Warm UpWarm Up

Carefully pick up notebooks. Either Carefully pick up notebooks. Either under the computers or behind my under the computers or behind my deskdesk

Set up table of contents page for 16 Set up table of contents page for 16 and 17and 17

Chapter 16 pt. 1: Perspectives Chapter 16 pt. 1: Perspectives on Psychological Disorders and on Psychological Disorders and

AnxietyAnxiety

Defining Psychological Defining Psychological DisorderDisorder

A Psychological Disorder is:A Psychological Disorder is:a “harmful dysfunction” in which a “harmful dysfunction” in which

behavior is judged to be:behavior is judged to be:1. 1. atypicalatypical- not enough in itself- not enough in itself2. 2. disturbingdisturbing-- varies with time & varies with time & cultureculture

3. 3. maladaptivemaladaptive- harmful; causes - harmful; causes sufferingsuffering

4. 4. unjustifiableunjustifiable- sometimes - sometimes there’s a good reasonthere’s a good reason

History of Understanding History of Understanding Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

In Ancient times, disorders were In Ancient times, disorders were thought to have been caused by thought to have been caused by movements of the movements of the sun and moonsun and moon (lunacy is full moon) or by (lunacy is full moon) or by evil spiritsevil spirits..

Treatments for people with mental Treatments for people with mental illness were illness were very inhumanevery inhumane even up even up until the mid 1900’s. Patients were until the mid 1900’s. Patients were often chained like animals, often chained like animals, beaten, beaten, burnedburned, castrated, etc. , castrated, etc.

Conditions for Psychologically Conditions for Psychologically DisabledDisabled

European Traphines “released evil spirits.”

Ancient Greek Traphines

Conditions for Psychologically Conditions for Psychologically DisabledDisabled

Conditions for Psychologically Conditions for Psychologically DisabledDisabled

Conditions for Psychologically Conditions for Psychologically DisabledDisabled

Medical Model Improves Medical Model Improves ConditionsConditions

Eventually the Eventually the medical modelmedical model came to came to dominate understandings of mental illness. dominate understandings of mental illness.

Late 1800sLate 1800sThe medical model The medical model assumes that assumes that

diseases have physical causesdiseases have physical causes that can that can be diagnosed based on their symptoms be diagnosed based on their symptoms and be treated and in most cases and be treated and in most cases curedcured..

Assumption of medical model drastically Assumption of medical model drastically improves conditions in mental improves conditions in mental hospitalshospitals. .

Perspectives on Perspectives on Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

What would What would PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic psychologist argue as the cause? psychologist argue as the cause?

HumanisticHumanistic would view cause? would view cause?

Perspectives on Perspectives on Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

Cognitive?Cognitive?

Behavioral?Behavioral?

Perspectives on Perspectives on Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders

Biological?Biological?

Socio-Cultural? Socio-Cultural?

Most Mental Health Most Mental Health Professionals Assume Professionals Assume

Disorders Have Interlocking Disorders Have Interlocking CausesCausesBio-Psycho-Bio-Psycho-

Social Social Perspective:Perspective: assume assume biological, biological, psychological, psychological, and socio-and socio-culturalcultural factors factors interact to interact to produce disorders.produce disorders.

Biological(Evolution, individual

genes, brain structures

and chemistry)

Psychological(Stress, trauma,

learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions

and memories)

Sociocultural(Roles, expectations, definition of normality

and disorder)

Classifying Psychological Classifying Psychological DisordersDisordersDSM-IV:DSM-IV: the most the most

widely used manual for widely used manual for classifying classifying psychological psychological disordersdisorders..

The DSM-IV currently lists The DSM-IV currently lists 410410 mental disorders up mental disorders up from 145 in the DSM-II from 145 in the DSM-II (1968) and 60 in DSM-I (1968) and 60 in DSM-I (1951).(1951).

17 categories 17 categories Does not explain Does not explain causescauses

Classifying Neurotic vs. Classifying Neurotic vs. Psychotic DisordersPsychotic Disorders

Neurotic disorderNeurotic disorderusually distressing but that allows one usually distressing but that allows one

to to think rationallythink rationally and function and function sociallysocially

Freud saw the neurotic disorders as Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of ways of dealing with anxiety

Psychotic disorderPsychotic disorderperson person loses contact with realityloses contact with realityexperiences irrational ideas and experiences irrational ideas and

distorted perceptionsdistorted perceptions

Pros and Cons of the DSM-IV Pros and Cons of the DSM-IV and Labelingand Labeling

Pros?Pros?ReliableReliableNeed a DSM diagnosis for Need a DSM diagnosis for insuranceinsurance

Cons? Cons? Almost any behavior can be Almost any behavior can be labeledlabeled

Distorts how we perceive othersDistorts how we perceive othersPrejudicePrejudiceSelf fulfilling prophecySelf fulfilling prophecy

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders in general refer to in general refer to disorders that involve disorders that involve persistent and persistent and distressingdistressing nervousness and nervousness and apprehension apprehension OROR maladaptive maladaptive behaviorsbehaviors which reduce anxiety (defenses which reduce anxiety (defenses against anxiety). against anxiety).

General Characteristics of Anxiety:General Characteristics of Anxiety:Constant worryingConstant worrying, fear, or uncertainty, fear, or uncertaintyFeels inadequateFeels inadequateOversensitiveOversensitiveDifficulty Difficulty concentratingconcentratingMay suffer May suffer insomniainsomnia

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersGeneralized Anxiety Disorder:Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

person is tense, apprehensive, and person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of in a state of autonomic nervous autonomic nervous system arousal.system arousal.

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPanic Disorder: Panic Disorder:

disorder marked by disorder marked by moments of intense moments of intense dreaddread in which a in which a person experiences person experiences terror and terror and accompanying accompanying chest chest painpain or other or other frightening sensations. frightening sensations. “Panic Attacks.”“Panic Attacks.”

1 in 75 ppl1 in 75 ppl

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersObsessive Obsessive

Compulsive Compulsive Disorder (OCD):Disorder (OCD): disorder disorder characterized by characterized by unwanted unwanted repetitive repetitive thoughtsthoughts (obsessions) (obsessions) and/or and/or actionsactions (compulsions).(compulsions).

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPhobia:Phobia: disorder marked by disorder marked by

persistent, irrational fear and persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of specific objectavoidance of specific object or or situation. situation.

Common PhobiasCommon Phobias

Claustrophobic?Claustrophobic?

Agoraphobic?Agoraphobic?

Acrophobic?Acrophobic?

Xenophobic? Xenophobic?

PhobiasPhobias

TriskaidekaphobiaTriskaidekaphobia

PhobiasPhobias

Santa Santa ClaustrophobiaClaustrophobia

PhobiaPhobia

TrichophobiaTrichophobia

Anxiety DisordersAnxiety DisordersPost-Traumatic Post-Traumatic

Stress Disorder:Stress Disorder: disorder brought on disorder brought on by traumatic by traumatic experiences, experiences, memories. memories. Characterized by Characterized by haunting memories haunting memories and nightmaresand nightmares, , social withdrawal, or social withdrawal, or anxiety.anxiety.

Anxiety Disorder (NOT IN Anxiety Disorder (NOT IN BOOK)BOOK) Tourettes Syndrome:Tourettes Syndrome:

involves involves involuntary involuntary twitchingtwitching and the making and the making of unusual sounds.of unusual sounds.

--dopaminedopamine which helps which helps control movement and control movement and norepinephrine,norepinephrine, which which helps body respond to helps body respond to stress seems to be stress seems to be involved in Tourettes involved in Tourettes Syndrome. Syndrome.

Causes of Anxiety Disorders Causes of Anxiety Disorders from Learning Perspective from Learning Perspective

(Behavioral)(Behavioral)1. 1. Fear ConditioningFear Conditioning : : ex:ex: rape victim may rape victim may

develop fear of being alone in apartment.develop fear of being alone in apartment.2. 2. Stimulus GeneralizationStimulus Generalization:: ex: fear of ex: fear of

heights leads to fear of flying even without heights leads to fear of flying even without flying.flying.

3. 3. Reinforcement Reinforcement (ENCOURAGES (ENCOURAGES behavior):behavior): avoiding places you have phobia avoiding places you have phobia about rewards you by lessening your anxiety.about rewards you by lessening your anxiety.

4. 4. Observational Learning/ModelingObservational Learning/Modeling ex:ex: monkeys with snakes.monkeys with snakes.

Causes of Anxiety Disorders Causes of Anxiety Disorders from Biological Perspectivefrom Biological Perspective

1. 1. Evolution:Evolution: certain certain fears help us survive.fears help us survive.

2. 2. Genes:Genes: correlations with correlations with identical twinsidentical twins and and phobias.phobias.

3. 3. Physiology:Physiology: brain brain chemistry. Often see chemistry. Often see increased brain activities in increased brain activities in brain areas involving brain areas involving impulse control. impulse control. Ex:Ex: picture picture overactive frontal lobe overactive frontal lobe activityactivity involved in involved in directing attention. directing attention.