"weather and climate" module lecture powerpoint
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
“Weather and Climate” module Textbook Powerpoints
Selected slides from Chapter 6, 7, and 16
![Page 2: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 6, section 6.6
![Page 3: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Weather vs. Climate
• Weather – conditions of atmosphere at particular time and place
• Climate – long-term average of weather• Ocean influences Earth’s weather and climate
patterns.
![Page 4: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Winds• Cyclonic flow
– Counterclockwise around a low in Northern Hemisphere
– Clockwise around a low in Southern Hemisphere
• Anticyclonic flow – Clockwise around a low in
Northern Hemisphere– Counterclockwise around a
low in Southern Hemisphere
![Page 5: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
• Differential solar heating is due to different heat capacities of land and water.
• Sea breeze – From ocean to land
• Land breeze– From land to ocean
Sea and Land Breezes
![Page 6: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Storms and Air Masses• Storms – disturbances with strong winds and
precipitation• Air masses – large volumes of air with distinct
properties
![Page 7: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Fronts
• Fronts – boundaries between air masses– Warm front – Cold front
• Storms typically develop at fronts.
• Jet Stream – may cause unusual weather by steering air masses.
![Page 8: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tropical Cyclones (Hurricanes)
• Large rotating masses of low pressure• Strong winds, torrential rain• Classified by maximum sustained wind speed• Typhoons • Cyclones
![Page 9: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hurricane Origins• Low pressure cell• Winds feed water vapor – latent heat of
condensation• Air rises, low pressure deepens• Storm develops– Winds less than 61 km/hour (38 miles/hour) – tropical
depression– Winds 61–120 km/hour (38–74 miles/hour) – tropical
storm– Winds above 120 km/hour (74 miles/hour) – tropical
cyclone or hurricane
![Page 10: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hurricane Intensity
![Page 11: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hurricanes
• About 100 worldwide per year• Require– Ocean water warmer than° 25°C (77°F)– Warm, moist air– The Coriolis Effect
• Hurricane season is June 1 – November 30
![Page 12: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Historical Storm Tracks
![Page 13: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hurricane Anatomy and Movement
![Page 14: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hurricane Destruction
• High winds• Intense rainfall• Storm surge – increase in shoreline
sea level
![Page 15: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Storm Destruction
• Historically destructive storms– Galveston, TX, 1900– Andrew, 1992– Mitch, 1998– Katrina, 2005– Ike, 2008
![Page 16: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ocean’s Climate Patterns
• Open ocean’s climate regions are parallel to latitude lines.
• These regions may be modified by surface ocean currents.
![Page 17: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ocean’s Climate Patterns
![Page 18: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ocean’s Climate Zones• Equatorial – Rising air– Weak winds– Doldrums
• Tropical– North and south of equatorial zone– Extend to Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn– Strong winds, little precipitation, rough seas
• Subtropical– High pressure, descending air– Weak winds, sluggish currents
![Page 19: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ocean’s Climate Zones
• Temperate– Strong westerly winds– Severe storms common
• Subpolar– Extensive precipitation– Summer sea ice
• Polar– High pressure– Sea ice most of the year
![Page 20: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Chapter 7, pages 215-223
![Page 21: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atmospheric-Ocean Connections in the Pacific Ocean
• Walker Circulation Cell – normal conditions– Air pressure across equatorial Pacific is higher in
eastern Pacific– Strong southeast trade winds– Pacific warm pool on western side of ocean– Thermocline deeper on western side– Upwelling off the coast of Peru
![Page 22: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Normal Conditions, Walker Circulation
![Page 23: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
El Nino – Southern Oscillation (ENSO)Walker Cell Circulation disrupted • High pressure in eastern Pacific weakens• Weaker trade winds• Warm pool migrates eastward• Thermocline deeper in eastern Pacific• Downwelling• Lower biological productivity– Peruvian fishing suffers
![Page 24: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
ENSO Conditions in the Pacific Ocean
![Page 25: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
La Nina – ENSO Cool Phase
• Increased pressure difference across equatorial Pacific
• Stronger trade winds• Stronger upwelling in eastern Pacific• Shallower thermocline• Cooler than normal seawater• Higher biological productivity
![Page 26: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
La Nina Conditions
![Page 27: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Occurrence of ENSO Events• El Nino warm phase about every
2–10 years• Highly irregular• Phases usually last 12–18 months• 10,000-year sediment record of events• ENSO may be part of Pacific Decadal Oscillation
(PDO) – Long-term natural climate cycle– Lasts 20–30 years
![Page 28: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
ENSO Occurrences
![Page 29: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
ENSO has Global Impacts
![Page 30: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Notable ENSO Events
• 1982 – 1983• 1997 – 1998 • Flooding,
drought, erosion, fires,tropical storms, harmful effects on marine life
• Unpredictable
![Page 31: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Predicting El Nino Events
• Tropical Ocean−Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program– 1985– Monitors equatorial South Pacific– System of buoys
• Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean (TOA) project– Continues monitoring
• ENSO still not fully understood
![Page 32: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Chapter 16, Sections 16.1-16.3
![Page 33: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Earth’s Climate System
• Climate – long term atmospheric conditions in a region
• Earth’s climate includes interactions of:– Atmosphere– Hydrosphere– Geosphere– Biosphere– Cryosphere
• Climate system – exchanges of energy and moisture between these spheres
![Page 34: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Earth’s Climate System
![Page 35: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Earth’s Climate System
• Feedback loops – modify atmospheric processes – Positive feedback loops – enhance initial change– Negative feedback loops – counteract initial
change
![Page 36: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Determining Causes of Earth’s Climate Change
• Paleoclimatology • Proxy data – indirect
evidence using natural recorders of climate variability– Sea floor sediments– Coral deposits– Glacial ice rings– Tree rings– Pollen – Historical documents
![Page 37: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Natural Causes of Climate Change
• Solar energy changes– Variable energy from the
Sun over time– Luminosity– Sunspots
• Little evidence to link solar activity with climate change
![Page 38: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Natural Causes of Climate Change• Variations in Earth’s Orbit• Milankovitch Theories– Eccentricity of Earth’s orbit– Obliquity of Earth’s axis– Precession of Earth’s axis
![Page 39: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Natural Causes of Climate Change
• Volcanic eruptions• Volcanic ejecta may
block sunlight• Need many eruptions in
short time period• Not observed in recent
history
![Page 40: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Natural Causes of Climate Change
• Movement of Earth’s Plates– Change ocean circulation– Extremely slow process– Climate change would be very gradual over
millions of years
![Page 41: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Natural Causes of Climate Change
• Linked to Pleistocene Ice Age, Little Ice Age, Medieval Warm Period
• Recent change unprecedented– More likely result of human activity than natural
causes
![Page 42: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Documenting Human-Caused Climate Change
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – Global group of scientists– Published assessments since 1990– Predict global temperature changes of
1.4–5.8°C (2.5–10.4°F) • Climate change models can mimic modern
conditions only if human emissions are taken into account.
![Page 43: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atmosphere’s Greenhouse Effect• Global warming –
increase in Earth’s global temperatures
• Greenhouse effect – keeps Earth’s surface habitable – Incoming heat energy is
shorter wavelengths– Longer wavelengths –
some trapped, some escape, net warming effect
![Page 44: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Earth’s Heat Budget• Addition to or subtraction
from heat on Earth• Incoming radiation from Sun
shorter wavelengths• Outgoing radiation from
Earth longer wavelengths• Rates of energy absorption
and reradiation must be equal
![Page 45: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Earth’s Heat Budget
![Page 46: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Greenhouse Gases
• Water vapor– Most important – 66–85% of greenhouse effect
• Carbon dioxide– Natural part of atmosphere– Greatest relative contribution from human
activities– Burning of fossil fuels
![Page 47: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
![Page 48: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Greenhouse Gases
• Methane– Second most abundant human-caused
greenhouse gas– Great warming power per molecule– Landfill decomposition– Cattle
• Other trace gases– Nitrous oxide, CFCs, ozone
![Page 49: "Weather and Climate" Module Lecture Powerpoint](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051522/589eee0b1a28ab244d8b849a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Human-Caused Greenhouse Gases