Waste to Energy:Potential Application in Yukon
Don McCallumPrepared for Yukon Energy CharrettePrepared for Yukon Energy CharretteWhitehorse, YukonMarch 6 – 9, 2011
Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Presentation Overview
• An Introduction to WtE• Technologies• Applications in Canada and Abroad• Environmental Issues and Opportunities• Electricity and Heat Potential in Yukon
• Feedstock availability and characteristics• Conversion efficiencies
C f El i i• Cost of Electricity• Technology Risks
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Introduction
• “Waste to Energy” or “Energy from Waste”• the emphasis is changing
• Thermal energy in 1 tonne of municipal waste• Equivalent to 1 barrel of oil • Can be converted into 300 – 800 kWhr of electricity
D l ith t l ll d i th t• Deals with wastes locally and in the present• Can be part of a modern integrated waste
management systemmanagement system
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Introduction – Where does WtE Fit?
A hierarchy of options
Fit?
• A hierarchy of options
An integrated approach
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Technologies - Conventional
Conventional Technologies
Combustion Energy Recovery Flue Gas Cleaning
Feedstock Preparation g
Exhaust Bottom Ash
Steam• Heating • Electricity
Preparation
y
Fly Ash
• Encompasses mass-burn, modular 2-stage combustion, batch combustion, fluidized bed combustion
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• Commercially proven and tested
Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Technologies - Advanced Thermal
Advanced Thermal Technologies
Gasification Pyrolysis
Syngas Cleaning
Energy Recovery
Feedstock Preparation Pyrolysis Cleaning Recovery
Exhaust Char/Ash Residue/Ash
Preparation
Gas Turbine or Recip. Engine
Electricity Heat
• Encompasses pyrolysis, gasification, ultra-high gasification• Moving into commercial application stage
Steam
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• Moving into commercial application stage
Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Applications in Canada
Location Technology Process Units Annual Permitted Capacity (tonnes)
Burnaby, BC Mass‐burn 3 X 240 t/ day 280,000
Quebec City, QC Mass‐burn 4 x 230 t/ day 300,000
Levis, QC. Primary combustion chamber 1 x 80 t/ day 25,000
Iles de la Madelaine, QC Mass‐burn 1 x 31 t/ day 4,500
Brampton, Ont. 2‐stage modular 5 x 91 t/day 150,000
Charlottetown, PEI 2‐stage modular 3 x 33 t/day 25,000
Wainright, Alta. 3‐stage modular 1 x 29 t/day 4,000
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Applications Elsewhere
Total waste disposed % of waste directed to WtE Energy Recovery Efficiency
Country
Total waste disposed % of waste directed to WtE(post‐diversion)
Energy Recovery Efficiency
Mt/year % Electricity Heat
C d 9 2 6% 7% 28%Canada 9.2 6% 7% 28%
United Kingdom 20 17% 13% 4%
Norway 1.7 35% 7% 92%
France 20.3 55% 6% 16%
Netherlands 5.9 93% 14% 13%
Sweden 4.3 95% 10% 86%
from IEA 2009
Germany 15.1 98% 11% 33%
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Environmental and Regulatory Issues/Opportunities
• Issues
Issues/Opportunities
• Bottom ash • Fly ash• Air emissions• Air emissions
• Opportunities• Avoided landfill GHG emissionsAvoided landfill GHG emissions• Avoided future landfill liabilities
• Regulatoryg y• Strictest regulatory standards are achievable• Public perception influenced by past practices
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Dioxin Emissions in USA
( )
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From Deriziotis (2003)
Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Electricity and Heat Production from Yukon Waste
• Need to characterize feedstock• Estimate conversion efficiencies
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Whitehorse Waste Characterization
Composition
Characterization
Heating Value
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Whitehorse Waste Flow Variability
• Lowest waste flows in Winterflows in Winter
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Potentially Available Feedstock
Waste Stream Annual
Waste Flow (tonnes)
Waste Heating
Value (HHV) (GJ/tonne)
Annual Heating Value
(GJ/yr)
MSW Generated within the City of Whitehorse 21,320 14.3 304,000
MSW Generated outside Whitehorse 2,669 13.2 35,000
Tires 299 30.0 9,000
Waste Oil 239 37.2 9,000
Abattoir Waste 250 2.0 500
Total 24,777 14.4 358,000, ,
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Electricity Production Potential in Whitehorse
• Typical plants generate 400 – 700 kWhr/tonne
• Lower efficiencies obs. in smaller plants
• Estimated Whitehorse facility electricity exports:
7 5 15 GWh /• 7.5 – 15 GWhr /yr
2006 Data from European facilities
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Electricity Cost
• WtE facilities are capital intensive$ $• $600 - $1,200 per installed annual tonne
• Generally reliant on tipping fees to offset costs• Est Whitehorse facility costs: $15 30 million• Est. Whitehorse facility costs: $15 – 30 million
• Cost of electricity production• $0 15 – $0 40 / kWhr$0.15 $0.40 / kWhr • Assumes facility receives tipping fee revenue• Range reflects uncertainty in costs and energy g y gy
recovery efficiency
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Technology Risks
• Conventional technology• Commercially proven at this scale• Risk of lower energy recovery efficiencies enhanced
by seasonal waste flow variabilityby seasonal waste flow variability• Risk could be mitigated if complementary biomass
feedstock available• Advanced thermal technology
• Higher technology risk; few commercial facilities• Utilization of syngas directly in recip. engines could
improve energy recovery efficiency and reduce operational complexityoperational complexity
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Waste to Energy - Summary
• 25,000 t /yr of MSW available in Whitehorse area • Electricity production potential:
• 7.5 – 15 GWhr /yrEl t i it t• Electricity cost• $0.15 - $0.40 / kWhr
• Waste heat available• Waste heat available• Up to 40 GWhr/yr
• Time to marketTime to market• Conventional tech: 3 – 5 years• Advanced thermal: > 5 yrsy
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Waste to Energy Facilities
• Wainwright, Alberta
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Waste to Energy Facilities
• Burnaby, BC
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Waste to Energy Facilities
• Vienna Austria• Vienna, Austria• Façade designed by artist and
green advocate F. Hundertwasser
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Waste to Energy Facilities
• Osaka Japan• Osaka, Japan
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Yukon Energy Charrette – Waste to Energy
Waste to Energy
Questions?
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