BaselineSurveySiemReapWater,Sanitation,andHygienePromotion

AngkorChumDistrict,SiemReapProvince,CambodiaFebruary2012Conductedby:WayneBacale,PlanningandM&EManager,HFH,AsiaPacificSayakaYabuki,WaterandSanitationProjectInternHFHCSiemReapOfficeStaffJanuary10th–13th,2012

1

Contents

Introduction...................................................................................................................................2

Demographics................................................................................................................................5

WaterandSanitationPractices.....................................................................................................6

ExistingSanitaryLatrineCondition..............................................................................................12

HouseholdWastesManagement................................................................................................14

ExpectationsandSignificantChangesAftertheProject..............................................................17

Conclusion...................................................................................................................................19

LessonsLearned...........................................................................................................................20

Recommendations.......................................................................................................................20

2

Introduction Thebaseline survey for SiemReapWater, Sanitation, andHygienePromotion (SRWSHP)wasconductedbysixHFHCstafffromtheAngkorChumofficefromJanuary10to13,2012tofindoutaboutthetrendsofwater,sanitation,andhygienepracticesamongthevillagerswhohavebeeninvolvedinSRWSHP.Afterthecompletionofthesurvey,thestaffspentonedayanalyzingtheresultbyusingPivotandthefindingswereconsolidated.ThestaffreceivedamonitoringandevaluationtrainingbyaHFHIM&Especialist,Mr.Bacalefortwodaysinthebeginningofthesameweekthesurveywasconducted.ThirtyonerespondentswererandomlyselectedfromSvayChumVillageandKoukKbakVillageandaskedtoparticipatein the survey. Some of themwere gathered at a common community space and the otherrespondents were given the survey at their house. Five interviewers interviewed 5 or 6respondentseachindividually.Eachsurveytooknomorethan20minutes.The questionnairewas first createdbyMr. Bacale then reviewed and translatedby the staffwithMr. Bacale to ensure the relevancy of each question in the given cultural context. Thequestionnaireconsistsof5partsaskingaboutthefollowingissues:

• Waterandsanitationpractices• Existingsanitarylatrinecondition• Householdwastesmanagement• Personalhygienepracticeinformation• Expectationsandsignificantfutureimprovementsexpectedbytherespondentsafter

theWaterandSanitationProject

KeyFindings• Twenty‐sixoutof31respondentsreportedthattheyarepracticingsafedrinkingwater

treatmentsuchasboiling,usingbleachorchlorine,andusingwaterfilters.• Twenty‐tworespondentsdonothaveaccesstoimprovedlatrinesandtheyare

practicingopendefecation.• Sixteenrespondentsreportedthattheirwatersourcesarewithin25metersand15

respondentswithin200meters• Eightoutof9respondentswhohaveaccesstosanitaryfacilitieshavelatrineswithin20

meters.• Twenty‐eightrespondentsansweredthattheyhopetoconstructindividualfamily

latrinesthroughHFHCinterventionsinthefuture.• Fifteenoutofnineteenrespondentswhoreportedthattheyhavereceivedinformation

onproperwastesmanagement;theyindicatedHFHCastheirinformationsource.• Everyrespondentclaimedthattheywashtheirhandswithsoap–twenty‐ninebefore

theyeat.• TherespondentswouldlikeHFHCtocontinueconstructingImprovedwaterand

sanitaryfacilities.• Therespondentsexpectreducedincidencesofdiseasesandillnessinthefuture.

3

LimitationsoftheStudy

• Therespondents’answersmighthavebeenaffectedbytheinterviewerswhoalsofacilitatetheproject.

• Thereliabilityoftheanswersmaynotbeadequate.Forexample,eventhoughthemajorityoftherespondentsreportedthattheywashtheirhandsbeforetheyeatandusesoap,theymightnotpracticeregularlyoransweredsoastosatisfytheinterviewers.

• Thesamplesizeistoosmalltogeneralizethefindingsandapplytothewiderpopulation.

• TheinterviewwasconductedonJanuary12,2012,whichisthe15thmonthoutofthe36‐monthprojectlife.

SummaryTableAreas SPHEREStandards NationalStatistics

(Asof2007)1BaselineFindings

SourcesofWater

• Watersourcesandsystemsaremaintainedsuchthatappropriatequantitiesofwaterareavailableconsistentlyoronaregularbasis

Rainyseason• 14%:Pipedindwelling• 23%:Tube/pipedwellorborehole

• 13%:Protecteddugwell• 6%:Unprotecteddugwell• 13%:Pond,river,orstream• 27%:RainwaterDryseason• 16%:Pipedindwelling• 27%:Tube/pipedwellorborehole

• 16%:Protecteddugwell• 7%:Unprotecteddugwell• 22%:Pond,river,orstream• 2%:Rainwater

• 35%(n=11):Ringwells• Another35%(n=11):Combinationsofring/mix/rope/treadle/pumpwells

• Openorcloseisunclear

Amountofwater/individual

• 15litersperday N/D • 8litersperday

Distanceofwatersourcetothehouse

• Within500m Wetseason• 97%:lessthan250m• 2%:250mto999mDryseason• 93%:lessthan250m• 4%:250mto999m

• 52%(n=16)within25m

• 42%(n=13)within200m

Qualityofwater • Nofecescoliformsper100 Treatmentofdrinkingwater • Noneofthe

1 NationalInstituteofStatisticsMinistryofPlanning(2009).HousingConditions2007.

4

Areas SPHEREStandards NationalStatistics(Asof2007)1

BaselineFindings

mlatthepointofdelivery• Drinkingwaterfromaprotectedortreatedsourceinpreferencetootherreadilyavailablewatersources• Forpipedwatersupply,wateristreatedwithadisinfectantsothatthereisfreechlorineresidualatthetapof0.5mgperliterandturbidityisbelow5NTU

• 61%:Always• 12%:Sometime• 27%:Never

respondentstesttheirwaterathealthservices.

• 84%(n=26)practicesafedrinkingwatertreatment(boiling/waterfilter)

Typeofsanitarylatrine

• Toiletsaredesigned,builtandlocatedinsuchawaythatprovideprivacy,safetyandsecuritytousers,minimizemosquitobreeding,areeasytocleanandcanbeusedbyallsectionsofthepopulationincludingvulnerablegroups

• Pitlatrinesandsoakwaysareatleast30mfromanygroundwatersourceandthebottomofanylatrineisatleast1.5mabovethewatertable

• Segregatedbysex

• 31%:Improvedtoilets(pureflushlatrinesconnectedtosewerage/septictanks)

• 10%:Unimprovedtoilets(pitlatrinewithoutslab,openpit,latrineoverhangingfield/water)

• 59%:Opendefecation(OD)

• 71%(n=22)practiceopendefecation(OD)

• 13%(n=4)drypit• 10%(n=3)pureflushlatrines

Distanceoflatrinetohouse

• Within50mN/D

• 71%(n=22/OD):Unknown

• 26%:(n=8):Within20m• 1respondentfurtherthan21m

Average#ofindividualsforeverylatrine

• 20foracommunallatrineN/D

• 5.1peopleperlatrine

Typeofwastemanagementpractices

• Householdwasteisputincontainersdailyforregularcollection,burntorburiedinaspecifiedrefusepit

• 97%(n=30):Burn• 45%(n=14):Throwintodrain

5

DemographicsRespondents by Sex: Out of 31 respondents, 26 of them are females and 5 males. Thedistributionofgenderisunevenperhapsbecausemanymaleparticipantsoftheprojectswereunavailableduetoworkatthetimethesurveywasconducted(seeFigure1below).

Figure1:%ofRespondentsbySex

RespondentsbyAgeGroup:Theagesoftherespondentsrangefrom23to74yearsold. Onethirdoftherespondentsarefemalesbetweentheagesof31and40,andthemajorityofthefemalerespondentsareyoungerthan60.Fouroutofthe5malerespondentsareolderthan51(seeTable1below).

Table1:RespondentsbyAgeGroup

NumberofFamilyMembers:Theaveragefamilysizeoftherespondentsis4.6peopleandslightlyhighercomparedtotheAngkorChumdistrictaverageof5.3people2.Themostreportedfamilysizeamongthe31respondentsis4peopleat35%followedby6‐personhouseholdsat23%.Thefewestoneisafamilyof9andthereisnorespondentwholivesalone(seeTable2andFigure2onthenextpage).

2NationalCommitteeforSub‐NationalDemocraticDevelopment(NCDD).(2009).AngkorChumDistrictData Book 2009.

Male5

(16%)

Female26(84%)

Male

Female

(blank)

AgeGroup Male Female Total

21to30 1 6 731to40 0 9 941to50 0 5 551to60 1 5 661to70 2 0 2

71orOlder 1 0 1NoAnswer 0 1 1

Total 5 26 31

6

Table2:RespondentsbyFamilySize

#ofFamilyMembers

#ofRespondents %

1 0 0%2 4 13%3 3 10%4 11 35%5 3 10%6 7 23%7 0 0%8 2 6%9 1 3%

Total 31 100%

Figure2:RespondentsbyFamilySize

WaterandSanitationPractices

Who FetchWater?: Majority of water for household uses is collected by adult women andthere isonlyonehousehold inwhichwater iscollectedbyanadultman(seeTable3below).ThismayreflecttheculturalnorminCambodiathatwomenareexpectedtoberesponsibleforthedomesticchores.

Table3:WhoFetchWater?WhoFetchWater?

#ofRespondents %

Adultwoman 28 90%Adultman 1 3%

FemaleChild(15oryounger) 2 6%

Malechild(15oryounger) 0 0%

Total 31 100%

SourcesofDrinkingWater:Majorityoftherespondentsdohaveaccesstosometypesofwellssuch as ring, mix/rope/treadle, and pumpwells fromwhich they collect drinking water andthere is one respondent whose household depends on a hand dug well for drinking water.ThreerespondentscollectwaterfromahanddugwellandothertypesofwellslistedinTable4onthenextpage.

13%

10%

35%

10%

23%

6% 3%

2 3 4 5 6 8 9 (blank)#ofFamilyMembers

7

Table4:SourcesofDrinkingWater

SourcesofDrinkingWater #ofRespondentsRingwellonly 11

Mix/rope/treadlewellonly 4Pumpwellonly 1

Combinationofdifferenttypesofwellsmentionedabove 11

Handdugwellonly 1Combinationofdifferenttypesofwells

mentionedaboveandhanddugwell 3Total 31

Amount and Frequency of Water Collection: Eighteen respondents answered that theirhousehold collects water once a day (see Table 5 below). Twenty‐two respondents collectmorethan41littersofwater,andthelargestfrequencyofwatercollectiondonebythese22respondentsisatonceadayby11householdsfollowedby6householdsat4to5timesaday(seeTable6onthenextpage). AccordingtouniversalminimumstandardsdevelopedbytheSphereProject3,anaverageuseofwaterinanyhouseholdissettobe15litersperpersonperday.Therefore,minimumamountsofwaterthatshouldbecollectedineachhouseholdamongthe respondents are 69 liters, respectably. The average household among the respondentsuses36.8litersofwatereachday–8litersperperson.Itisevidentthatthefamilymembersoftherespondentsareusingsignificantlylesseramountsofwaterthantheyshouldbe.

Table5:FrequencyofWaterCollection

Frequency #ofRespondentsOnceaday 18

Everytwodays 22to3timesaday 44to5timesaday 6

Morethan5timesaday 1

Total 31

3TheSphereProject(2011).TheSphereHandbook.

8

Table6:Frequency&AmountofWaterCollection AmountofWaterCollectedfor#ofFamilyMembersinEachhousehold:Table7belowsuggeststhat regardless of the number of family members in each household, the majority of thefamiliescollectsmore than41 littersofwater. Anumberofpeople tosharecollectedwatershowsasimilardistributioncomparedtothenumberoffamilymembersandamountofwatercollected in eachhousehold (see Table 8 on thenext page). Ten respondents reported thattheysharecollectedwaterwith4people.Onerespondentwith4familymemberswhocollectswaterfor4timesadayansweredthatherhouseholdcollectsmorethan41littersofwaterthatissharedby11people.Ontheotherhand,anotherrespondentwith3familymemberswhosehouseholdcollects21to30littersofwateronceadaysharethewaterwith15people.Duetoitssmallsamplesize,it isdifficulttodeterminethecorrelationbetweenthenumberoffamilymembersaswellasthenumberofpeopleshareandamountofwatercollected.

Table7:NumberofFamilyMembersinEachHouseholdandAmountofWaterCollected#ofFamilyMembers

11to20L 21to30L 31to40L Morethan41L

Total

2 1 0 0 3 43 0 1 2 0 34 0 0 2 9 115 0 0 0 3 36 0 1 2 4 78 0 0 0 2 29 0 0 0 1 1

Total 1 2 6 22 31

Frequency/Amount #ofRespondents10to20Litters 1

Onceaday 121to30Litters 2

Onceaday 1Everytwodays 1

31to40Litters 6Onceaday 5Twiceaday 1

Morethan41Litters 22Onceaday 11

2to3timesaday 34to5timesaday 6

Morethan5timesaday 1Everytwodays 1

Total 31

9

Table8:NumberofPeopletoShareWaterCollected#ofPeopletoShareWater

11to20L 21to30L 31to40L Morethan41L

Total

2 1 0 0 2 33 0 0 2 0 24 0 0 2 8 105 0 0 1 4 56 0 1 1 4 67 0 0 0 2 28 0 0 0 1 1

11 0 0 0 1 115 0 1 0 0 1

Total 1 2 6 22 31

Distance to Water Source and Frequency: The Sphere universal standards notes that themaximumdistancefromanyhouseholdtothenearestwatersourceshouldbenofurtherthan500meters; almost every respondentmeets this standard and have access to some kind ofwater sources closer to their houses4. About a half of the respondents estimated that theirwater source is less than 25 meters away from their houses, and the frequency of watercollectionamongthem isonceadaythemost reported followedby4 to5 timesaday. Themajorityof theotherhalfcollectswater fromwatersourcesthatarewithin200meters fromtheirhouses. Onerespondentreportedthatherhouseholdcollectswateronceaday fromawatersourcethatisfurtherthan500metersfromherhouse(seeTable9below).

Table9:FrequencyofWaterCollection&DistancetoWaterSource

4TheSphereProject(2011).TheSphereHandbook.

FrequencyLessthan

25m25to50m

51to100m

101to200m

201to500m 500m+

Don'tknow Total

Onceaday 6 2 4 4 1 1 0 182to3

timesaday 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 44to5

timesaday 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 6Morethan5timesa

day 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1Everytwo

days 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2Total 16 4 5 4 1 1 0 31

10

QualityofWater:Therewereonly16%oftherespondentswhoreportedthattheydonottreatwaterfordrinkingwhile30%ofhouseholdsinruralCambodianevertreatwatertomakeitsafetodrink5.Therestofthe84%respondentsreportedthattheyusuallymakesafedrinkingwaterbyboiling,usingbleachorchlorine,andusingawaterfilter. Themostreportedwaytomakesafe drinkingwater is boiling by 16 respondents followed by a usage of awater filter by 10respondents(seeFigure3below).Mostselectedmethodtodeterminethecleannessofwateristolookatitscolorthenthesmellofwater (see Figure 4 below). Four respondents answered that there are noways and tworespondentsdidnotknowhowtodeterminethecleannessofwater.Figure5onthenextpageindicates that 15 respondents selected dust and sand to be the factors that make watercontaminated and dirty followed by rubbish and dead animal bodies answered by 8respondents.

Figure3:HowtoMakeSafeDrinkingWater

Figure4:FactorstoDetermineCleannessofWater

5NationalInstituteofStatisticsMinistryofPlanning(2009).HousingConditions2007.

1

1

3

10

16

Others

Addbleach/chrorine

Letitstandandskll

Waterfilter

Boil

#ofResponses

011111

222

34

712

Teskngthewateratthehealthservices

Noinsects

Seethesoil

Taste

Don'tknow

Noways

Color

#ofResponses

11

Figure5:FactorstoMakeWaterContaminated/Dirty

Information Received: Almost every respondent except 2 people answered that they havereceivedinformationaboutproperwatertreatment,sanitation,hygiene,andhealthinthepast12months(seeTable10below).

Table10:WhetherInformationonWASHinthePast12Months

InfoonWASH#ofRespondents

Yes 29No 1

Don'tknow 1Total 31

AstheFigure6onthenextpageindicates,themajorityoftherespondentsreportedthattheirsource of information regarding proper water treatment, sanitation, hygiene, and health isfrom HFHC. Seventeen respondents also received the information from Sanitation ActionGroups (SAGs) facilitated by HFHC. Eight respondents also received information from thefollowingorganizations:RACHA,CDAC,NIMOrganization,PlanInternational,CSCS,andPDRD.Thisreflectsthatmanyrespondentsreceiveservicesfrommultipleorganizationsandcontentsofservicesmightbeoverlapped.

011

2222

38

15

NoanswerDon'tknow

WellisnotcoveredHumanandanimalwaste

IndustrialwasteWelllisneartoilet

RainwaterflowsintoawellInseckcide

Rubbish/deadanimalbodiesDust/sand

#ofResponses

12

Figure6:SourceofInformation

*OthersincludeRACHA,CDAC,NIMOrganization,PlanInternational,RAIIHC,CSCS,andPDRD

Morethan20respondentshavereceivedinformationrelatedtohealthandhygienepromotion,sanitation and use of latrines, and handwashing, 15 respondents have received informationaboutsafedrinkingwaterandhowtotreatwater.Ontheotherhand,informationwithregardtodiarrhealmanagementhasonlyreceivedby6respondents(seeFigure7below).

Figure7:TypeofInformationReceived

ExistingSanitaryLatrineConditionLatrineUsageandDistanceBetweenExistingLatrineandHouse:Similartothenationaldatainwhich69%ofhouseholdsinruralCambodiadonothaveaccesstoimprovedtoiletfacilitiesbutpractice open defecation6, seventy‐one percent of the respondents do not have access to 6TheSphereProject(2011).TheSphereHandbook.

0

1

2

3

4

8

17

28

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

S‐WASH

Newspaper

Hospital

Radio/TV

Healthworker

Others

SAG

HFH

#ofResponses

111

615

212324

FoodpackingHomecleaning

NoanswerDiarrhealmanagement

Safewater/howtotreatwaterHandwashing

SanitakonandUsageofToiletHealthandHygienePromokon

#ofResponses

13

latrines.Fiveofthemspecifiedinthesurveythattheyurinateanddefecateinfieldsorforests(seeTable11below). Thereare7respondentsreportedthattheyhavetheirownpureflashlatrine in their household and2 respondents said that their householdsuse another family’slatrine.Threeofthemhavetheirlatrinewithin10metersand4ofthemwithin11to20metersfromtheirhouse. TheSphereprojectnotes that toiletsshouldbeno farther than50metersfromeachhousehold7;the7householdshaveacceptableaccesstotoiletfacilitiesbasedonthestandard.

Table11:TypesoflatrineandDistanceBetweenExistingLatrineandHouse(ByObservation)TypeofLatrine Lessthan10m 11mto20m Furtherthan21m N/A Total

Pureflashlatrine 3 4 0 0 7Drypit 0 0 0 0 0

VIP 0 0 0 0 0Usingother

family's0 1 1 0 2

Notoilet 0 0 0 22 22Fiveofthe7householdswithalatrineintheirhousehold,thelatrineissolelyusedbytheirownfamilymembers.Oneofthetworespondentswhouseanotherfamily’slatrineansweredthatthe latrine isusedby theowner’s familyandhis family,and theotheronereported that thelatrineisusedbytheowner’sfamilyandmorethantwootherfamilies(seeTable12below).

Table12:UseofLatrine

Useoflatrine NumberofFamilySharing

Usedsolelybytheirownfamily 5Usedbytheirownfamilyandoneother

family 2

Usedbytheirownfamilyandmorethantwootherfamilies 2

Notoilet 22Total 31

7TheSphereProject(2011).TheSphereStandards.

14

Similar to the gender distribution seen in Table 3 askingwho fetcheswater, seven of the 9respondentswhohaveaccesstolatrineansweredthatanadultwomancleansthelatrineandthere are only two adult men who clean the latrines they use (see Figure 8 below).

Figure8:WhoCleansYourLatrine?

HouseholdWastesManagementWastes management practices: We also asked the survey respondents about their wastesmanagementpracticesandhowitmightbeaffectingtheircommunity.Almosteveryhouseholdburnstheirgarbageandsomealsothrowtheirgarbageintodrains.Othersincludedisposingatricefieldsansweredby2respondents(seeFigure9belowontheleft).Nearlyonethirdoftherespondents reported that they segregate garbagewastes in their housewhile the restdoesnot(seeFigure10belowontheright).Figure9:WhereDoYouDisposeYourGarbage?

Figure10:DoYouSegregateGarbageWastesatYourHouse?

Adultwoman Adultman Nolatrine#ofRespondents 7 2 22

7

2

22

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

0

0

0

2

2

4

14

30

Throwintorive/pond/canal

Throwontovacantland

Comostpit

Don'tknow

Bury/digahole

Rubbishcolleckonservices

Others

Throwintodrain

Burn

#ofResponsesYes9

(29%)

No22

(71%)

15

The respondents were given a multiple response question regarding types of wastesmanagement challenges they are encountering in their community. Lack of proper wastesmanagementseemstobeaffectingthelivesoftherespondentsgreatly.Morethantwothirdsoftherespondentsclaimedthatlitteringismakingtheirvillagedirty,andacauseofmosquitoesis also raised as a challenge by 20 respondents. Nineteen respondents also expressed theirconcernaboutbadsmells intheircommunitycausedbywastes. Twelverespondentsbelievethatgarbagedisposalsintheircommunitypollutingtheirwatersources(seeFigure11below).

Figure11:TypesofWastesManagementChallengesinCommunity

Nineteenrespondentsansweredthattheyhaveattendedsometrainingandorientationand3ofthemsaidthattheyreceivedapromotionaboutproperwastesmanagement(seeFigure12below).Eightofthe9respondentswhosegregatetheirgarbageintheirhousehaveattendedor received a promotion about proper wastes management; moreover the seven of the 8respondents selected HFH as one of their information sources. Overall, HFH is the largestsourceof information followedbySAGandhealthworkers (seeFigure13on thenextpage).Figure12:AttendedAnyTraining/OrientationaboutProperWastesManagement

*Yesincludes3respondentswhospecifiedthattheyhavereceivedpromotionsregardingproperwastesmanagement*8respondentsoutofthosewhoansweredYessegregatetheirgarbageintheirhousehold.

Yes19

(61%)

No12

(39%)

1

2

7

12

19

20

21

Noproblem

Cloggingofcanal

Others

Pollukngwaersources

Badsmell

Causingmosquitoes

Makingthevillagedirty

#ofResponses

16

Figure13:Training/OrientationSourceonProperWastesManagement

PersonalHygienePracticeInformationHand washing practices: Every respondent claimed that they practice some kind of handwashing.Twenty‐ninerespondentsreportedthattheywashtheirhandsbeforeeating.Sixteenrespondentsreportedthattheywashtheirhandsafterfieldwork;wedidnotobtainadataonhow many of the respondents work in fields therefore it is unreasonable to make anassumptionthat the remaining15respondentsdonotwashtheirhandsafter fieldwork (seeFigure 14 belowon the left). Washing hands after child defecationwas also selected by 16respondentsbutagainwearenottoassumethattheother15respondentsdonotwashtheirhandsafterchilddefecationbecause the lackof informationabout theirchildbearingstatus.Sevenoutofthe9respondentswhohaveaccessto latrinestatedthattheywashtheirhandsafterusingthelatrine.Everyrespondentusessoapwhentheywashtheirhandsalthoughonly20ofthemreportedthattheyusewater(seeFigure15blowontheright);thismightbeduetoanassumptionsomerespondentsmakingthatusingsoapautomaticallymeansusingwateratthesametime.Figure14:WhenDoYouWashYourHands?

*Othersincludebeforesleepingandwhentheirhandsaredirty*1Sevenofthemhaveaccesstolatrine

Figure15:HowtoWashHands

00

22

79

15

Newspaper

Radio/TV

HealthWorker

HFH

#ofResponsesFromWhomAnsweredYesinFigure12

34

1213141616

29

BeforefeedingOthers

Aqerusinglatrine*1Beforepreparingfood

AqereakngAqerchilddefecakon

AqerfieldworkBeforeeakng

#ofResponses

0

1

6

11

14

20

31

Usingsoil/sand

Usinguncleancloth

Others

Usingashes

Washwithboth

Usingwater

Usingsoap

#ofRespondenses

17

ExpectationsandSignificantChangesAftertheProjectExpectationsandlongtermimpactofWaSHinterventions:Therespondentswereaskedaboutwhataspectsofwater,sanitation,andhygienepracticestheyexpecttoseeimprovementsaftertheinterventionsprovidedbyHFHCanditslong‐termaffectinthelivesoftheirfamilymembers.Themajorityoftherespondentswishtohavealatrineconstructedintheirhouseholdwhilealittlemorethanonethirdoftherespondentsdesiretogetwatersourcefacilitiesconstructed.Itisyetinconsistentthatsomeoftherespondentswhodohavealatrineintheirhouseholdalsoexpectaconstructionofalatrineintheirhousehold. Regardless,aconstructionoflatrinestoindividualfamiliesismoredesiredcomparedtocommunallatrines(seeFigure16below).

Figure16:Desired/ExpectedServicesbyHFH

*Othersincludeplantingvegetables,usingtoilet,andboilingwater

Wethenaskedtherespondentswhattop3changesorimprovementstheythinkwillprovidetothemandtheirfamilymembersafterreceivingtheHFHC’sWaSHinterventions.Theresponsesinclude increased access to safe drinkingwater, improved awareness of proper hygiene, andsanitation,whichsuggestedbymorethantwothirdsoftherespondents.Despitethefactthat28 respondents expect HFHC to assist them in constructing individual latrines, only 11respondents mentioned increasing access to sanitary latrine facility as one of their top 3changes they think the Habitat WaSH interventions could provide in the future. Otheranticipatedimprovementsstatedbytherespondentsincludegoodlivingenvironment,securingenoughwater, and having profits (see Figure 17 on the next page). Lastly, the respondentswere asked about three long‐term impacts of changes and improvementsmentioned above;themajorityofresponseswasfocusedaroundimprovedhealthconditionofchildrenaswellasreducedincidenceofwaterbornediseasesandsickness(seeFigure18onthenextpage).

1

11

13

13

20

28

Others

Constructcommunallatrine

Trainingonproperuseoflatrine

Constructwatersourcefacilikes(e.g.wells,tanks,andect)

Trainingonproperhygieneandhandwashing

Constructlatrinestoindividualfamilies

#ofResponses

18

Figure17:ExpectedChangesandImprovementsbyHFHWaSHInterventions

*Othersincludegoodenvironment,securingenoughwater,andhavingprofit

Figure18:ExpectedLong‐TermImpactofFutureChangesandImprovementsinYourFamily

11

15

22

24

Increaseaccesstosanitarylatrinefacility

Others

Improvedawarenessofproperhygieneand

sanitaiton

Increasedaccesstosafedrinkingwater

#ofResponses

7

8

19

24

Others

Improvedschoolarendanceofchildren

Reducedincidenceofwaterbornediseases

andsickness

Improvedhealthcondikonofchildren

#ofResponses

19

ConclusionThis baseline survey was able to show a scope of our beneficiaries’ water, sanitation, andhygienepracticesandwhattheyareexpectingtochangeorimproveinthefuture.Theresultsshow that almost everyone does have access to constructedwaterwellswhere they collecttheirhouseholdsourcesofdrinkingwater.Regardlessofthenumberoffamilynumbersineachhouseholdorthefrequencyofwatercollection,manyhouseholdsusemorethan41 littersofwateraday.Althoughtheyshouldatleasthaveaccesstomorethan15litersofwaterperdayperperson.Theirwatersourcesarerelativelyclosetotheirhouses;however,consideringthemost ofwater is collected by adultwomen formultiple times a day, carrying a heavywaterbucketsmightbeaphysicalburdenonthem.Themajorityoftherespondentsareperformingasafedrinkingwatertreatmentsuchasboiling,using bleach or chlorine, and using a water filter. They also indicated that they wash theirhandswithsoap,whichourprojectencouragesparticipantstodo.Ourrespondentsseemtobeaware andpracticingproperwater treatment, handwashingpractices, andother health andhygieneinformationtheylearnedthroughtrainings,workshops,andpromotionsheldbyHFHCas well as other organizations. In spite of the positive answers we received from therespondents,we suspect that the respondents couldhavebeenhesitant topresentnegativeanswerstotheinterviewerssincetheyarealsotheoneswhoprovidetheWaSHinterventionsat HFHC. Almost every respondentwho has a latrine in their household reported that theywashtheirhandsafterusingthelatrinewhilealackoflatrinesinmanyhouseholdsremainstobearestrainedforcethatkeepspeoplepracticingopendefecation.HFHCdoesnotofferextensivetrainingsorworkshopsonwastesmanagementyetinformsourbeneficiaries about the basic householdwastesmanagement. Given the results,we believethatHFHCiscontributingtoraiseawarenessofproperwastesmanagementamongtheprojectparticipants.Finally, our survey indicates that the participants are very much interested in having anindividual latrine constructed for their household aswell as learning aboutproper sanitationand hygiene behaviors. They hope to gain access to safe drinking water and improvedknowledge of sanitation and hygiene from HFHC that could ultimately reduce the risks andincidentsofwaterbornediseasesandimprovetheoverallhealthoftheirchildren.

20

LessonsLearned• Makingwatersafetodrinkbyboilingandusingawaterfilteriswell‐practiced.• Individualizedlatrinesaremoredesiredthancommunalones.• ThestaffneedmoretimetotrainingonhowtousePivotandanalyzedata.• WhilewewereabletolearnabouttheawarenessandpracticesregardingWaSHinthe

community,wewereunabletolearnabouttherecommendationstoourprojectdirectlyfromtherespondents.

• Somerespondentswereinfluencedbytheothers’answerssincesomeinterviewswereconductedatacommunalspace.

Recommendations• ContinuetoprovideCommunity‐LedTotalSanitationandfacilitatediscussionsamongst

theparticipants.• Theprojectshouldbepromotinglatrineconstructionsandassistingtheparticipantsfor

financialmanagementasneeded.• Issuesthatarepreventingourbeneficiariesfromconstructinglatrinesshouldbe

examinedandaddressed.• Hardwareinterventions,suchaslatrineconstructionmustbedonetogetherwitha

softwaresupport,suchasorientationontheproperuseandmaintenanceoflatrine.• Theprojectshouldasktheparticipantsfortheirfeedbackonaregularbasis.• Thereisaneedtostrengthencommunitybasedmonitoringandevaluationtomeasure

behavioralandsignificantchangeacrosstime.Providefurthermonitoringandevaluationtrainingforthestaff.

• Toensurethevalidityofthefindings,theprojectstaffshouldconductafollow‐upvisittoobservehowthebeneficiariesareactuallyperformingWaSHpractices.

• Developcasestudiestostudytheparticipants’experiencesindepth.