weathering chapter 7.1 earth-environmental wzpp. wzpp ees 7.12 introduction read page 153 on...
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Weathering of Cleopatra’s needle. The photograph taken to the left in Egypt before 1880, on the right was taken in New York in 1918 (courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)
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Introduction
Weathering Is the process by which rocks near the earth’s
surface break down and change Erosion
The removal and transport of weathered material
These processes have been going on for a long time
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Mechanical Weathering
Materials change size or shape Breakdown of material into smaller pieces
Holly LakeTetons NP
J B Photos
Backcountry lakeTetons NPJ B Photos
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Mechanical Weathering
TemperatureWater freezes and expands by 9%Exerts pressure on the rockFrost wedging
Causes potholes
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Mechanical Weathering
PressureWhen rock is deep underground and is
exposed at the surface, the pressure of the rock is reduced
Rocks break apart like layers in an onion (exfoliation)
Example: Half Dome in Yosemite NP
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Mechanical Weathering
PressureRoots wedge themselves into cracks and
exert pressure as they grow
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Chemical Weathering
Rocks and minerals undergo changes due to chemical reactions
Chemical reactions form new minerals and release dissolved substances
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Chemical Weathering
Composition of the rock determines the effects of chemical weathering
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Chemical Weathering
Temperature determines the rate of chemical weathering Increase temperature means increased
chemical weathering
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Chemical Weathering
WaterDissolves many kinds of minerals and rockServes as a medium through which other
reactions occurs
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Chemical Weathering
Oxygen Combines with other substances Iron (& other minerals) readily combine with
atmospheric O2
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Chemical Weathering
Carbon Dioxide CO2 + H2O weak carbonic acid
Reacts with minerals (like calcite) in limestone, marble to dissolve rock
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Chemical Weathering
Acid precipitation Caused mainly by oxidation of sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide in atmosphere due to human activities
Is precipitation below 5.5 pH Is harmful to living organisms
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Rate of Weathering
Climate has a major influenceVariables include
Precipitation Temperature Evaporation
Interaction between temperature and precipitation is the greatest effect
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Rate of Weathering
Chemical weathering occurs readily in areas that have warm temperatures, abundant rainfall and lush vegetation
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Rate of Weathering
Physical weathering occurs readily in cool, dry climates Is highest where water undergoes repeated
freezing and thawing Remember, cool temperatures inhibit (slows)
chemical reactions
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Rate of Weathering
Harder rock is going to be more resistant to weathering than soft rockThis depends type of rock and their
composition (what they are made of) Sedimentary rock is generally going to be
more easily weathered than igneous or metamorphic
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Rate of Weathering Surface area
Increased surface area equals increased weathering
Both physical and chemical
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Rate of Weathering
Topography The steeper the slope, the greater tendency
for a material to move downhill
Indian Paint brush canyonTetons NPJ B Photos