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Copy Right-Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University


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Copy Right-Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University2

Systematic Anatomy

Forewords & Locomotor system - Part 1Introduction & locomotor system, general description

of bones, arthrology & bones of the trunk

Dr. Hongqi Zhang (张红旗)Dept.of Anatomy, Histoembryology, Fudan.Univ.Email: [email protected]: Rm.308 of Building 9.Telephone: 54237151-9308; 18016064287



Some direction for lecture

Bilingual language or whole English. Wechat group.

Textbook by Xiaosong Gu, Science Press

16 weeks.

Theory and practice two parts each unit.

Keep specimens in good condition, Keep lab clean. on duty.

Words labeled red are important.Each time, the monitor will record the persons who are late

and absent for class.

Twice exam. English words (no less 30%) in the paper.

Mid-exam (in 8th week) (30%),.

Final-exam (70%) . Written exam & specimen identification.



Content today

Introduction to human anatomy

Locomotor system1. General description of osteology

2. General description of arthrology

3. Bones of the trunk



The word “anatomy” derived from the Greek, means “cut up”.means observe the cut opened cadaver (silent mentor) in the naked eye.

Human Anatomy is the science dealing with morphology and structures of normal or healthy human body.

The main task of this subject is that students need to know the shapes & structure, the layout and relationship, the law of development and basic function of the organs in human body.

It also is a visual subject: ideally, you need to see, touch and feel to get an idea of three dimensions.

What is anatomy ?



Anatomy is one of the most important basic courses in medical sciences.

It is a bridge course between bench to bed. It is like the foundation of tall building, root of big tree.As long as you mastered the normal structures and to

know how to tell what the abnormal is.

Importance of human anatomy in clinic

Human anatomy



Systematic Anatomy (nine systems)

Learn it this semester

Regional Anatomy (nine regions)

Learn it next semester

Cadavers will be dissected by you.

Human Anatomy



Locomotor systemSkeleton Muscles

The systems of human body

Attention please : skeleton means bones and their joints



Alimentary(digestive)

system

Respiratorysystem

Urinarysystem

Male Female

Systems in human body

Reproductive system



Cardiovascularsystem

Lymphatic system

Nervous system

Endocrinesystem

Sensory organs

Circulatory system

Systems in human body



1. Head 2. Neck3. Thorax4. Abdomen5. Back6. Pelvic 7. perineum8. Upper limbs9. Lower limbs

Divisions of the body (regionally)



Learn it by yourself



Sectional anatomy

X－ray anatomy

Surface anatomy

Children anatomy

Surgical anatomy; Clinical anatomyNursing anatomy; Nervous anatomyDance anatomy; Swimming anatomy etc.

The classification of anatomy



Anatomical positionTerms of the directionAnatomical axis and planes

Common language in study of anatomy



The body is uprightEyes looking forwardUpper limbs hangingon each side of the bodyPalms facing forwardHeels getting together Big toes facing forward

Anatomical position

All descriptions of the human body and movement start in anatomical position. This anatomical position is adopted globally for anatomicomedical description.



Superior-Sup. (cranial, above) - closer to the head

Inferior -Inf. (caudal, below) - closer to the feet

Anterior - Ant.(ventral, front ) - closer the front of body

Posterior -Post. (dorsal, back) - closer the back of body

Interior –Int.- nearer to the center

Exterior Ext.- farther from the center

Medial- Med. (center) - closer the imaginary midline

Lateral –Lat. closer to the side of the body

Terms of the direction



Plantar - the sole of the foot Palmar- the palm of the hand Proximal - closer to the trunk Distal - farther from the trunk Superficial-Sup. - above another part Deep - below another part Ipsilateral - on the same side Contralateral - on the opposite side

Terms of the direction



Coronal axis - from left to rightVertical axis - from head to feetSagittal axis - from ventral to dorsal

Anatomical axis -Imaginary or virtual

Coronal Vertical Sagittal



1 - Sagittal plane Left & right parts.1a - Median Sagittal plane (equal two halves).2 - Coronal planes ( or frontal plane).Ant. & post. parts 3 - Horizontal plane ( or transverse plane)Sup. and inf. parts

Each of these three kinds of planes is at right angle to the other two planes.

Anatomical planes

1a 12

3



Sagittal P.

Coronal P.

Horizental P.



How to learn anatomy ? Reading the textbook (before & after the class). Learn the important vocabulary by heart. Observe model, specimen & pictures or atlas carefully. Each person is a living specimen or model; Such as:

Joint movement, pupil. cornea, bone marking etc. Repitition: Read it,Hear it,See it,Say it,Draw it; then do

it again. The cadaver also is your teacher without language. Use of web resource fully (google-photo,video). Observe cadaver; Active and brave, not afraid of odd. Group discussion, no pains, no gains.



Website of systematic anatomy: http://jpkc.fudan.edu.cn/s/445/main.htm



Website of regional anatomy: http://fdjpkc.fudan.edu.cn/jbjpx2015/



http://medicine.fudan.edu.cn/mednine/flash/tourviewer.html

Human Museum



Recommended books and atlas



Better atlas of anatomy (bilingual)



Locomotor System



Osteology-bonesAs frameworkArthrology - jointsAs axisMyology - musclesAs motivation

Introduction-constitution

skeleton

These functions are regulated by nervous system.Muscular markings can provide the reference for the clinical practice,such as incision,acupuncture and forensic medicine.



General Introduction to the bone

Bone – 206 in adult, more than 206 in infancy,

1/5 body weight in adult,1/7 in newborn.Each bone is living organ, with hardness and elasticity

metabolism, growth & development, healing

After injured - repair and reconstruction

Many factors can affect the development of

the bone,such as age, heritage, nutrient,exercise

and etc.



Cranial bonesBones of trunk

Classification of bones

Axial bones

Appendicular bones

According to position

Bones of the limbs

Yellow ones

pink ones



Classification of bone according to shape

1. Long 2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular5. Sesamoid

Short bone Irregular boneFlat bone

Long bone

(Pneumatic bone)

Sesamoidbone

ethmoid



Long bone

EpiphysisArticular surface

(Articular cartilage)MetaphysisDiaphysis (shaft)Medullary cavityEpiphyseal cartilageEpiphyseal line(after in adult)

Located in limbs1 body,2 ends (epiphysis)



Epiphyseal lineIn adult

Epiphyseal cartilage in child at 7 year old

Epiphyseal line

Epiphyseal cartilage

X-ray of the bone



Short bones: Cube-shaped seen in wrist and ankleFlat bones: Thin,lamella,such as rib,skull,scapula etcIrregular bones:Irregular or mixed shape, e.g. vertebrae, pneumatic bones Sesamoid bones: Develop within tendon

Sesamoidbone

Flat

Irregular

Classification of bone



Bone marking Example Linear elevation

Line Sup.nuchal line of the occipital boneRidge The medial and lat. supracondylar ridges of

the humerusCrest The iliac crest of the hip bone

Rounded elevationTubercle Pubic tubercle

Protuberance External occipital protuberanceTuberosity Greater &lesser tuberosities of the humerusMalleolus Med.malleolus of the tibia,lat.malleolus of the

fibulaTrochanter Greater and lesser trochanters of the femur

Meanings of bone markings Learn by yourself



Bone marking Example Sharp elevation

Spine of spinous process Ischial spine. spine of vertebraStyloid process Styloid process of temporal bone

Expanded ends for articulation

Head Head of humerus, head of femurCondyle Med.and lat.condyles of femur

Epicondyle(a prominence situated just above condyle)

Medial and lateral epicondyles of femur

Small flat area for articulation

Facet Facet on head of rib for articulation with vertebral body




Bone marking Example Fossa Olecranon fossa of humerus.

Acetabular fossa of hip boneDepressions

Notch Greater sciatic notch of hip boneGroove or sulcus Bicipital groove of humerus

Openings Fissure Superior orbital fissureCanal Carotid foramen of the maxilla

Meatus Exteranl acoustic meatus of temporal bone




Structure of bone-summaryB

one

Membrane

Substance Compact bone:hard & dense

Spongy bone

Periosteum

EndosteumRed bone marrow; cavity.hemopoiesis

(blood making)Yellow bone marrow: rich in fat

blood vessel (nutrient artery,nutrient foramen), Nerve : sensory etc

Bonemarrow



Structure of bone

1

2

3

4

56

7

1-Articular cartilage2-Epiphyseal line3-Spongy bone(trabeculae)4-Conpact bone5-Periosteum6-Medullary cavity7-Bone marrow(yellow) 8-Nutrient vessel

8

Fresh bone dry bone

4



Arterial supply of the bone

Three typesNutrient artery (shaft)Metaphyseal arteryEpiphyseal artery

If the bone lose the blood supply,the necrosis will occur.

Different arteries interconnect



Chemical component and physical character of bone

Inorganic: calcium,phosphate etc. Make bone with hardness & rigidityOrganic: collagen,protein polysaccharides Make bone with elasticity & toughness

In child: inorganic : organic= 5:5 easily deformedIn adult: inorganic : organic= 7:3 just rightin the old: inorganic : organic= 8:2 easily fracturedAs the age increases: Organic decrease; but inorganic increase,hardness increase.In child: less fracture & easy to deformIn the old: easily fracture

Decalcified bone - remove inorganic- soft.Burned bone - remove organic- brittle.



Femur – fracture and fixation

DislocationFracture After one fixation operation



Support to form the framework of the body

Protection- brain, spinal cord. vital internal organs

Movement

Hemopoiesis (Blood cell formation)

red bone marrow

Storage of fat - yellow bone marrow

Mineral and fat reservoir - Ca,P,K,etc

Function of the bone



Arthrology(Joint)

General description of arthrology



Classification of joints

Synosteosis（骨性连结）

Suture(缝连结）Syndesmosis(韧带连结）

Gomphosis (嵌合)

Fibrous joint

Cartilaginous joint

Synchondroses（软骨连结）

Synphysis（骨愈合）

Synovial joints

According to numberof the movement taxi

Uniaxial jointsBiaxial jointsMultiaxial joints

Articulating bones joined by

Continuous Articulation(Immovable joints)

Discontinuous articulation (Freely movable joints)

According to Whether to move



Classification Structure Examples

Fibrous joints Articulating bones joined by fibrous connective tissue

Sutures of the skullTibia –fibula and

radial ulna jointsTeeth in socket

Cartilaginous joints

Articulating bones joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

Intervertebral jointsPubic symphysisSacroiliac joint Epiphyseal plates

Synovial joints Joint capsule containing synovial membrane and synovial fluid

All freely moveable joints;most of the joints of the limbs

Classification of joints Learn it by yourself



Fibrous joint- united by fibrous CT

serrature suture

Gomphoses Sutures Syndesmoses

Interverebral discInterspinal lig

Feature:Without cavity

A little or no movement

Continuous articulation - Fibrous joint



The bones are united by cartilage

Metaphyseal cartilage

Symphysis by fibrous cartilageSynchondrosisBy hyaline cartilage

symphysis pubis

Continuous articulation - Cartilaginous joints



In the aged, the bones are united by the ossification of the fibrous joint or synchondroses between them .e.g, the synosteoses between the ilium, ischium and pubis of the hip bones.

iliumPubisIschium

Continuous articulation – synosteosis



Essential structures

Articular surface:Articular cartilage

Articular capsuleFibrous membraneSynovial membrane

Articular cavitySynovial fluid Negative pressure Capsule

Discontinuous －synovial joints

It is the most important type of all the joints.



Accessory structures of synovial joints

Ligaments (lig.)Extracapsular lig.(1) Intracapsular lig.(2)

Articular disc (3)(meniscus)

12

3



Accessory structures of synovial joints

1 Articular labrum

2 Synovial fold

3 synovial bursa

Draw a picture

bursaSynovial fold

Shoulder joint(cut open)



Classification of synovial joints

Uniaxial joints （单轴关节）

Hinge joints (屈戌关节或滑车关节)

Trochoid (pivot) joints (车轴关节)

Biaxial joints（双轴关节）

Ellipsoid jointsSaddle joints

Multiaxial joints （多轴关节）

Ball-and-socket joints（球窝关节）

Plane joints （平面关节）



The types of the synoyial joints

Plane jointsHinge joint



1 Along coronal axis flexion & extension2 Along sagittal axis adduction & abduction3.Along vertical axis－rotation

Medial rotation (Pronation)Lateral rotation (Supination)Inversion & eversion

4. Three axis - Circumduction5 Translation

Terms of joint movements



Movements at synovial jointsFlexion Decreasing the angle between two bones

Extension Increasing the angle between two bones

Abduction Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction Movement toward the midline

Rotation Movement of a bone around its own axis

Pronation Rotation of the forearm that results in the palm directed backward

Supination The opposite rotation to pronation

Circumduction Circular,cone like movement of a body segment

Structural classification of joints and examples,all synovial joints are freely movable




Flexion

Extension




Abbductionabduction

Circumduction Pronationsupination

Eversioninversion

PetrusionProtrusion

ElevationDepression




1 Cranial bones 292 Bones of trunk 51

The bones of the human body

Axial bones

Appendicular bones

According to position

3 Bones of upper limbs 644 Bones of lower limbs 62



In adultVertebrae 26

Cervical 7Thoracic 12Lumbar 5Sacrum 1Coccyx 1

Sternum 1Rib 24

Bones of the trunk - 51

In childrenSacrum 5Coccyx 4



General feature of a typical vertebra

1Vertebral body –ant.wall1 Vertebral arch- post.wall7 Process - 2 Upper articular processes

2 Lower articular processes2 Transverse processes1 Spinous process

T 6

Superior Lateral

Lumbar Vertebrae

1 body,1 arch and 7 processes

Superior



1 - Pedicle of vertebral arch 2 - Sup & inf. vertebral notch 3 - Lamina of vertebral arch4 - Vertebral foramen

Vertebral canal5 - Intervertebral foramen

General features of typical vertebrae

C6

Superior Lateral

1 2

34

5

Lateral

As an example of thoracic vertebrae



Characteristics of cervical vertebrae

1-Transverse foramen: vertebral artery passed it.2-Spinous processes: short & bifid small3-Vertebral body4-Vertebral foramen: triangular5-Transverse processes: short & bifid 6-Articular processes: horizontal

vertebral artery

1

2

3

4

5

6

LateralSuperior

3-6th cervical vertebrae



Special cervical vertebrae-C1,C2,C7

C1 – Atlas; No body & spinous process, only ant.& post.arches two lateral masses, groove for vertebral artery (1)

C2 - Axis; Distinguished by dens, which articulates with dentalfovea of anterior arch of atlas.

C7 - Vertebra prominens :contains long and non-bifid spinousprocess,it is visible with neck flexed,used as clinical landmark

C-1 superior C2-posterior C-7 superiorC3-6 superior



Characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

T6

LateralSuperior

1-Superior & inferior costal fovea 2-Transverse costal fovea3-Articular processes: coronal position (sup. & inf.) 4-Spinous processes: long,downward obliquely5-Vertebrae Body: heart-shape6-Vertebral foramen：Smaller, round

1 23

4

5

61 3



1-Spinous processes: horizontally2-Articular processes: sagittal 3-Vertebrae body：

larger, kidney-shape 4-Vertebral foramen:

larger & triangular 5-Transverse processes:long

Larger size4

2

1

3

5

1

1

1

5

Characteristics of lumbar vertebrae



5 Sacral vertebrae fused,Apex - downwardBase - upward

Anterior surface1- Promontory, 2- Ant. sacral foramina (4 pairs)

Anterior view

1

2

Sacrum and coccyx

coccyx



Sacrum and coccyx

Posterior surface1- Median sacral crest2 - Post.sacral foramina

(4 pairs),3 - Sacral hiatus4 - Sacral cornuLateral part5 - Auricular surface6 - Sacral tuberosity

Posterior view

34

1

25

coccyx



Sternum

ManubriumBody of sternumXiphoid process

Stermum

Ant.view Ant.view Ant.vLat.view lat.view

Threeportions



Sternal angle

Which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally, and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly

Sternal angle is a important landmark indicating the order of rib in clinic



Ribs - 12 pairs

General featuresRibs 1 ~ 7 - true ribsRibs 8 ~10 - false ribsRibs11 ~ 12- floating ribs

Floating ribs

True ribs

False ribs11

12 Pay attentioncartilage of 11.12

ribs.



Costal angle

Costal groove

Costal neck

Articular facetof costal head

Costal head

Shaft of rib

2nd rib 1st rib7th rib

Costal tubercle

The structure of the ribs

Costal cartilage



The knowledge you have to master today

The systems of human bodyAnatomical positionTerms of the directionsAnatomical axis and planesInstitution and function of locomotor systemClassification & structure of bonesThe essential structure & movement of synovial jointName,location & number of the bone of the trunkThe difference of different vertebral boneThe features of the sternumThe features of the ribs

Homework



The content of next lecture

The articulations of trunk bone

Cranial bone and their articulation

Please preview it carefully!



See you next time!



The following is contents (learn by yourself).



System FunctionIntegumentary

systemExternal support and protection of body; helps maintain body temperature.

Respiratory system

Rids the blood of carbon dioxide and supplies the blood with oxygen; helps maintain the pH of the blood

Cardiovascular system

Transport of nutrients to body cells and transport of wastes away from cells

Skeletal system Internal support and protection; body movement; productionof blood cells

Lymphatic system/immunity

Drainage of tissue fluid; purifies tissue fluid and keeps it free of pathogens

Muscular system body movement, production of heat that maintains body temperature

nervous system regulatory centers for control of all body systems;learning and memory

Digestive system breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients into blood

Urinary system maintenance of volume and chemical composition of blood

Endocrine system secretion of hormones fro chemical regulation of all body systems

Reproductive system

production of sperm and eg;transfer of sperm to female system where development occurs

:

:.



Term Definition (refer to)Antebrachial ForearmAntecubital Front of elbow

Axillary ArmpitBrachial Upper armCranial HeadCutaneous Skin

Deltoid ShoulderFemoral ThighFrontal ForeheadGastric StomachGluteal ButtocksInguinal Groin

Term DefinitionLumbar Small of backHepatic LiverIliac HipMammary BreastNasal NoseOccipital Back of headOrbital EyeParietal Crown of headPatellar KneecapPectoral Chest

Pedal FootPerineal Pelvic floorPlantar Sole of foot

Useful words



Term Definition Popliteal Back of kneePulmonary LungRenal KidneySacral Base of spineTemporal Side of headUmbilical NavelVolar (palmar) PalmScapular Shoulder bladeSternal Breastbone

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