wastewater process ephemeralization- · wastewater process ephemeralization-global challenges &...
TRANSCRIPT
November, 13th 2017
Presented by:Beverley Stinson, Ph.D Global Wastewater Practice & Market Sector Leader, AECOM
Wastewater Process Ephemeralization -
Global Challenges & Innovative Solutions for the 21st Century –How to do more with less at Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plants
EphemeralizationA term coined by R. Buckminster Fuller, is the ability of technological
advancement to do "more and more with less and less until eventually
you can do everything with nothing," that is, an accelerating increase in
the efficiency of achieving the same or more output (products, services,
information, etc.) while requiring less input (effort, time, resources,
etc.).[1]
Fuller's vision was that ephemeralization will result in ever-increasing
standards of living for an ever-growing population despite finite
resources.
Overview
1. Global Trends – Drivers
2. Technology Trends
3. Case Studies
Population Growth –Driving the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
Source: US Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2006 UN Global Forecast, 2004
10
8
6
4
2
01950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
9.45 Billion
70% UrbanGlobalPopulation
Urban Population
Year
Popu
latio
n in
Bill
ions • 50% increase in population
by 2050 – 9 Billion
• Water demand growing at twice the rate of population growth
WATER QUALITY PROTECTION –NUTRIENT REMOVAL & RECOVERYCleaner rivers, lakes, waterfronts and oceans
Climate Change
• Rainfall patterns changing
• More variable & intense precipitation
• Reduced basin storage & river flow
• Warmer Temperatures
“Climate Change Impacts on Global Agriculture”, Kiel Institute for World Economy, Calzadilla,A., et. al.
Summarize the number of extreme weather events we have observed this year
Population Growth –Driving the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
Source: US Census Bureau, International Data Base, 2006 UN Global Forecast, 2004
10
8
6
4
2
01950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
9.45 Billion
70% UrbanGlobalPopulation
Urban Population
Year
Popu
latio
n in
Bill
ions
• > One Billion people lack access to clean drinking water, sufficient food and electricity
• By 2030, the 8 billion people living on earth will need • 30% more water • 40% more energy • 50% more food
INTENSIFICATION
RESOURCE RECOVERY & REUSE(Energy, Water, Nutrient, Metals, Bio-Plastics)
Intensification in Hong Kong – Sha Tin Cavern Relocation• Recover prime water front property for commercial use
Treatment Intensification in Hong Kong
• State of the art compact technologies
• Compatible with saline water • Water Reuse
Intensification in Singapore
• Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Treatment
• NeWater Production
• Industrial Reuse Water
• Energy recovery from;– Advanced digestion, – Co-digestion – Municipal Sludge
Incineration– Solid Waste Incineration
Compact, Efficient, State-of-the-Art Resource Recovery Facilities
San Francisco SSIP $6.9BWashington DC $4B
Suspended or Granular – The Difference
Activated sludge biomass Aerobic granular biomass
Picture courtesy Delft University of Technology
Garmerwolde, NL WWTP Nereda Footprint Advantage – 75% Footprint Reduction
Gamerwolde STP expansion
50% reduction in energy & elimination of chemicals
Ringsend, Dublin Ireland, 2019 - Expansion and Upgrade
FlowsAverage
Flow (MGD)Peak Flow
(MGD)
115 159
• Retrofit SBR – in stages• High salinity• TN reduction < 10 mg/l• TP reduction• No increase in tankage • Increased MLSS to 8 g/l
> 30 Full Scale Nereda Facilities Worldwide
BIOCOS inDense
Activated Sludge
CycloneUnderflow
CycloneOverflow
inDENSE – retention of good settling sludge with dense BIO-P-biomass
Settling Velocity Test
0 Min. 1 Min. 2 Min.
3 Min. 5 Min. 10 Min.
30 Min.25 Min.20 Min.
BIOCOS inDenseinDENSE – improved settling performance since cyclone start-up
02468101214161820
020406080
100120140160180200
1. Jan. 5. Feb.11. Mrz.15. Apr.20. Mai.24. Jun.29. Jul. 2. Sep. 7. Okt.
ISV MLSS
The Road to Sustainable and Efficient Wastewater Management
1. A-Stage – Maximize carbon capture2. Biosolids – Maximize energy recovery3. B-Stage – Minimize carbon & energy demand for N & P removal / recovery
1 3
3
2
CMF - Primary Filtration
Scum Baffle Added
Redesigned Solids Collection Manifold
Raised Centertube
Influent Baffle
Relocated
Elevated Tank Height
Redesigned Hopper Bottom
Pile Fibers
Support Backing
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
26-Aug
29-Aug
31-Aug
3-Sep5-Sep8-Sep10-Sep13-Sep15-Sep18-Sep20-Sep23-Sep25-Sep28-Sep30-Sep3-O
ct5-O
ct8-O
ct10-O
ct13-O
ct15-O
ct18-O
ct20-O
ct23-O
ct25-O
ct28-O
ct30-O
ct2-N
ov4-N
ov7-N
ov
Tota
l Sus
pend
ed S
olid
s, (m
g/L
)
Total Suspended SolidsInfluentEffluentavg Effluentavg Influent
• 178 mg/L Influent TSS
• 32 mg/L Effluent TSS
• 81% removal
Cloth Media Primary Filtration – Oak Hill Results
• 246 mg/L Influent BOD
• 155 mg/L Effluent BOD
• 44% removal
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
26-Aug
29-Aug
31-Aug
3-Sep5-Sep8-Sep10-Sep13-Sep15-Sep18-Sep20-Sep23-Sep25-Sep28-Sep30-Sep3-O
ct5-O
ct8-O
ct10-O
ct13-O
ct15-O
ct18-O
ct20-O
ct23-O
ct25-O
ct28-O
ct30-O
ct2-N
ov4-N
ov7-N
ov
BO
D (m
g/L
)
Date
BOD Influent EffluentINF COD EFF CODINF Avg BOD EFF Avg BOD
Cloth Media Primary Filtration – Oak Hill Results
Influent
Activated Sludge
Final Clarifier
AnaerobicDigester
CaptivatorControls
Effluent
Biosolids
Biogas
MORE Organics to Digestion and LESS to Aerobic Oxidation
Proven Technologies – Innovative Configuration
Captivator: Evoqua Carbon Diversion
Carbon Diversion
BOD Harvester
BOD Interceptor
Honouliuli WWTP – 0.3MGD Demonstration
Contact Tank
Folded Flow DAF
Captivator Controls
Honouliuli WWTP, Hawaii Demonstration -Preliminary ResultsCompleted baseline test.
WAS is blend of TF and Solids Contact Sludge
TSS removal = 60-65%
TCOD removal = 50-55%
SCOD removal = 25-30%
Floated solids = 4% w/o chemicals
More tests with different HRT, SOR, WAS ratios, etc.
Next…Phase II. Develop A-stage with internal floated sludge recycle. Generate short SRT in Captivator.
Award winning DBO commissioned in December 2013.
Evoqua integrated Captivator, clarifiers and disc filters.
Captivator selected because of the benefits of reducing aeration volume (concrete).
Captivator System
Activated Sludge
ClarifiersDisc Filters
Disinfection
AGUA NUEVA WRF (PIMA COUNTY, AZ) –32 MGD
Tertiary Filtration & Disinfection
Tunnel Dewatering Pump Station & High Rate Ballasted
Flocculation Facility
Enhanced Nutrient Removal Facilities
BiosolidsManagement
Secondary High Rate Activated Sludge
Filtrate DeammonifictionFacilities
Headworks, Grit, Screenings & Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT)
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Combined Heat and Power FacilitiesTurbine
BuildingGas Conditioning Building
Blower Building
Benefits of Advanced Biosolids Program
> 50 percent reduction in product volume/trucking
13 MW renewable energy production from CHP
Class A product with improved characteristics for maximum beneficial use
Save > $20 million/year in O&M costs after new system is on-line.
~40 percent reduction in GHG emissions from Blue Plains AWTP
Co-Digestion Possible Next Step for Blue Plains• Beware the type of waste stream• Carbon Rich, Low Inert preferred• Food wastes high in Inert material can become expensive, dewatering and
ultimate disposal
Source Separated Organics (SSO)
• Increasing Pressure to eliminate food waste to landfills– Massachusetts– California– Toronto
• Promoting Co-digestion at WWTPs with excess digester capacity while generating Tipping Fees & Green Energy
• Promoting Source Separated Organics receiving & management digestion facilities with CHP
Toronto Disco Road SSO Facility
The Road to Sustainable and Efficient Wastewater Management
1. A-Stage – Maximize carbon capture2. Biosolids – Maximize energy recovery3. B-Stage – Minimize carbon & energy demand for N & P removal / recovery
1 3
3
2
The Road to Sustainable and Efficient Wastewater Management
1. A-Stage – Maximize carbon capture2. Biosolids – Maximize energy recovery3. B-Stage – Minimize carbon & energy demand for N & P removal & recovery
1 3
3
2
Breakdown of Electricity Consumption at Blue Plains • 25 MW Energy demand in 2009
– Secondary process 21%– BNR process 27%– Lime stabilization / Solids handling 14%
Adding more Nitrification (TN<3, TP<0.1) Adding CAMBI – MAD Digestion Adding filtrate recycle TN load
Pumping & Preliminary Treatment
4%
Primary Treatment
4%
Secondary Aeration
14%Secondary
Sedimentation & RAS 7%
Nitrification Aeration
20%Nitrification
Sedimentation + RAS7%
Filter Pumping5%
Filtration10%
Chlorination<1%
Solids Handling14%
Misc10%
COF & CMF5%
MABR – Energy Efficient Aeration Technology
Simple - membranes are installed directly into existing bioreactor tanks, minimizing the impact on plant hydraulics and operationsLow Energy –4X more efficient than fine bubble aeration - significant energy savingsNutrient Removal – Increasing biomass inventory with attached growth Small Footprint – Nutrient removal and capacity expansion in existing bioreactor volumes, avoiding the need to construct new bioreactor tanks
Fundamentals of Nitrification - Denitrification
Oxygen demand 4.57 g / g NH+4-N oxidized
Carbon demand 4.77 g COD / g NO-3-N reduced
1 mol Ammonia(NH3/ NH4
+)
1 mol Nitrite(NO2
- )
1 mol Nitrate(NO3
- )
75% O2
100% Alkalinity
Autotrophic Nitrification Aerobic Environment
1 mol Nitrite(NO2
- )
½ mol Nitrogen Gas(N2 )
25% O2
40% Carbon
60% Carbon
Heterotrophic DenitrificationAnoxic Environment
Fundamentals of Nitritation - Denitritation
1 mol Ammonia(NH3/ NH4
+)
1 mol Nitrate(NO3
- )
½ mol Nitrogen Gas(N2 )
25% O2
40% Carbon
60% Carbon1 mol Nitrite
(NO2- )
1 mol Nitrite(NO2
- )
• 25% reduction in Oxygen
• 40 % reduction in Carbon demand
• 40% reduction in Biomass production
Oxygen demand 3.42 g / g NH+4-N oxidized
Carbon demand 2.86 g COD / g NO-3-N reduced
Autotrophic NitritationAerobic Environment
75% O2
100% Alkalinity
Heterotrophic DenitrificationAnoxic Environment
Fundamentals of Deammonification
Oxygen demand 1.9 g / g NH+4-N oxidized
1 mol Ammonia(NH3/ NH4
+)
1 mol Nitrate(NO3
- )
25% O2
40% Carbon
NH4+ + 1.32 NO2
- + 0.066 HCO3- + 0.13 H+
0.26 NO3- + 1.02N2 + 0.066 CH2O0.5N0.15 + 2.03 H2O
0.44 mol N2+ 0.11 NO3-
0.57 mol NO2-
Partial NitritationAerobic Environment
ANAMMOX DeammonificationAnaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Autotrophic
Nitrite Reduction(New Planctomycete, Strous et. al. 1999)
• > 60% reduction in Oxygen
• Eliminate demand for supplemental carbon
• 50% of the alkalinity demand
Partial Nitritation 40% O2
50% Alkalinity
Operational Experience
• DEMON® Suspended Growth SBR– 15 Operational /11 in Construction– York River, VA, Alexandria, VA, Blue Plains, DC
• Cleargreen® Suspended Growth SBR– 3 Pilots / 3 WWTPs in Design
• Terra-N Hybrid Suspended and Attached– 4 Operational Facilities (Germany)
• Anita®MOXAttached Growth MBBR– 4 Operational / 2 Start-up– James River, VA & South Durham, NC
• ANAMMOX® Upflow Granular – 11 Operational facilities (4 WWTPs / 7 industrial)– 9 in Design / Construction (2 WWTPs / 7 Industrial) ANAMMOX® Upflow
Granular Process
DEMON®, Cleargreen, Terra-N
ANITATM MOx MBBR
Overall Benefit of Deammonification Processes
• Eliminates need for carbon - Available for energy recovery• Significant reduction in energy demand possible• Reduction in alkalinity demand
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Nitrification / Denitrification
Nitritation / Denitritation
Deammonification(a.k.a. ANAMMOX)
kW-h
r / k
g N
rem
oved
Typical Energy Demand Ranges
Large AnammoxGranules
e.g. granular sludge systems
Attached Growth Biofilm
e.g. RBC, MBBR, Biofilter
Hybrid Suspended &
Attached Growth
e.g. IFAS
Small Flocculant
&Suspended Growth
AnammoxGranules
e.g. Activated Sludge Systems
• Ghent University RBC• Veolia Water, France
• Delft Technical University / Paques / WSHD – Dokhaven, Netherlands
Increasing diffusivity or mass transfer resistance
• DC Water, USA• HRSD, USA• AIZ Strass/ARA Consult, Austria• Glarnarland/Cyklar-Stulz, Austria• Changi WRP, Singapore PUB• Bejing Technical University, China• Beijing Drainage Group, China• Harbin IT, China
Mainstream DeammonificationCarbon Redirection & Energy Neutrality
• Veolia Water, France
Recipe for Mainstream Deammonification
1. AOB & Anammox Bioaugmentation from sidestream
2. Anammox Retention in Mainstream
3. Intermittent high DO “transient anoxia”
4. Maintain residual ammonia > 2 mg/l
5. Rapid transition to anoxia
6. Aggressive SRT Control
Changi Water Reclamation Plant (WRP) Warm Climate Full Scale Mainstream Deammonification Demonstration
• Full scale demonstration was based upon successful strategies proven at pilot scale
• Changi - largest WRP in Singapore: 800 000 m3/day.
• Tropical climate: sewage temperature between 28-32 °C
• Five basins with cyclical anoxic/ aerobic zones.
• Feeding: 20% of primary effluent to each anoxic zone
• Total SRT: 5 days with 2.5 day SRT for aerobic and anoxic
• HRT: 5.7 hours
Changi’s Positive Performance Provided Proof of Concept
Zone 4Anoxic
AerobicZone
Zone 4Anoxic
AerobicZone
Zone 4Anoxic
AerobicZone
Zone 4Anoxic
AerobicZone
Zone 4Anoxic
AerobicZone
Zone 4Anoxic
AerobicZone
Zone 3Anoxic
Zone 3Anoxic
Zone 3Anoxic
Zone 3Anoxic
Zone 3Anoxic
Zone 3Anoxic
Zone 2Anoxic
Zone 2Anoxic
Zone 2Anoxic
Zone 2Anoxic
Zone 2Anoxic
Zone 2Anoxic
Zone 1Anoxic
Zone 1Anoxic
Zone 1Anoxic
Zone 1Anoxic
Zone 1Anoxic
Zone 1Anoxic
Basin 6 (Of f line) Basin 1 Basin 3Basin 2 Basin 4 Basin 5
To SSTRAS
PE
144 m
50 m
Sampling PointInlet of anoxic zoneBasin 6 under maintenance
• Observe significant portion of the ammonia converted to nitrite as opposed to nitrate indicating robust NOB suppression
• Observe concomitant reduction in ammonia & nitrite in anoxic zones indicating reliable anammox activity
• Full scale demonstration of mainstream deammonification
Ammonia
Nitrite
Nitrate
Strass WWTP, Austria-Cold Climate Full Scale Mainstream Deammonification Demonstration
• First Cold climate Demonstration• A-B type plant• Temp 10-12°C range• A-Stage - ½ day SRT High Rate
Activated Sludge with 65% carbon capture for energy recovery
• B-Stage - Carousel type aeration tank providing high DO transient anoxia (DO 0-1.7 mg/L).
• Sidestream DEMON for AOB & Anammox Bio-Augmentation
• Cyclones for mainstream anammox retention
0
5
10
15
20
25
1-Dec 11-Dec 21-Dec 31-Dec 10-Jan 20-Jan 30-Jan
2010/2011 NO3-N effluent 2010/2011 NO2-N effluent 2011/2012 NO3-N effluent 2011/2012 NO2-N effluent
nitr
ogen
conc
entr
atio
n (m
g N
/L)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1-Dec 31-Dec 30-Jan 29-Feb 30-Mar 29-Apr 29-May
2010/2011 NO3-N effluent 2010/2011 NO2-N effluent 2011/2012 NO3-N effluent 2011/2012 NO2-N effluent
nitr
ogen
con
cent
ratio
n (m
g N
/L)
Conventional BNR Effluent Nitrogen 2010Mainstream DeammonificationEffluent Nitrogen 2011
Full Scale Cold Climate Success - Strass WWTP, Austria- Deammonificationperformance was better & more reliable than
the conventional BNR process resulting in less nitrogen to the river
Energy Positive Plants feasible with a combination of Sidestream and Mainstream Deammonification Coupled with Efficient Carbon Capture & Energy Recovery
129% energy positive
Courtesy WERF / B&V / AECOM – Roadmaps to Energy Neutrality
Ostara & AirPrex – Controlled Struvite Precipitation
Recovers P & N
Mg2+ + NH4+ + PO4
3- MgNH4PO4.6H2O• slow release fertilizer
Typical performance;• 90% P recovery & 20% N recovery
• Reduced VFA demand in Bio-P plants
• Reduced aeration & alkalinity for NH4-N removal
•Improves Sludge dewaterability
Page 67
Final Thoughts
• Global Resource Challenges are only just beginning
• Smarter Wastewater Management & Resource Recovery has a huge
role to play in a sustainable and stable future in the “Water-Energy-
Food” Nexus
• Already experiencing the need for “Intensification in Wastewater
Treatment” – do more with less
• Driving Innovation- Technology and Business Models
• New Paradigm Emerging – need to embrace this opportunity for a
better future
