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Water Resources Planning with the new (3rd Edition)
AWWA M50 Manual
Chi Ho Sham, Eastern Research Group, Inc. and Lara Kammereck, Carollo Engineers
September 13, 2016
Ground Water Protection Council Annual Forum: State Water Sustainability Planning
Orlando, FL
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Water Resources Planning Is Multi-faceted
• The process involves ...
• The updated M50 Manual is an excellent resource to guide you through the process
Technical
Personal
Political
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What’s in the updated M50?
AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION
M50
WATER RESOURCES PLANNING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO WATER RESOURCES PLANNING ........................................... 1-4 1.1 The Water Resources Planning Process .......................................................... 1-8 1.2 Selecting the Project Team ............................................................................ 1-12
2.0 PLANNING POLICIES ............................................................................................... 2-13 2.1 Local Planning History………………………………………………………………2-13 2.2 Drivers for Planning ....................................................................................... 2-13 2.3 Coordination of Utility-Level Plans with State and Regional Water
Resources Plans ............................................................................................ 2-21 2.4 Initial Scoping ................................................................................................ 2-22 2.5 Process and Roadmap for Plan Development ................................................ 2-24 2.6 Public Involvement ......................................................................................... 2-27 2.7 Case Study: Norman, Oklahoma 2060 Strategic Water Supply Plan .............. 2-37
3.0 LEGAL ISSUES WITH WATER SUPPLIES ............................................................... 3-41 3.1 Introduction: Water Rights in General ............................................................ 3-41 3.2 Surface Water Rights ..................................................................................... 3-42 3.3 Groundwater Rights ....................................................................................... 3-48 3.4 Reclaimed Water Rights ................................................................................ 3-51 3.5 Federal and Tribal Water Rights .................................................................... 3-52 3.6 Public Trust Doctrine ...................................................................................... 3-55 3.7 Water Quality Impacts .................................................................................... 3-57
4.0 WATER RESOURCES ALTERNATIVES .................................................................. 4-62 4.1 Surface Water ................................................................................................ 4-62 4.2 Ground Water ................................................................................................ 4-64 4.3 Reclaimed Water and Wastewater ................................................................. 4-72 4.4 Desalination ................................................................................................... 4-81 4.5 Demand Management .................................................................................... 4-83 4.6 Water Marketing and Transfers ...................................................................... 4-88 4.7 Non-Traditional Sources ................................................................................ 4-95
5.0 WATER DEMAND FORECASTING........................................................................... 5-99 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 5-99 5.2 Forecasting Methods.................................................................................... 5-100 5.3 Selecting the Rights Model........................................................................... 5-104 5.4 Analysis of Current Water Demand, Factors, and Trends ............................ 5-106 5.5 Developing a Forecast of Future Water Demand ......................................... 5-108 5.6 Evaluating Uncertainty of the Water Demand Forecast ................................ 5-110 5.7 Summary ..................................................................................................... 5-112
6.0 WATER QUALITY .................................................................................................. 6-118 6.1 The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Quality ...................................................... 6-118 6.2 Surface Water Quality .................................................................................. 6-119 6.3 Groundwater Quality .................................................................................... 6-119
6.4 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Components Influencing Water Quality 6-120 6.5 Sources of Contaminant Loading in Water ................................................... 6-124 6.6 Water Quality Sampling and Monitoring ....................................................... 6-129 6.7 Summary ..................................................................................................... 6-132
7.0 SOURCE WATER PROTECTION .......................................................................... 7-134 7.1 Source Water Protection Programs .............................................................. 7-135 7.2 Ground Water Protection ............................................................................. 7-147 7.3 Surface Water Protection ............................................................................. 7-155
8.0 WATER SUPPLY ASSESSMENTS ........................................................................ 8-177 8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 8-177 8.2 Overview of Assessment Approach .............................................................. 8-177 8.3 Identification of Evaluation Criteria for Assessments .................................... 8-178 8.4 Water Supply Reliability Assessment ........................................................... 8-180 8.5 Water Quality Assessment ........................................................................... 8-185 8.6 Environmental Assessment .......................................................................... 8-189 8.7 Implementation Assessment ........................................................................ 8-201 8.8 Cost Assessment ......................................................................................... 8-202 8.9 Summary ..................................................................................................... 8-208
9.0 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS .................................................................................. 9-209 9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 9-209 9.2 Basic Objectives and Guiding Principles ...................................................... 9-209 9.3 Why Conduct an Analysis of Alternatives? ................................................... 9-210 9.4 Overview of Business Case Evaluation Methods ......................................... 9-211 9.5 Defining Important Types of Benefits and Costs ........................................... 9-214 9.6 Key Steps of Alternatives Analysis ............................................................... 9-216 9.7 Methods for Estimating Benefits and Costs .................................................. 9-219 9.8 Discounting and Present Values .................................................................. 9-222 9.9 Dealing with Uncertainties and Data Gaps ................................................... 9-224 9.10 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 9-226
10.0 THE INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................................. 10-228 10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 10-228 10.2 Developing a Plan ...................................................................................... 10-229 10.3 Developing the Plan ................................................................................... 10-231 10.4 Case Study: City of San Diego Public Utilities ............................................ 10-238
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When to Initiate a Plan and Why• Outlines factors to be considered in developing a plan• Identify context and drivers for planning• Coordinating up and down in scale
Source: www.chapman.edu
• Initial scoping and the roadmap for plan development
• Public involvement is critical to success
Chapter 2
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Water Rights Provide a Legal Framework• Provides a review of water rights and other legal issues
impacting water resources
• Surface Water Rights– East vs West, Riparian vs Prior Appropriation
• Ground Water rights are covered by many variations of common law doctrine
• Special cases, like reclaimed water, are also discussed
Chapter 3
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Surface water intake Camas, WA
Traditional Alternatives
Emerging Alternatives
Non-Traditional Sources
There Are Many Water Supply Alternatives
Bull Run Reservoir, Source: portlandoregon.gov
Groundwater Well house Camas, WASan Gabriel River Rubber Dam, Source: Water Replenishment District of Southern California
• Surface water (direct river withdrawals, on-stream reservoirs, pumped reservoirs, stormwater)
• Ground water (wells, conjunctive use, ASR)
Chapter 4
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There Are Many Water Supply Alternatives
• Reclaimed water• Desalination
Traditional Alternatives
Emerging Alternatives
Non-Traditional Sources
Source: 10 news.com (San Diego, ABC) Carlsbad Desalination Plant (Under Construction). Source: www.kleinfelder.com/
Chapter 4
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There Are Many Water Supply Alternatives
• Nontraditional sources
Traditional Alternatives
Emerging Alternatives
Non-Traditional Sources
Source: http://www.mmass.co.uk/images/HughDunlop4.jpg
Cloud seeding to induce rain
Star Wars Moisture Collectors, Source: news.discovery.com
Chapter 4
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Not All Water Resources Alternatives Are Supplies• Demand Management
– Conservation and Efficiency– Supply Conservation– Drought Contingency Planning
• Water Marketing and Transfers
Source: http://eartheasy.com/water_save04.jpg
Source: http://www.avondale.org/images/pages/N1074/DroughtStagesLogo2015.jpg
Leaking water mains
Chapter 4
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How to Predict Demand in the Future
• Chose an appropriate method and level of complexity• Scale of data should match method complexity• Understand the past and present to better predict the
future• Developing your forecasts and evaluating uncertainty
“All models are wrong, but some are useful.” –George Box
Chapter 5
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How to Predict Demand in the Future• Forecasting methods
– Per Capita Models– Extrapolation Models– Disaggregate Water Use
Models– Multivariate Models
– Land Use Models– Univariate Forecasting
Models– Demand Function and
Demand Model
Note: Challenges in declining cities.
Chapter 5
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Water Quality• All types of water resources are connected through
the hydrologic cycle as ‘One Water’• Types of contaminants that may impair water quality• Sources of contaminants and link with TMDLs• Sampling and monitoring tips
Chapter 6
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Protecting Your Source Water• Source water protection programs
– Ground water protection– Surface water protection
• Integration of SDWA and CWA programs
• Collaboratives
Source: USEPA, “Protecting Drinking Water with the Clean Water State Revolving Fund“ Source: http://www.sourcewaterpa.org/
Chapter 7
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Protecting Your Source Water• Source water protection standard and operational guide
Source Water Characterization (e.g., Source Water Assessment)
Action Plan
Program Goals
Implementation(e.g., monitoring, best management practices, education)
Program Evaluation
Vision
Feed
back
and
Rev
isio
n
Chapter 7
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Water Supply Assessments• A potential water supply has been identified, but now
we want to get to know it better• Selecting appropriate evaluation criteria is crucial
Implementation Assessment
Supply Assessment
Chapter 8
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Selecting the Best Alternative
• Selection is based on evaluating key criteria– Financial cost, environmental factors, community and
related social values, and other key factors
Why is an alternative needed?
Which option best serves the
community?
When should the alternative(s) be
initiated?
How will the options best be implemented?
Preferred Alternative
Chapter 9
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Selecting the Best Alternative
Steps in an economic analysis framework
Chapter 9
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Bringing it All Together1) Plan the Plan
2) Engage stakeholders
3) Know the requirements
4) Identify alternatives
5) Estimate future demands
6) Conduct assessments
7) Screen and evaluate alternatives
8) Develop recommendations
9) Finalize and monitor the Plan
1 765
432 8 9
Chapter 10
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Bringing it All Together
Identify evaluation criteria Screen alternatives Select evaluation methodsEvaluate alternatives Develop recommendations Monitor and update the Plan
Chapter 10
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Acknowledgements
• Special thanks to:– Bill Davis– Tom Dumm– Josh Miner
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Questions?
Chi Ho Sham, Ph.D. Vice President and Chief ScientistEastern Research Group, Inc.110 Hartwell Ave., Lexington, MA 02421Phone: 781-674-7358 Email: [email protected]
Lara Kammereck, P.E.Vice PresidentCarollo Engineers, Inc. 1218 Third Ave., Seattle, WA 98101 Phone: 206-684-6532 Email: [email protected]