waste to energy: potential application in yukon€¦ · yukon energy charrette – waste to energy...

Waste to Energy:Potential Application in Yukon

Don McCallumPrepared for Yukon Energy CharrettePrepared for Yukon Energy CharretteWhitehorse, YukonMarch 6 – 9, 2011

Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy

Presentation Overview

• An Introduction to WtE• Technologies• Applications in Canada and Abroad• Environmental Issues and Opportunities• Electricity and Heat Potential in Yukon

• Feedstock availability and characteristics• Conversion efficiencies

C f El i i• Cost of Electricity• Technology Risks

2


Introduction

• “Waste to Energy” or “Energy from Waste”• the emphasis is changing

• Thermal energy in 1 tonne of municipal waste• Equivalent to 1 barrel of oil • Can be converted into 300 – 800 kWhr of electricity

D l ith t l ll d i th t• Deals with wastes locally and in the present• Can be part of a modern integrated waste

management systemmanagement system

3


Introduction – Where does WtE Fit?

A hierarchy of options

Fit?

• A hierarchy of options

An integrated approach

4


Technologies - Conventional

Conventional Technologies

Combustion Energy Recovery Flue Gas Cleaning

Feedstock Preparation g

Exhaust Bottom Ash

Steam• Heating • Electricity

Preparation

y

Fly Ash

• Encompasses mass-burn, modular 2-stage combustion, batch combustion, fluidized bed combustion

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• Commercially proven and tested


Technologies - Advanced Thermal

Advanced Thermal Technologies

Gasification Pyrolysis

Syngas Cleaning

Energy Recovery

Feedstock Preparation Pyrolysis Cleaning Recovery

Exhaust Char/Ash Residue/Ash

Preparation

Gas Turbine or Recip. Engine

Electricity Heat

• Encompasses pyrolysis, gasification, ultra-high gasification• Moving into commercial application stage

Steam

6

• Moving into commercial application stage


Applications in Canada

Location Technology Process Units Annual Permitted Capacity (tonnes)

Burnaby, BC Mass‐burn 3 X 240 t/ day 280,000

Quebec City, QC Mass‐burn 4 x 230 t/ day 300,000

Levis, QC. Primary combustion chamber 1 x 80 t/ day 25,000

Iles de la Madelaine, QC Mass‐burn 1 x 31 t/ day 4,500

Brampton, Ont. 2‐stage modular 5 x 91 t/day 150,000

Charlottetown, PEI 2‐stage modular 3 x 33 t/day 25,000

Wainright, Alta. 3‐stage modular 1 x 29 t/day 4,000

7


Applications Elsewhere

Total waste disposed % of waste directed to WtE Energy Recovery Efficiency

Country

Total waste disposed % of waste directed to WtE(post‐diversion)

Energy Recovery Efficiency

Mt/year % Electricity Heat

C d 9 2 6% 7% 28%Canada 9.2 6% 7% 28%

United Kingdom 20 17% 13% 4%

Norway 1.7 35% 7% 92%

France 20.3 55% 6% 16%

Netherlands 5.9 93% 14% 13%

Sweden 4.3 95% 10% 86%

from IEA 2009

Germany 15.1 98% 11% 33%

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Environmental and Regulatory Issues/Opportunities

• Issues

Issues/Opportunities

• Bottom ash • Fly ash• Air emissions• Air emissions

• Opportunities• Avoided landfill GHG emissionsAvoided landfill GHG emissions• Avoided future landfill liabilities

• Regulatoryg y• Strictest regulatory standards are achievable• Public perception influenced by past practices

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Dioxin Emissions in USA

( )

10

From Deriziotis (2003)


Electricity and Heat Production from Yukon Waste

• Need to characterize feedstock• Estimate conversion efficiencies

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Whitehorse Waste Characterization

Composition

Characterization

Heating Value

12


Whitehorse Waste Flow Variability

• Lowest waste flows in Winterflows in Winter

13


Potentially Available Feedstock

Waste Stream Annual

Waste Flow (tonnes)

Waste Heating

Value (HHV) (GJ/tonne)

Annual Heating Value

(GJ/yr)

MSW Generated within the City of Whitehorse 21,320 14.3 304,000

MSW Generated outside Whitehorse 2,669 13.2 35,000

Tires 299 30.0 9,000

Waste Oil 239 37.2 9,000

Abattoir Waste 250 2.0 500

Total 24,777 14.4 358,000, ,

14


Electricity Production Potential in Whitehorse

• Typical plants generate 400 – 700 kWhr/tonne

• Lower efficiencies obs. in smaller plants

• Estimated Whitehorse facility electricity exports:

7 5 15 GWh /• 7.5 – 15 GWhr /yr

2006 Data from European facilities

15


Electricity Cost

• WtE facilities are capital intensive$ $• $600 - $1,200 per installed annual tonne

• Generally reliant on tipping fees to offset costs• Est Whitehorse facility costs: $15 30 million• Est. Whitehorse facility costs: $15 – 30 million

• Cost of electricity production• $0 15 – $0 40 / kWhr$0.15 $0.40 / kWhr • Assumes facility receives tipping fee revenue• Range reflects uncertainty in costs and energy g y gy

recovery efficiency

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Technology Risks

• Conventional technology• Commercially proven at this scale• Risk of lower energy recovery efficiencies enhanced

by seasonal waste flow variabilityby seasonal waste flow variability• Risk could be mitigated if complementary biomass

feedstock available• Advanced thermal technology

• Higher technology risk; few commercial facilities• Utilization of syngas directly in recip. engines could

improve energy recovery efficiency and reduce operational complexityoperational complexity

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Waste to Energy - Summary

• 25,000 t /yr of MSW available in Whitehorse area • Electricity production potential:

• 7.5 – 15 GWhr /yrEl t i it t• Electricity cost• $0.15 - $0.40 / kWhr

• Waste heat available• Waste heat available• Up to 40 GWhr/yr

• Time to marketTime to market• Conventional tech: 3 – 5 years• Advanced thermal: > 5 yrsy

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Waste to Energy Facilities

• Wainwright, Alberta

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• Burnaby, BC

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• Vienna Austria• Vienna, Austria• Façade designed by artist and

green advocate F. Hundertwasser

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• Osaka Japan• Osaka, Japan

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Waste to Energy

Questions?

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