water reclamation - university of maryland · water reclamation enae 697 - space human factors and...

Water Reclamation ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Water Reclamation• Discussion of term project• Fundamentals of water reclamation• Water reclamation

– Potable– Hygiene– Urine

• Solids disposal

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© 2017 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu

http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu



Expected Content of Term Project• Title of project• Team members• Design reference mission(s)

– Where, when, how

• Top-level requirements– e.g., Crew size, duration, EVA support, etc.

• Derived requirements– e.g., Habitat volume, interfaces, power, etc.

• Design elements

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Term Project Design Elements• Habitat configuration

– Size, shape, orientation– Internal layout (habitable spaces, fixed equipment, etc.)– Atmosphere design (total pressure, ppO2)– EVA support (suit pressure, denitrogenation, prebreathe

times, airlock/crew lock and other interfaces)– Rover support (if appropriate)– Radiation protection (shielding makeup and

configuration)– CAD expectations: external dimensioned 3-view,

detailed interior layouts, external “beauty” image

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Term Project Design Elements• Life support analyses

– Air reclamation– Water recycling– Food provision - storage/processing/growth– Waste collection and management– Air ventilation and handling– External stores for life support consumables

• Other topics of interest or necessity

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Mechanics of Term Project• Submission in form of a briefing package (slides, not

prose)– Package used for 10-minute presentation– Full package (no page limit)

• Initial deadline: progress check Friday 4/21 (e-mail)– Whatever you have completed– Prioritize DRM, initial habitat configuration– Include cover page with names of team members– Will get feedback to support final submission on last day

of class 5/9

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ISS Consumables BudgetConsumable Design Load

(kg/person-day)Oxygen 0.85Water (drinking) 1.6Water (in food) 1.15Water (clothes and dishes) 17.9Water (sanitary) 7.3Water (food prep) 0.75Food solids 0.62

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Resupply with Open Loop Life Support

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from Ewert, “Life Support System Technologies for NASA Exploration Systems” ARO Workshop on Base Camp Sustainability, Sept. 2007



Effect of Regenerative Life Support• Open loop life support 100% resupply+ Waste water recycling 45%+ CO2 absorbent recycling 30%

+ O2 regenerate from CO2 20%

+ Food from wastes 10%+ Eliminate leakage 5%

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Types of Water• Potable water

– Drinking and food preparation– Organic solids < 500µg/liter

• Hygiene water– Washing– Organic solids <10,000 µg/liter

• Grey water (used hygiene water)• Condensate water (from air system)• Urine

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Water Usage for Various Missions (1)

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from Anderson et.al., “Life

Support Baseline Values

and Assumptions Document”

NASA TP-2015-218570

, March 2015



Water Usage for Various Missions (2)

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NASA TP-2015-218570

, March 2015



Wastewater Generation Rates

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NASA TP-2015-218570

, March 2015



Potable Water Reclamation Technologies• Multifiltration• Reverse Osmosis• Electrochemical Deionization

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Potable Water Multifiltration Schematic

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Potable Water Reverse Osmosis Schematic

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Close-up of Reverse Osmosis Concept

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Electrochemical Deionization Schematic

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Hygiene Water Reclamation Technologies• Multifiltration• Reverse Osmosis

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Hygiene Water Reverse Osmosis Schematic

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Multifiltration for Hygiene Water

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Urine Reclamation Technologies• TIMES - Thermoelectric Integrated Membrane

Evaporation System• VCD - Vacuum Compression Distillation• VPCAR - Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia

Removal• AIRE - Air Evaporation

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TIMES Schematic

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Thermoelectric Integrated Membrane Evaporation System



Vacuum Compression Distillation Schematic

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VCD Drum Distillation Schematic

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VPCAR Schematic

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Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal



VAPCAR Simplified Schematic

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AES - Air Evaporation for Urine Treatment

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Water Distillation• Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD)

– 300 kg; 1.5 m3; 350 W (for 100 kg H2O processed per day)

• VAPCAR– 550 kg; 2.0 m3; 800 W (for 100 kg H2O processed per

day)• TIMES

– 350 kg; 1.2 m3; 850 W (for 100 kg H2O processed per day)

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Selected Design Parameters

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from Jones, “Breakeven Mission Durations for Physicochemical Recycling to Replace Direct Supply Life Support” ICES 2007-01-3221, International Conference on Environmental Systems, July 2007



Water System Design Parameters

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from Jones, “Mars Transfer Vehicle (MTV) Water Processor Analysis” ICES 2008-01-2193,International Conference on Environmental Systems, July 2008



Solid Waste Disposal Technologies• Freeze Drying• Thermal Drying• Combustion Oxidation• Wet Oxidation• Supercritical Water Oxidation

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Freeze Drying Schematic

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Thermal Drying Schematic

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Combustion Oxidation Schematic

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Wet Oxidation Schematic

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Supercritical Water Oxidation Schematic

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Space Systems LaboratoryU N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

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UMd Final MFH Design• 3.65 m diameter• 5.5 m tall• 4:1 ellipsoidal

endcaps• Three module

berthing ports (Cx standard)

• Four suitports (two in berthing hatches)

• Inflatable airlock• All 6063-T6 structure


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Lower Deck Layout

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CTB Stowage Racks

Multipurpose Table

Air Handling/ CO2 Scrubbing/Heat Exchanger

Water Recycling

Berthing Hatch

Ladder toUpper Deck


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Upper Deck LayoutGalley Wall -

Food PreparationIndividual Crew Berths

CTB Stowage RacksTable and Seats Opened for Meals; Stowed Otherwise

Bathroom



MFHE Life Support Requirements• 4 crew for nominal mission of 28 days• Additional contingency mission of 30 days• 8 crew in handoff mode for 48 hours

‣ 4 95th percentile American males for 60 days

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U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND 41

Lunar Habitat Water Recycling Trades

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 50 100 150 200

Duration (days)

Sys

tem

Mass

(kg

)

H2O/Open Loop H2O/Condensate H2O/Cond+Urine


U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND 42

Effect of Duration on Life Support

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 50 100 150 200

Duration (days)

Sys

tem

Mass

(kg

)

7 Day Optimum 28 Day Optimum 180 Day Optimum

water reclamation - university of maryland · water reclamation enae 697 - space human factors and...

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