Chapter 10 Section 2 Reforms and Revolutions Before 1848

Radical/Liberal/National Ideas Begin Challenging Conservative Orders 1830-1840

GRADUAL LIBERAL REFORMS IN GREAT BRITAIN

1. Describe the classes that made up the following political factions in Great Britain during the Early 1800’s:

a. Conservative Tories

b. Liberal Whigs

c. Radical Republicans

2. Describe the electoral and representative process of the British System prior to reforms made in 1832a. Only 8% of population Voted

i. Voting and Office requirements were specifically tied to ________________________?

b. “Rotten Boroughs” vs Industrial Districts i. Rural and sparsely populated Districts named “Rotten Boroughs” were Greatly

________________ in Parliament 1. Reflected the dominance of the Conservative __________ Party.

ii. Populated Industrial districts were Greatly ________________ in Parliament

c. Conservative Corn Laws i. How did the Corn Laws demonstrate a dominance of the Conservative Tories?

a.

d. Conservative Coercion Acts of 1817 i. Suspended writ of Habeas Corpus

e. Conservative Six Acts i. Eliminated Assembly and Freedom of Press

f. Peterloo Massacre i. Armed Calvary Charged ordered by the Conservatives to disperse working class protest.

GRADUAL LIBERAL POLITICAL REFORMS DID OCCUR: 1830’s and 1840’sWhy: Liberal Industrial Middle Class Was GROWING in POWER and INFLUENCEWhy: Industrial Revolution

Liberal Middle Class Great Reform Bill of 1832 Political Legislation Reform due to Growing Unrest and the Fear of

Revolution.

CONTENTS of Bill: Lowered Property Qualifications

o Increase suffrage by 50% (From 8% of Population to 12%)o Helped only Middle Class

Redrew Electoral Districtso Removed Representation from Rural Rotten Boroughso Increased Representation to Northern Industrial Cities

What about the Working Class in Great BritainChartist Movement (The People’s Charter) MORE DEMOCRACY

__________________ : A vote for every man twenty one years of age, no property qualifications for voting or running for office

_______________ : A ballot to protect the elector in the exercise of his vote _______________ : so that tradesmen, working man, etc. is compensated when serving his

constituency Equal Sized Districts Annual (yearly) parliaments : to prevent corruption and bribery The People’s Charter was denied three times by Parliament.

Question: What do these reforms indicate about the identity of British “Change”?

French Change: Another Revolution in France 1830 (The July Revolution)

King ________________-Bourbon Monarchy Restored-Constitution Charter of 1814

-Grants Liberal Constitution-Preserved rights and social/economic gains of

revolution-Louis XVIII DIES

King ____________________Reactionary Conservative= EXTREMELY CONSERVATIVE- MUST RE-ESTABLISH OLD ORDER

-Sided with Aristocracy, Church, Ultraroyalists-Repudiated Constitution Charter of 1814

-Censorship-Church controlled education-Nobles get land-Stripped Voting Rights

July Revolution/Second Revolution 1830In 3 Glorious Days

VIOLENT and Public Backlash Against Charles

New King is chosen (Louis Phillippe)

Constitutional Monarch is Formed

Eugene Delacroix: Liberty Leading the People 1830

Marianne, a female figure representing liberty and reason, became a central element in French political iconography during the French Revolution. From that point forward, French artists have used Marianne to connect the political events of their day to France’s revolutionary legacy, drawing on this powerful symbol of the promise of the revolution to give meaning to their own struggles. The work of this artist provides an example of this phenomenon. In 1830, with France once again convulsed by revolutionary upheaval, Delacroix placed Marianne in the thick of the Parisian street fighting, leading a crown of revolutionaries forward over their fallen comrades, pointing the way toward the realization of France’s national destiny.

1. What classes do you think appear to be represented in the painting and revolting against the conservative forces in the revolution of 1830?

2. What does this painting suggest about a French national identity concerning the French Revolution in the 19 th century?

1848 Revolution in France

Yes: Another Revolution, Another Republic, Another Napoleon, Another Empire A. February Revolution

1. Working class ________ and Middle class __________ extremely unhappy with King Louis Philippe and his “bourgeois monarchy”

a. Inactive, complacent, marked by corruptionb. Refused to consider reform

2. February 22, _______ → Parisian workers and students barricaded the streets demanding an end to the monarchy

3. King Louis Philippe abdicated and provision Second Republic was Established

B. Provisional Second Republic and Constitution 4. Changes instituted by 10 man executive cabinet

- Universal male suffrage- Death penalty was abolished- 10-hour workday was established- Slaves in French colonies were freed

5. Ideological Rift: Working Class Radicals vs Middle Class Liberals- Radical republican socialists (Working) vs. Moderate Republican Liberals (Middle)- Example: Louis Blanc vs. Frederic Bastiat

a. Employment is a Rightb. Government can be used to implement socialism

i. Created National Workshops for unemployedii. Disputed by Liberal middle class

6. April 23, 1848 Elections

- Conservatives and Liberals vote for conservative majority in Constituent Assembly.a. Results in removal of radical republic socialist thought and programs

i. In June, the national workshops were shut down → causes class tension

C. The June Days7. Radical Working Class Rose up in Insurrection

- Barricade Streets- “Government betrayed Revolution”- Demanded socialism- Radical Working Class Revolution was put down by _________ and ____________

forces

D. Stability for the Second French Republic8. November 1848 → a new constitution provided for an elected President and a one-house

legislature- Desire Stability

9. The December election → Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon’s nephew) became the new president of the Republic - Purged the government of all radical officials and replaced them with ultra conservatives

and monarchists

E. 1852 → Second Empirea. Louis Napoleon consolidates power and becomes Emperor Napoleon III

BIG QUESTIONS:

1. Discuss the differences between France and Great Britain concerning how liberals and radicals battled conservative authorities during the 1830’s and 1840’s

a.

2. Discuss, once again, should change be evolutionary or revolutionary?a.

Common Characteristics of 1848 Revolution1. Occurred throughout Europe, except for Great Britain and Russia2. Liberals, Nationalists, and Radicals (Democrats and Socialists) wanted change but wanted different changes.3. Conservative forces prevailed4. Marks the End of the age of Metternich

CausesB. No single factor caused the revolutionsC. Different factions (Liberals, Nationalists, Radicals, Socialists, Republicans) all want change.D. The problem: Each Want Different Kind of Change

Other Failed Revolutions of 1848

1848 Austria

-EXTREMELY DIVERSE-Geographically: Stretches across Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, N. Italy-Ethnically:

-Germans, Czechs, Ukrainians, Hungarians, Croatians, Romanians, Serbians, etc. -Not one is a majority

-Politically-Liberal Nationalists, Radicals, Conservatives

-Nationalists Aspirations Emerge-Beginning with Hungary-Extremely Diverse Coalitions Are Formed and Victory is Short Lived

http://grial4.usal.es/MIH/SpringNations/en/resources/map.png

-FAILURE: Coalition of Revolutionaries Breaks Down1. National Groups Interests Clashed

-Each nation wanted their own independence

2. Class Disputes-Radicals and Liberals Disagree over Workshops and Voting Rights

Revolt in the German States

II. PrussiaA. After the February Revolution in France, there were many riots in minor German states

1. March 15, 1848 → riots broke out in Berlin2. King Frederick William IV refused to turn troops on Berliners and handed the liberals a big

victory- He called for a Prussian constituent assembly to write a constitution

B. Frankfurt Parliament1. New German Constitution was a FAIL

- Liberal constitution that ultimately alienated both German conservatives and German working class

- Big question → include Austria in the united Germany?a. Grossdeutch (with Austria) or kleindeutch (without Austria)b. Austria rejected the idea of German unification

- Offered the crown of a united Germany to Frederick William IV of Prussia → he refused to accept “Crown from the Gutter”

a. Still believes in Divine Right not Right from Middle Class

- Frederick William then reasserted his royal authority, disbanded the assembly, and created his own conservative constitution

C. Austria forced Prussia to renounce its plans of unification in 1850 and the German Confederation was reestablished

Liberalism and Nationalism spark 1848 Revolutions and Reforms, but clashing interests among Liberals, Radicals, Nationalists, and other groups cause these movements to FAIL and Conservatives to maintain power.