Water & Wastewater Water & Wastewater in the Sustainable Cityin the Sustainable City

Presentation to World Water Presentation to World Water WeekWeekStockholm 20-26 August 2006Stockholm 20-26 August 2006

Dr. Graham Alabaster, Programme Manager, Water, Sanitation & Infrastructure Branch, UN-HABITAT

Structure of the Structure of the presentationpresentation

Urbanisation: the changing patterns in Urbanisation: the changing patterns in cities and towns cities and towns

Key WATSAN issues in large cities and Key WATSAN issues in large cities and small towns and their influence on small towns and their influence on project designproject design

Examples from UN-HABITAT, 2 case Examples from UN-HABITAT, 2 case studies: Lake Victoria (small towns) studies: Lake Victoria (small towns) Kibera (large cities)Kibera (large cities)

ConclusionsConclusions

Urbanisation: the changing Urbanisation: the changing patternspatterns

Currently 20 - 50 % of the population in Currently 20 - 50 % of the population in most low and middle income nations live most low and middle income nations live in small towns and large villagesin small towns and large villages

Increasing urbanization means over the Increasing urbanization means over the next twenty years the major population next twenty years the major population growth will be in smaller townsgrowth will be in smaller towns

Three types of settlements: Rural areas; Three types of settlements: Rural areas; large urban centres; small towns/large large urban centres; small towns/large villages need different approachesvillages need different approaches

Proportion (%) of Total Population in Urban AreasProportion (%) of Total Population in Urban Areas

(derived from UNDESA statistics, 2004)(derived from UNDESA statistics, 2004)

Nations Nations and and regionsregions

Rural Rural areasareas

Urban Urban areas < areas < 500,000500,000

Urban Urban areasareas

500,000 – 500,000 – 4.999 4.999 millionmillion

Urban Urban areas 5 areas 5 million – million – 9.999 9.999 millionmillion

Mega-Mega-cities > 10 cities > 10 millionmillion

AfricaAfrica 62.962.9 22.322.3 12.412.4 1.11.1 1.31.3

AsiaAsia 62.962.9 18.418.4 12.412.4 2.52.5 3.93.9

EuropeEurope 27.327.3 46.146.1 20.520.5 4.74.7 1.41.4

Latin America Latin America & Caribbean& Caribbean

24.524.5 37.137.1 23.423.4 3.73.7 11.311.3

North AmericaNorth America 20.920.9 29.829.8 35.635.6 4.34.3 9.49.4

OceanaOceana 27.327.3 31.731.7 41.041.0 -- --

WorldWorld 52.952.9 24.524.5 15.715.7 2.72.7 4.14.1

What are the key issues for What are the key issues for Water and sanitation in towns Water and sanitation in towns

and cities?and cities?

Policy ApproachesPolicy Approaches Lack of integrated approaches (water sanitation, solid waste, Lack of integrated approaches (water sanitation, solid waste,

drainage, housing & other infrastructure, urban planning)drainage, housing & other infrastructure, urban planning) National policies (sector reforms) don’t cater for urban centres National policies (sector reforms) don’t cater for urban centres

of all sizesof all sizes The target population: do we know where the poor are and how The target population: do we know where the poor are and how

they are best served?they are best served? How do we integrate WATSAN planning with urban planning and How do we integrate WATSAN planning with urban planning and

Environmental concerns?Environmental concerns?

Financing MechanismsFinancing Mechanisms Larger cities get more ODA, smaller towns have to rely on Larger cities get more ODA, smaller towns have to rely on

market-based approachesmarket-based approaches Low income (MDG target group) populations: how do we ensure Low income (MDG target group) populations: how do we ensure

livelihood opportunities are realised ?livelihood opportunities are realised ?

What are the key issues for What are the key issues for Water and sanitation in towns Water and sanitation in towns

and cities?and cities?

Technical OptionsTechnical Options How do we manage so called “modern mixes” of How do we manage so called “modern mixes” of

technologytechnology Opportunities for “ecological approaches” to water and Opportunities for “ecological approaches” to water and

sanitation are differentsanitation are different

Capacity to Implement & Sustain InvestmentsCapacity to Implement & Sustain Investments Available capacity varies: usually available in large cities, Available capacity varies: usually available in large cities,

not so much on smaller urban centresnot so much on smaller urban centres Conflicts between WATSAN utilities and local authoritiesConflicts between WATSAN utilities and local authorities

Project/Programme DesignProject/Programme Design Time-frame too long, does not fit in the “political window”Time-frame too long, does not fit in the “political window” New delivery approaches needed (rehabilitate and extend)New delivery approaches needed (rehabilitate and extend) Avoid duplication and focus on local structures (Paris Avoid duplication and focus on local structures (Paris

Declaration)Declaration)

The UN-HABITAT Lake Victoria Water The UN-HABITAT Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative (LVWATSAN)and Sanitation Initiative (LVWATSAN)

Supporting Secondary Urban Centres in the Lake Supporting Secondary Urban Centres in the Lake Victoria Region to Achieve the Millennium Development Victoria Region to Achieve the Millennium Development

GoalsGoals

Project ObjectivesProject Objectives

Support pro-poor water and sanitation Support pro-poor water and sanitation investments in the secondary urban investments in the secondary urban centres in the Lake Victoria Region.centres in the Lake Victoria Region.

  Build institutional and human resource Build institutional and human resource

capacities at local and regional levels capacities at local and regional levels for the sustainability of improved for the sustainability of improved water and sanitation serviceswater and sanitation services

  Facilitate the benefits of upstream water Facilitate the benefits of upstream water

sector reforms to reach the local level sector reforms to reach the local level in the participating urban centresin the participating urban centres

  Reduce the environmental impact of Reduce the environmental impact of

urbanisation in the Lake Victoria Basin urbanisation in the Lake Victoria Basin

Lake Victoria Region Water and Sanitation Initiative

Challenges addressed in programme Challenges addressed in programme designdesign

Designing country level implementation arrangements Designing country level implementation arrangements

that dovetail into regional/national structures (EAC)that dovetail into regional/national structures (EAC)

Promoting national procurement systems, delegated to Promoting national procurement systems, delegated to

the local level, while maintaining oversightthe local level, while maintaining oversight

Ensuring a focus is maintained on serving the poorest and Ensuring a focus is maintained on serving the poorest and

fully engaging them fully engaging them

Ensuring sustainability, particularly at the local levelEnsuring sustainability, particularly at the local level

Designing a capacity-building programme that is Designing a capacity-building programme that is

responsive and demand drivenresponsive and demand driven

Maximising the benefits from a true regional programmeMaximising the benefits from a true regional programme

Rapid delivery mechanisms to meet the MDGs Rapid delivery mechanisms to meet the MDGs

ResponseResponse

Customized MOU’s with sustainability clausesCustomized MOU’s with sustainability clauses

““Modern mixes” approach to sustainable technologyModern mixes” approach to sustainable technology

Poverty mapping & stakeholder engagementPoverty mapping & stakeholder engagement

Multi-faceted region-wide capacity-building interventionsMulti-faceted region-wide capacity-building interventions• Local economic developmentLocal economic development• Pro-poor governance approachesPro-poor governance approaches• Gender and marginalised groups (HIV/AIDS)Gender and marginalised groups (HIV/AIDS)• Utility managementUtility management• Urban catchment managementUrban catchment management

• Advocacy and communicationAdvocacy and communication

LVWATSAN Programme of LVWATSAN Programme of Implementation (15 towns) Implementation (15 towns)

Assessment & Project design: baseline survey Assessment & Project design: baseline survey

undertaken and MDG monitoring framework undertaken and MDG monitoring framework

developed developed

Immediate interventions (rehabilitate existing Immediate interventions (rehabilitate existing

infrastructure and extend coverage to the poor) infrastructure and extend coverage to the poor)

Capacity-building interventions (region-wide)Capacity-building interventions (region-wide)

Long-term interventions Long-term interventions

Implementation programme in 3-4 yearsImplementation programme in 3-4 years

Water for African Water for African Cities/KENSUP: Intergrated Cities/KENSUP: Intergrated

Slum UpgradingSlum Upgrading

KENSUP is a collaborative initiative between the KENSUP is a collaborative initiative between the Government of Kenya and UN-HABITAT whose main Government of Kenya and UN-HABITAT whose main objective is to improve the livelihoods of people living objective is to improve the livelihoods of people living and working in slums and informal settlements within and working in slums and informal settlements within the urban areas of Kenyathe urban areas of Kenya

Project activities being implemented in on “village” Project activities being implemented in on “village” in Kibera, Nairobi (population 700,000 cf Nairobi 3 in Kibera, Nairobi (population 700,000 cf Nairobi 3 million)million)

Soweto East population 70,000Soweto East population 70,000 Water & Sanitation used as a entry point for slum Water & Sanitation used as a entry point for slum

upgradingupgrading

Guiding principles of Project Guiding principles of Project DesignDesign

Reducing the cost of housing by providing Reducing the cost of housing by providing infrastructure (infrastructure represents 40% of the infrastructure (infrastructure represents 40% of the cost of establishing/rehabilitating settlements)cost of establishing/rehabilitating settlements)

Integrated physical infrastructure Integrated physical infrastructure Focus on labour intensive activitiesFocus on labour intensive activities Improved opportunities for livelihood generationImproved opportunities for livelihood generation PartnersPartners

– Government of Kenya (KENSUP) with the Ministry of Government of Kenya (KENSUP) with the Ministry of Housing taking the leadHousing taking the lead

– UN-HABITATUN-HABITAT– World Bank WSPWorld Bank WSP– Athi River Water Services Board Athi River Water Services Board – Kibera- Soweto Community under SECKibera- Soweto Community under SEC

Project ComponentsProject Components Support the community to improve accessibility to Support the community to improve accessibility to

water and sanitation in Soweto East;water and sanitation in Soweto East; Establish and strengthen governance frameworks to Establish and strengthen governance frameworks to

regulate distribution and accessibility to water and for regulate distribution and accessibility to water and for the upgrading of demonstrations;the upgrading of demonstrations;

Support community organization through the formation Support community organization through the formation of Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) management of Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) management committees as a vehicle for promoting small scale committees as a vehicle for promoting small scale waste management enterprises, increased access to waste management enterprises, increased access to water and sanitation services and access for credit to water and sanitation services and access for credit to facilitate improvement of housing sector;facilitate improvement of housing sector;

Support the community to improve the drainage system Support the community to improve the drainage system in Soweto East; andin Soweto East; and

Initiate small-scale door-to-door waste collection and Initiate small-scale door-to-door waste collection and recycling initiatives based on the cooperative approach.recycling initiatives based on the cooperative approach.

ConclusionsConclusions Urban areas need different approaches depending on sizeUrban areas need different approaches depending on size

Accurate mapping of target population essential (Use of GIS, remote Accurate mapping of target population essential (Use of GIS, remote sensing to establish baselines, monitoring progress and ultimately sensing to establish baselines, monitoring progress and ultimately utility mapping, link to urban planning systems) utility mapping, link to urban planning systems)

First consider rehabilitation (physical infrastructure, WDM) and First consider rehabilitation (physical infrastructure, WDM) and service extensionservice extension

Use modern mixes of technology, consider the reduced cost of Use modern mixes of technology, consider the reduced cost of condominial systems condominial systems

Follow ecological principles maximising reuse where possible, Follow ecological principles maximising reuse where possible, particularly linking to livelihood generation (excreta reuse, fish particularly linking to livelihood generation (excreta reuse, fish production), Co-disposal of waste (excreta & organic fraction of MSW)production), Co-disposal of waste (excreta & organic fraction of MSW)

Develop capacity for sustainability (small utilities, environmental Develop capacity for sustainability (small utilities, environmental management, clustrering for small towns, marginalised populations)management, clustrering for small towns, marginalised populations)