water reclamation - university of maryland · 2019-04-03 · water reclamation enae 697 - space...

Water Reclamation ENAE 697 - Space Human Factors and Life Support

U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

Water Reclamation• Discussion of term project• Fundamentals of water reclamation• Water reclamation

– Potable– Hygiene– Urine

• Solids disposal

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© 2019 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu

http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu



Expected Content of Term Project• Title of project• Team members• Design reference mission(s)

– Where, when, how

• Top-level requirements– e.g., Crew size, duration, EVA support, etc.

• Derived requirements– e.g., Habitat volume, interfaces, power, etc.

• Design elements

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Term Project Design Elements• Habitat configuration

– Size, shape, orientation– Internal layout (habitable spaces, fixed equipment, etc.)– Atmosphere design (total pressure, ppO2)– EVA support (suit pressure, denitrogenation, prebreathe

times, airlock/crew lock and other interfaces)– Rover support (if appropriate)– Radiation protection (shielding makeup and

configuration)– CAD expectations: external dimensioned 3-view,

detailed interior layouts, external “beauty” image

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Term Project Design Elements• Life support analyses

– Air reclamation– Water recycling– Food provision - storage/processing/growth– Waste collection and management– Air ventilation and handling– External stores for life support consumables

• Other topics of interest or necessity

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Mechanics of Term Project• Submission in form of a briefing package (slides, not

prose)– Package used for 10-minute presentation– Full package (no page limit)

• Initial deadline: progress check Wednesday 4/17 (e-mail preferred)– Whatever you have completed– Prioritize DRM, initial habitat configuration– Include cover page with names of team members– Will get feedback to support final submission on last day

of class 5/9 5



ISS Consumables BudgetConsumable Design Load

(kg/person-day)Oxygen 0.85Water (drinking) 1.6Water (in food) 1.15Water (clothes and dishes) 17.9Water (sanitary) 7.3Water (food prep) 0.75Food solids 0.62

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Resupply with Open Loop Life Support

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from Ewert, “Life Support System Technologies for NASA Exploration Systems” ARO Workshop on Base Camp Sustainability, Sept. 2007



Effect of Regenerative Life Support• Open loop life support 100% resupply+ Waste water recycling 45%+ CO2 absorbent recycling 30%

+ O2 regenerate from CO2 20%

+ Food from wastes 10%+ Eliminate leakage 5%

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Water Recovery and Management

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from Wieland, “Designing for Human Presence in Space” NASA RP-1324, 1994



Types of Water• Potable water

– Drinking and food preparation– Organic solids < 500µg/liter

• Hygiene water– Washing– Organic solids <10,000 µg/liter

• Grey water (used hygiene water)• Condensate water (from air system)• Urine

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Water Usage for Various Missions (1)

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from Anderson et.al., “Life

Support Baseline Values

and Assumptions Document”

NASA TP-2015-218570

, March 2015



Water Usage for Various Missions (2)

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NASA TP-2015-218570

, March 2015



Wastewater Generation Rates

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NASA TP-2015-218570

, March 2015



Potable Water Reclamation Technologies• Multifiltration• Reverse Osmosis• Electrochemical Deionization

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Potable Water Multifiltration Schematic

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Potable Water Reverse Osmosis Schematic

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Close-up of Reverse Osmosis Concept

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Electrochemical Deionization Schematic

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Hygiene Water Reclamation Technologies• Multifiltration• Reverse Osmosis

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Hygiene Water Reverse Osmosis Schematic

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Multifiltration for Hygiene Water

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Urine Reclamation Technologies• TIMES - Thermoelectric Integrated Membrane

Evaporation System• VCD - Vacuum Compression Distillation• VPCAR - Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia

Removal• AIRE - Air Evaporation

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TIMES Schematic

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Thermoelectric Integrated Membrane Evaporation System




Vacuum Compression Distillation Schematic

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VCD Drum Distillation Schematic

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VAPCAR Schematic

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Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal



VAPCAR Simplified Schematic

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AES - Air Evaporation for Urine Treatment

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Water Distillation• Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD)

– 300 kg; 1.5 m3; 350 W (for 100 kg H2O processed per day)

• VAPCAR– 550 kg; 2.0 m3; 800 W (for 100 kg H2O processed per

day)• TIMES

– 350 kg; 1.2 m3; 850 W (for 100 kg H2O processed per day)

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Selected Design Parameters

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from Jones, “Breakeven Mission Durations for Physicochemical Recycling to Replace Direct Supply Life Support” ICES 2007-01-3221, International Conference on Environmental Systems, July 2007



Water System Design Parameters

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from Jones, “Mars Transfer Vehicle (MTV) Water Processor Analysis” ICES 2008-01-2193, International Conference on Environmental Systems, July 2008



Solid Waste Disposal Technologies• Freeze Drying• Thermal Drying• Combustion Oxidation• Wet Oxidation• Supercritical Water Oxidation

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Freeze Drying Schematic

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Thermal Drying Schematic

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Combustion Oxidation Schematic

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Wet Oxidation Schematic

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Supercritical Water Oxidation Schematic

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Space Systems LaboratoryU N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND

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UMd Final MFH Design• 3.65 m diameter• 5.5 m tall• 4:1 ellipsoidal

endcaps• Three module

berthing ports (Cx standard)

• Four suitports (two in berthing hatches)

• Inflatable airlock• All 6063-T6 structure


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Lower Deck Layout

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CTB Stowage Racks

Multipurpose Table

Air Handling/ CO2 Scrubbing/Heat Exchanger

Water Recycling

Berthing Hatch

Ladder toUpper Deck


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Upper Deck LayoutGalley Wall -

Food PreparationIndividual Crew Berths

CTB Stowage RacksTable and Seats Opened for Meals; Stowed Otherwise

Bathroom



MFHE Life Support Requirements• 4 crew for nominal mission of 28 days• Additional contingency mission of 30 days• 8 crew in handoff mode for 48 hours

‣ 4 95th percentile American males for 60 days

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U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND 42

Lunar Habitat Water Recycling Trades

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 50 100 150 200

Duration (days)

Sys

tem

Mass

(kg

)

H2O/Open Loop H2O/Condensate H2O/Cond+Urine


U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND 43

Effect of Duration on Life Support

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 50 100 150 200

Duration (days)

Sys

tem

Mass

(kg

)

7 Day Optimum 28 Day Optimum 180 Day Optimum

water reclamation - university of maryland · 2019-04-03 · water reclamation enae 697 - space...

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