water supply engineering. ce 704. world university of bangladesh. chapter 7
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INDEXChapter No: Contents:
01 Introduction
02 Water Requirements
03 Ground Water
04 Surface Water Collection & Transportation
05 Pumps and Pumping Machinery
06 Hydraulics of Flow
07 Water Quality
08 Water Purification
09 Distribution System
10 Industrial Water Supply
11 Planning & Design of Water Purification Plant
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To slake mans thirst and other needs, water must be pure.
But pure water is not be found in nature. There are various
impurities present in natural water. The impurities present in
water are classed into four different groups :
(1) Impurities of Mineral Origin(2) Impurities of Organic origin
(3) Living Impurities and
(4) Radioactive Impurities
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TABLE : IMPURITIES PRESENT IN WATER01 02 03 04
In Suspension :
Silt, Clay and colloids
Decomposable organic
matter in sewage, industrialwastes, plants, leaves and
organic colouring matter
Bacteria, algae,
Protozoa, fungiand other
living
organisms.
Radioactive
substances likeradium,
uranium,
cobalt, etc.In Solution :
Carbonates, bicarbonates, sulphates
and sulphides of potassium, sodium,
calcium, and magnesium, hydroxides
of iron, etc.
Organic matter, organic
acids, etc.
In pseodo solution :
Silica, alumina, iron oxides, etc.
Colloidal decomposable
organic wastes such asanimal secretions, etc.
Dissolved gases :
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
ammonia, hydrogen, etc.
Methane, hydroxide ,
sulphide, etc.
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TABLE : CLASSIFICATION OF IMPURITIES IN RAW-WATERS ACCORDING TO
BEHAVIOR IN CONVENTIONAL WATER-WORKS TREATMENT PLANTS.Class A
Impurity can not be reliably
removed.
Class B
Impurity can not be reliably
removed to within
acceptable limits.
Class C
Impurity interferes with
treatment processes.
Chloride Phenolic
Fluoride substances,
Sulphate Petroleum,
Nitrate hydrocarbons, Arsenic
Dyestuffs,
Lead Synthetic,
Copper organic,
Zinc wastes,
Barium Radioactive,
Selenium substances,
Chromium synthetic,
Cadmium,
Detergents(?),
Magnesium,
Alkali metals.
Bacteria,
Inorganic suspended matter,
Dissolved natural organic
matter (coloured).
Dissolved natural organic
matter (colourless).
Iron
Manganese
Calcium
Magnesium
Free carbon dioxide
Ammonia
Phosphates
Nutrients
Planktonic
Algae, etc.
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EFFECT OF IMPURITIES :The Table shows the effect of impurities present in water.
Name of the Impurities Effect
Bacteria
Algae, Protozoa, Fungi,
Clay and colloids.
Diseases
Diseases, odour, colour, turbidity
Turbidity
Salts of calcium and magnesium
Carbonates
Bicarbonates
Sulphates
Chlorides
Hardness, alkalinity, taste, corrosiveness, scale formation.
Hardness, alkalinity, taste, corrosiveness, scale formation.
Hardness, taste.
Hardness, corrosiveness, taste.
Salts of sodium
Carbonates
Bicarbonates
Sulphates
fluorides
Chlorides
Alkalinity,
Alkalinity,
Foaming and Scaling
Tooth-decay
Taste
Iron Oxides Taste, red water hardness, corrosiveness
ManganeseVegetable dyes
Black or brown water.Colour, acidity.
Gases
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulphide
Nitrogen
Corrosive to metals
Acidity, Corrosive to metals
Odour, acidity, corrosive to metals
Child-desease, algal growth
Radioactive Impurities. Diseases.
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Bacteria are the basic plant unite
being the simplest form of plant life.
Bacteria are the smallest living
organisms and the most numerous in
compost; they make up 80 to 90% of
the billions of microorganisms
typically found in a gram of compost.
Bacteria are responsible for most of
the decomposition and heat
generation in compost. They are the
most nutritionally diverse group of
compost organisms, using a broad
range of enzymes to chemically break
down a variety of organic materials.
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The rod is the most common bacterial form andcan be observed in three distinct groups :
1. Individual cells
2. Diplo or twin cells and
3. Chains of cells.
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The spheres have the most different groups :
1. Individual
2. Diplo
3. Tetrad
4. Cube
5. Chain
6. Clumps.
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# According to metabolism bacteria are dididedinto two distinct groups :
1. Autotrophic Bacteria
2. Heterotrophic Bacteria.
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Fungi are similar to bacteria. In fact, to be technical, the
bacteria are actually fungi, fission fungi. Fungi include molds
and yeasts, and collectively they are responsible for the
decomposition of many complex plant polymers in soil and
compost. In compost, fungi are important because they
break down tough debris, enabling bacteria to continue the
decomposition process once most of the cellulose has been
exhausted. They spread and grow vigorously by producing
many cells and filaments, and they can attack organic
residues that are too dry, acidic, or low in nitrogen for
bacterial decomposition.
Most fungi are classified as saprophytes because they live ondead or dying material and obtain energy by breaking down
organic matter in dead plants and animals. Fungal species are
numerous during both mesophilic and thermophilic phases of
composting. Most fungi live in the outer layer of compost
when temperatures are high. Compost molds are strict
aerobes that grow both as unseen filaments and as gray or
white fuzzy colonies on the compost surface.
http://compost.css.cornell.edu/gifs/08.gif -
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The third group of microscopic
plants are the algae. The algae
differ from the fungi and
bacteria in their ability to carryout photosynthesis. The algae
can utilize the energy in light
and do not have to depend
upon the oxidation of matter tosurvive. In fact the algae evolve
oxygen during their growth in
presence of sunlight.
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The viruses are the smallest plants known at present
time. They are intracellular parasites and are highly
specific in their reactions, some with plants and somewith animals, viruses are present both in air and water,
Both types are pathogenic to man, animals and plants.
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Type of virusesType of Disease
caused
Mode of Transmission
Dermotropic Various pox-like
diseases
Close contact, water, air,
food & milk.
Neurotropic Pollimyelitis Water-borne.
Pneumotropic Influenza, colds Nasal and oral discharges,
water, air, food & milk.
Viscerototropic Cancer Water, Food & milk.
Neoplastic Eye diseases Close-contact, air & water.
Enteric Diarrhoea, nauses,
vamiting, Polio-like
diseases and
infectious hepatitis.
Water, Food & milk.
TABLE : VIRUS-DISEASES
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Protozoa are one-celled
microscopic animals. Theyare found in water droplets
in compost but play a
relatively minor role in
decomposition. Protozoa
obtain their food from
organic matter in the same
way as bacteria do but also
act as secondary consumers
ingesting bacteria and fungi.
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Rotifers are microscopic
multicellular organisms
also found in films of water
in the compost. They feed
on organic matter and also
ingest bacteria and fungi.
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The Table shows the bacteria & viruses
responsible for various types of waterborne diseases.Name of Diseases Organisms Responsible
1.Typhoid Fever
2.Paratyphoid Fever
3.Amoebic Dysentery
4.Bacillary Dysentery
5.Cholera
6.Small-pox &chicken pox
7.Gastroenteristis
8.Poliomyelitis
9.Schistosomiasis
10.Infections Hepatitis
11. Anthrax
12.Tularemia
13.Influenza, Colds
14. Pneumonia
15. Diphtheria16. Cancer
17. Polio-like Diseases
18. Urinary Inflamation
19.Wahooping cough
20.Tuberculosis
21. Leprosy
Bacillus Typhi
Eberthela typhosa } Bacteria
Salmonella Paratyphi (Bacteria)
Endamoeba Hystolytica (Protozoa)
Shigella Dysenterie (Bacteria)
Vibrio Comma (Bactria)
Dermotropic Viruses
Enteric Virous
Neurotropic Viruses
Cercarnie (animal parasites)
Enteric Viruses
Bacillus Anthraacis (Bacteria)
Spirochetes (Bacteria)
Pneumotropic Viruses
Diplo Coccus Pneumonia (Bactera)Corynebacterium Diphtheria (Bactera )
Viscerotropic viruses
Enteric Viruses
Escherichia Coli (Bacteria )
Hemophilus Pertussis (Bacteria)
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Bacteria)
Mycobacterium Leprae.
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A variety of Poisons may conceivably
Find their way into public water supplis among them
Toxic substances leached from mineral formation suchas fluorapatitis
Phytotoxins produced by specific algae
Heavy metals dillosved from water work structureprincipally metallic pipes & improperly manufacturedplastic pipes
Poisonous compound contained in industrial &
household westes emptied into water courseRadioactive substance in fallout & from the nuclear
energy industry.
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To be palatable water must be significantly free from
turbidity colour taste & odour of moderatetemperature in summer & winter & well aerated
At least four human perceptions respond to these
qualities:
Scnses of sight (colour & turbidity)
Taste (odour)
Smell (odour) &Touch (temperature)
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The term Turbid is applied to waters containing suspendedmatter that interferes with the passage of light through the
water or in which visual depth is restricted.
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Consumers of public water is rendered more difficult & costlywhen turbidity-free water. Laymen are aware that to
domestic sewage is highly turbid.
Filtration of water is rendered more difficult & costly when
turbidity increases. The use of slow sand filters has become
impractical in most areas because high turbidity shortens filter
runes & increases cleaning cost.
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