they were brought separately.

4. Tour operators remain profitable by identifying the consumer’s needs/requests/and expectations

5. To boost sales, tour operators promote their various products using leaflets/maps/brochures/videos/CDs

6. Horizontal Integration: two or more companies join together with intention of removing competition

7. Vertical Integration: take-over or formation of businesses at different levels of the supply or distribution chain

8. Backward integration: investing in suppliers of accommodation and transport 9. Forward integration: Investment in travel agents10. Main advantage to tour operators is having control over supplies in terms of

quality, availability, access and price, and having the ability to reach consumers.

Box Fifty / list advantages and disadvantges of Tour Operators

Box Fifty One / Mass Tourism

1. Large number of tourists coming to a destination2. Mountain or Beach vacations3. All types of tourists coming to same destination, usually same time of year.4. Holiday travel/Summer travel/kids out of school

Box Fifty Two / Specialized Tourism

1. Specific tastes/preferences among tourist2. More adventurous population3. Particular interest/niche travel/specific cohort4. Hiking/painting/culinary5. Tourist develop their given interests or visit places with a connection to their

specific interest / Costa Rica and surfing

Box Fifty Three / Independent Tourism

1. Traveler organizes and books transport and accommodation from separate sources rather than purchasing them together as part of an organized package.

2. List Benefits /disadvantages

Box Fifty Four / Packaged Tourism

1. Simultaneous sale of at least two elements of a holiday to the traveller/ transport/accommodation/transfer/could add meals and excursions

Types of destination

Box Fifty Five / Destination

1. Any geographical area consisting of all the services and infrastructure necessary to support tourism.

2. Buildings/roads/power supplies3. Places to which people travel in order to take part in leisure and tourism activities 4. Features of a destination may appeal to different people

Box Fifty Six / Resort

1. Places in which a high proportion of the jobs and businesses are connected to tourism

2. Range of accommodation and include a number of attractions and other tourist facilities

3. Beach resorts: main amenities/activities of visitors are linked to the beach4. Purpose built resorts: accommodations/food and beverages/activities/amenities

designed around certain themes. Carefully planned and developed to attract certain customer groups. Disney World / Sandals

5. Integrated resorts: new/mixed development/large scale and purpose built/ offer a broad range of leisure and conference facilities as well. Vegas

Box Fifty Seven / Town/city/ country

1. Small medieval towns/historic city centers/2. Entire regions/ Loire Valley in France/ Pacific NW/Tuscany 3. These types of destinations have charm/curious traditions/popular festivals/great

local food4. Countries can be a type of destination as well/ Costa Rica/Iceland

Box Fifty Eight / Urban and rural

1. Urban destinations/ high population density / large cities/towns/transport infrastructure to handle large amounts of tourist

2. Shopping/entertainment / museums/churches/built attractions popular in Urban areas/ NYC

3. Rural (countryside destinations): remote/less densely populated areas/ natural attractions/lakes/mountains/forests/ Fjords of Norway

Box Fifty Nine / Coastal and Island

1. Coastal destinations/ seaside tourism/families/Sun, sea, and sand package holiday2. Island destinations: exotic images of white sandy beaches / snorkeling /water

activities / cultural heritage / Florida Keys/Jamaica

Box Sixty / MEDCs

1. Tourist receiving areas/safer usually/more options/developed infrastructure to handle large amounts of tourists

2. NA/WE/JA/AUS3. Stable economies/gov’t

Box Sixty One / LEDCs

1. Poorer countries/lack of stable economies2. Lack of developed infrastructure/political problems3. Usually higher crime/poverty4. Recent trend is to gain tourists/help develop their economies5. Cuba6. Promote and exploit their natural landscape and wildlife/Safaris/gorilla

trekking/rainforest7. Promote historic and cultural attractions/pyramids/Machu Picchu/Angkor Watt8. NICS (Newly industrialized countries) Brazil/China/India/gaining in receiving

tourists

Box Sixty Two / Tourism generating areas/ receiving areas

1. Places where the majority of tourist originate2. Main areas to which majority of tourist travels

Box Sixty Three / Niche travels

1. Dark Tourism:2. Slum Tourism: visit informal settlements (Shanty towns) impoverished areas as a

more realistic form of experiencing a country/ real people/local culture/ Rocinha in Rio

3. Film Tourism: Pop Tourism/ specific form of cultural tourism which reflects the growing interest and demand for locations which have become popular due to their appearance in films and TV series. Games of Thrones/ Star Wars/Divinci Code

Characteristics of destinations and attractions, which appeal to visitors

Box Sixty Four/ Accessibility

1. Safe/convenient/economic transport/infrastructure/easy and affordable access / Dubai

2. Good international airport/international airlines3. Good public transportation/well-connected public amenities

Box Sixty Five / Built and Natural Attractions

1. Broad mix of both built and natural attractions/ more appeal2. Built Attractions/ churches/museums/castles/theme parks/zoos/art

galleries/theaters/cinemas

3. Natural attractions/ National parks/lakes/beaches/forests/water falls/deserts/canyons

Box Sixty Six / Climate

1. Affects people’s motivation to travel2. Beach destinations3. Warm and dry are enjoyed the most 4. Winter sports/fresh snow

Box Sixty Seven / Culture

1. Way of life a group of people/behaviors/beliefs/values/and symbols that they accept

2. Major characteristic of a destination that draws visitors3. Experience something unique and new

Box Sixty Eight / Traditions

1. Long-established customs that people from different cultures continue to practice2. Visitors are invited to witness the local people engaging in their traditions

Box Sixty-Nine/Language

1. Reflects the nature and values of society 2. Some countries have more than one language/Eur3. Tourist sometimes will look to travel to where there is no language barrier.4. English is the universal language in tourism terms

Box Seventy / Gastronomy

1. Local food and beverages are the main motivating factors for travel2. Local specialty food and beverages tends to be a domestic tourism activity

Box Seventy-One / Dress

1. Certain cultures/dress code within a destination is an important factor (Middle East)

2. Public bathing in bikinis is not acceptable within all cultures

Box Seventy-two/ Handicrafts

1. Crafts reflect the artistic sense/feelings/cultural characteristic of a destination 2. Unique experience for tourists to engage in3. Observe them being made/purchased as souvenirs

Box Seventy-three/ Events

1. Art Events/artists/architects/designers together to display artwork in a range of different media (Art Basel)

2. Music Events: Ultra/Chili cook-off/Tortuga3. Festival/ religious/ concerts/plays/films/book/( La Tomatina)4. Sporting Events: Wimbledon/World Cup

Box Seventy-four/History

1. Historical attractions/ Coliseum/Roman forum/Pantheon/Cathedrals

Box Seventy-five/Architecture

1. Dubai: Burj Khalifa/ world’s tallest building / Burj Al Arab hotel/ World’s only 7 star hotel

Box Seventy-Six/ Leisure Activities

1. Range of leisure activities will influence a tourist decision to visit 2. Florida Keys: fishing/Kite boarding/diving/biking/golf/tennis/canoe/etc…

Box Seventy-Seven /Range and type of accommodation including grading

1. More appeal to a destination if there are a variety of different types of accommodation on offer/ campsites/hostels/motels/hotels/luxurious five star hotels

2. Serviced prices reflect that members of staff are available on site to provide guests with services such as cleaning/meals/ and room service

3. Non-serviced/ rental basis/self-catering/holiday cottages

Box Seventy-Eight / Religion

1. Travel to regions where people practice the same religion2. Scared sites/pilgrimages3. Cultural experience

Box Seventy-Nine / Shoulder Months

1. Travel season between peak and off-peak seasons/ spring and autumn/fares lower

Box Eighty / Number of people employed directly and indirectly in the industry

1. Front offices in hotels/restaurants/travel agencies/TICs/aircrafts/cruise lines/resorts/shopping / direct employment

2. Direct contact with tourists3. Indirect: suppliers of tourist related industries/ construction companies/aircraft

suppliers/marketing agencies/accounting services

Box Eight One / Trends in travel and tourism, including occupancy rates, duration of stay, method of transport

1. Statistical data/ national and international tourism agencies and authorities collect to understand trends

2. Data shows/ transport providers/types of transport/occupancy rates for providers/usage rates for attractions/ duration of stay/age/income/volume of tourist

3. Look at how long tourist choose to stay/ all information helps travel and tourism providers make adjustments to their products and services to better the needs of their customers

4. Helps with forecasting/ ensure industry is efficient and profitably

Box Eighty-two / Changes in distribution of wealth

1. Middle class is now big in China / larger than USA2. Disposable income is rising in BRICS

Box Eighty-three / Infrastructure development and improvement

1. Serves the needs of tourists and encourages more people to travel to a destination when it is done right

2. Gov’t invest in infrastructure to allure more tourists to their areas3. Accommodations/restaurants/built attractions/tours and transport are primarily

developed by the private sector4. Private investors would be unwilling to invest in tourism facilities, however,

without good airport and road infrastructure and the availability of affordable basic services such as water, sewerage, electricity, health facilities and telecommunications, for which the public sector is responsible.

5. Gov’ts recognize that infrastructure is a major stimulus to achieve economic growth, and attract more visitors

Box Eighty-four/ Social Factors

1. Religion/family/wealth/all affect lifestyle2. Taste/fashions/change constantly 3. Changes in demography/increased life expectancy/changes in birthrates

Box Eighty-Five/ Ageing Population

1. 2050/ 2 billion over the age of 60 in the world2. Change the needs of the average consumer and will affect global markets/change in demand for products and services3. Increased life expectancy and better pension provision has led to an increased number of wealthier older people with a disposable income.4. Seniors (Grey Market) important market5. Grey Market/better health/more disposable income/no family obligations/more free time/travel more frequent/longer6. Tourism providers will develop specific products and services for this cohort.

Box Eighty-Six/ Leisure Time

1. Richer countries/ working hours have been reduced/amount of leisure time increasing

2. Working conditions/shorter working days/shorter working weeks/longer holidays with pay/ age of retirement / impact leisure time

3. MEDCS/life expectancy is increasing/pension age is increasing / negative impact on leisure time

Box Eighty-Seven/ Increase in Leisure Time

1. Flexibility of working hours/benefits to employees in terms of greater freedom to choose when to go on holiday

2. Leisure time is impacted by new flexible working hours3. Paid Leave/EU/four weeks paid4. Younger generation is constrained by limited incomes/ travel before careers/travel

between jobs/less emphasis on lifetime careers

Box Eighty-Eight/ Consumer behavior changing to eco and soci developments

1. Shorter/more frequent/more intensive breaks2. Younger/retired groups have the most leisure time3. Leisure time availability continues to be shaped by hours of work/public

holidays/paid leave entitlements /retire arrangements

Box Eighty-Nine / New Family Structures

1. Two parent families are becoming less common 2. In Asia and ME/ children are most likely to have two parents at home3. LA/NA/Eur/Sub-Saharan/children have either one or no parents4. Marriage rates are declining worldwide5. ME/Africa/Asia/adults are more likely to be married6. Cohabitation/live without marriage/Eur/NA/SA/Oceania 7. Childbearing rates are declining8. Highest TFR/Sub-Saharan9. EA/EUR/below 2.110. Changes in family structure/more single travellers/travellers without children11. Ageing population creates a new market segment for tourism/ single

market/couples market

Box Ninety / Increased awareness of health

1. Travel/emergence of disease/human migrations/more global/ more frequent2. Serious health risks where there is poor accommodation/hygiene/sanitation/water

quality 3. Travel to LEDCs/more exposure to diseases4. Person to person-transmitted infections more global/ SARS/Ebola5. Increased media coverage/now highlights risks to travelers6. Internet/APPS/Gov’ts/make travellers more up to date and highlight alerts7. Health conscious travellers avoid contaminated beaches/areas with poor air

quality

Box Ninety One / Political Factors

1. Perceived or real threats to visitor safety have immediate impacts on a destination’s reputation and can dramatically affect the number of visitors it receives.

2. Airport security has changed to better protect passengers and airline crew.3. All workers are now screened4. Electronic scanners detect explosive materials/ passengers shoes are checked5. Strict limits on the amounts of liquids passengers6. Full body scanners are used7. Check-in: no lighters/no sharp objects/ carry-ons have size limits8. Carry-ons: scanned for illegal items/x-ray machines/sniffer dogs/chemical hand

swabs/detect explosives liquids/turn on and off electronic and electrical devices9. Body scanners/metal detectors/outline image of items that might be concealed 10. Check-in bags/ go through scanners as well. 11. Once you check a bag you cannot have access to it again.12. Before you board plane/ must show ticket one more time

13. Passport control: Biometric passports used by some countries use facial recognition technology to compare passenger’s faces to digital image recorded in their passport.

14. Passport control: biometrics/ checked against border force systems and watch lists15. Iris recognition16. Boarding pass check: Final check before getting onto the aircraft is usually the

boarding pass control. Automatic readers verify the pass to confirm the passenger is boarding the flight that is carrying their checked-in luggage.

17. Baggage check: Checked baggage passes through large-scale x-ray machines and may be checked by sniffer dogs.

18. Some passengers are selected for full body pat down.

Box Ninety-two/ Visa Requirements and Entry Controls

1. Countries try to make it easy for people to visits. 2. Visa policies are among the most important gov’t formalities influencing

international tourism.3. Visas: ensure security/ control immigration/limit entry/duration of stay/activities

of travelers/ who is the traveler/background checks into history of person.

Box Ninety-three/ Changes in legislation

1. Tourism legislation/ legal/regulates/sustainable development/manage tourism laws/protect and conservation of natural and cultural resources/ protect private sector/locals/environment/tourists

2. Legislation on outboard and inboard tour operators3. Legislate licensing of approved operators/safety guidelines/routine inspections4. Employment laws/number of hours worked/break during work hours/regulations

on health and safety at work5. Anti-discriminatory legislation/ religion/caste/creed/race/ethnic

origin/gender/disabled 6. Attitudes towards same sex marriages/LGBT community/ vary from country to

country

Box Ninety-four/Developments in Information Technology

1. Mobile technology/smart phones/tablets/access internet2. Social media/impact/influence T and T3. Network to research tips/make informed decisions/share personal experiences of

products used/ transport/attractions/ accommodations/restaurants etc.…4. Trip advisor/Yelp/major influence on travel decisions5. Tourist trust other tourists and their sharing of experiences 6. Online community/ credible/authentic/7. Trip Advisor/Yelp/Facebook/Snap chat/Instagram8. Virtual Tours

9. Panoramic virtual tours10. Interactive media/maps11. Pictures/videos12. Online check-in/ E-tickets/ faster check-ins13. Using company’s website/ex. Delta/ select seat/flight/ticket/before you go to

airport/ speeds up check-in process/go straight to security check/by-pass check-in14. E-passports/small chip on back cover/chip contains vital info about

passenger/photo

Box Ninety-five/ Ecological factors protecting environment and conservation of natural and cultural heritage

1. For some destinations/ natural environment is the main attraction/ can provide recreational/activities/educational/cultural experiences

2. Development must be balanced/ provide adequate experience/protect ecological/culture values/ensure long-term sustainability

3. Education of natural site/cultural/increase public appreciation of the environment/ spread awareness of environmental problems/conservation efforts/brings people closer natural environment.

4. Better able to spread awareness with friends and family when tourist head home. Makes for having a value of preserving a envior/culture/ conscious behavior/activities

5. National parks/wildlife parks/help to protect/conserve/and restore biological diversity.

Box Ninety-Six / Diminishing oil reserves/ new forms of travel

1. Demand grows/supply diminish/ price of oil will rise2. Develop better aircraft/more fuel-efficient/alternative energy3. Renewable biofuels/ ethanol/wood methanol/biodiesel4. Solar/wind/tidal/hydro/wave/geothermal 5. Using Rail/Ship/more efficient ways to travel6. Electric buses/electric light rail/trolley/subways/bikes/car share

Box Ninety-Seven / Specialized packages

1. Tailored made vacation/consumer driven2. Customize your own itineraries/include/omit what you want3. Lead by consumer satisfaction/winning loyalty/repeat business/word of month

Box Ninety-Eight/ Sustainable and responsible tourism

1. Countries/regions/cities/develop their tourism industry/significant impacts on natural resources/consumption patterns/pollution/social systems

2. To survive and grow industry/ areas must practice sustainable/responsible planning/management

3. Financial sustainability is required as well for businesses4. Conservation of water/energy/community/recycling/treating waste/hiring

locals/paying fair wages/provide training/use locally produced products/local gifts5. Make positive contributions to local communities/conservation of natural/cultural

heritage 6. Responsible tourism/ create a legacy that benefits/ businesses/locals/envir/

Box Ninety-Nine/ Product Differentiation

1. Marketing similar products with minor variations 2. Individualizing/branding policies/changing cost/quality ratio/product

uniqueness/packaging changes in flights/hotels/accommodations

Box One Hundred/ Product line extension

1. Use of an established product brand name for a new item in the same product category

2. Opening up new hotel in different destinations/new airline route

Box One Hundred One / Changing the cost/quality ratio of the product

1. Customer’s perception of value for money2. Price change/ represent good value/quality of product and services offered/3. Best is lower price/still receive same quality

Box One Hundred Two/ World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

1. Specialized agency of the UN/leading international organization in the field of tourism

2. Global forum/tourism policy issues3. Represents private sector/educational institutions/tourism associations/ local

tourism outlets4. Collects statistical info on international tourism5. Data helps predict and see flow and growth of tourism on a global scale6. UN Millennium Development Goals/reduce poverty/foster sustainable

development7. Promote global code of ethics/eco/soci/cult/benefits8. Minimize negative soci/envoi impacts

Box One Hundred Two / Destination Management Corp.

1. Professional services company/ extensive local knowledge/expertise/resources/design and implement events/activities/tours/transportation within a destination

2. Organizes/delivers/foreign independent tours/group tours/meetings/events/for a city/region/country

3. Customized programs for customers4. Local partners with tour operators/travel agents/conference planners5. Arrange airport transfers/hotel accommodation/meal service/hospitality

desks/sight-seeing and tours/themed events/room amenities6. DMC/ special connections/negotiate special deals on customer’s behalf

Box One Hundred Three/ Travel and Tourism includes

1. Attractions2. Accommodations and Catering3. Tourist Information and guiding services4. Tour Operators5. Travel Agents6. Transportation

Box One Hundred Four/ Charter Flights

1. Package Holidays2. Tour operators3. Small/medium airports4. Pre-booked all seats5. All-inclusive destination6. Business Charter flights 7. Private/individual flights

Box One Hundred Five/ Coach Transport

1. Domestic/International travel2. Private hire services3. Tours/excursions4. Transfers

Box One Hundred Six / National Tourism Organizations

1. Responsible for the formulation and implementation of national tourist policy/tourism development

2. Linked with the gov’t3. Planning and regulations 4. Helps develop regions of country/develop local economies 5. Sets guidelines for the Travel and Tourism industry6. Look to benefit countries economy and social benefits7. Research/collect info/promote/monitor standards of lodging and

restaurants/publicity overseas/international relations/ develop national heritage sites/tourism policy/promotion

8. Promotion includes advertising/public relations/info and distribution of printed sales material

Box One Hundred Seven / Consular service providers

1. Help/advice/diplomatic agents of a country2. Replace travel documents/advice/support in case of law/accidents/serious

illness/death3. Major cities around the world

Box One Hundred Eight / Food and Beverage outlets

1. Food/restaurants can be attractions themselves2. Cafes/Wine bars/historical value/special atmosphere3. Culinary/food tourists/experience food of the country/region4. Depends on taste/budget/need for convenience 5. Fast Food: Cooked in bulk in readiness/speed plays role6. Street Food: cheap and sold from a kiosk/stall/pushcart/food truck7. Themed restaurant: specific concept/décor/general ambience8. Ethnic restaurants: particular culture reflected9. Fine dining: luxury hotel/grand/stylish/formal10. Coffee shops and cafes

Box One Hundred Nine/ Ancillary service providers

1. Travel insurance/parks/events/car hire/airport parking/foreign exchange/tour guides

Box One Hundred Ten / Currency exchange

1. Hotel/airport/travel agent/malls2. Usually a fee involved 3. Can withdraw from foreign ATMS4. Use travel checks5. Credit cards

Box One Hundred Eleven/ Car Hire

1. Done via travel agent/online/hotel2. Speed/convenience/upon arrival 3. Drop off/pick up

Box One Hundred Twelve/ Tour Guide

1. Expert on the history of the location/ offer tour groups interesting or enlightening info about the points of interest at nature attractions, historical sites, museums, scenic locations and other attractions.

2. Offer walking tours/bus tours/river tours/3. Answer visitor’s questions/ keep tour organized/efficient/safe4. Offer peace of mind/ when there is a element of danger/or you could lost5. Booked online/TICS/Travel agent/Tour operators

Box One Hundred Thirteen / Air Eco Class

1. Personal seat/ monitors/ inflight entertainment/prepared multi-course meals/telephone/email service at every seat.

2. Overhead storage locker/ cabin crew assists.

Box One Hundred Fourteen / Business Class

1. Complimentary chauffeur driven car service to and from your flight 2. Unique Drive Thru Check / bypass terminal/ head straight to clubhouse3. Fully flat seat/bed/access to aisle/ no stepping over neighbor4. No set meal times/ customized meals/ drinks/freshly prepared5. Work desk/plug in/ Wi-Fi/work during journey6. Laptop power access/informal meeting space

Box One Hundred Fifteen / First Class

1. Chauffeur service/private check-in/ personal attention entire experience 2. Rotating seats/in-flight entertainment / signature cuisines/open bars3. Privacy shell/ maximum space/direct access to the aisles

4. Coatroom/mini-bar/personal mirror/magazine rack/desk lamp/luxury

Box One Hundred Sixteen / Chartered Services

1. Pre-booked by tour operator 2. Package holidays/specific location3. Business/individuals/Miami Heat4. Privately hired for a specific purpose.

Box Hundred Seventeen / Budget Carrier “ no-frills” airline

1. Low fares/ eliminates many traditional passenger services2. Single passenger class, common planes/ reduced training cost3. Cheapest ticket is the earliest purchased4. Unreserved seating: encourages to board early and quickly 5. Fly to cheaper/less congested secondary airports/cheaper landing fees6. Shorter flights/quick turnaround flights7. Simplified routes/point to point 8. Direct ticket sales over internet9. Employees work multiple roles10. Complimentary services are eliminated/ pay for services11. Unbundling of ancillary charges/ airport fees/ taxes/ taken off price offered/

makes it look cheaper

Box Hundred Eighteen /Cruises

1. Popular with all types of cohorts/ activities for all types of interest2. Wider offering of embarkation ports/ excursions 3. Innovative onboard amenities/facilities 4. All-inclusive price/determined by length of cruise/cabin selection/promotional

offers/excursions picked

Box Hundred Nineteen / Ferry Services

1. Public transport systems/ coastal cities/islands2. English Channel/UK to mainland Europe3. Car carrying / RORO/ Roll on Roll off4. List advantages

Box Hundred Twenty / Rail Service

1. Business/leisure travelers2. Center of city to center of city3. Fast/not many delays like flying

4. Terminals are source of entertainment/bars/cafes/restaurants/shops5. Accessible terminals/ near major tourist attractions6. Check-in quickly/ less security than flying/quicker boarding7. Buy ticket at moment of arrival 8. Less luggage restrictions9. Sleeping cars/ bars/restaurants on trains/free to walk around/working tables/plug-

in/Wi-Fi/big windows/sight-seeing/socialize 10. Eurostar/coach/first class

Box Hundred Twenty one / Coach travel

1. Economical way to travel/LEDCS2. Depends on local infrastructure/roads/bridges3. Wi-Fi/Plug-in/Windows4. Budget/backpackers5. Direct to center of city

Box Hundred Twenty two / Travel Agencies

1. Comprehensive range of travel products and services/ flights/cruises/hotels/rail/car rental/transfers/tour packages/medical screening packages

2. Operate online/retail shops/places where people gather3. Promotion on windows/attract passerby/center of city4. Personalized service/ ask questions/clarify issues/face to face5. Wide range of ancillary services offered as well.

Box Hundred Twenty Three / Travel agencies supply

1. Travel insurance2. Foreign exchange3. Excursions/sight-seeing4. Car hire5. Airport transfer6. Passport/visa info7. Coach/rail tickets8. Hotel bookings9. Ticket for theme parks10. Guide books/tour guides11. Special events/booking reservations/connections with former used businesses

Box Hundred Twenty Four / Tour Operators

1. Businesses that combine two or more travel services (transport/accommodation/catering/entertainment/sightseeing excursions)

2. Part of a distribution chain/ connection between consumers and tourism services3. Package tours4. Bulk-buying/ cheaper price5. Specialization/pick and choose different parts of the tour6. Target cohorts by/ age/lifestyle/income/hobbies/sustainable tourist/7. Inbound tour operators/ packaged for overseas visitors coming into a destination 8. Outbound tour operators/package for overseas9. Domestic tour operators/ for home market/within country

Box Hundred Twenty Four / Internet/Social Media/ “ Do-it-yourself” packaging

1. Refer to travel blogs/postings on internet2. Speed/convenience3. First person accounts/eyes of experienced travellers4. Social media accounts/ Twit/FB/Inst/SNAP/YouTube/Podcasts5. Photos/stories/videos/tips from people who have been 6. Online booking/ one stop shop7. Easy Credit card payment/instant confirmation/reservations