warm-up #36 complete study guide page 118.. ecosystems and communities climate, what shapes an...
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Warm-Up #36
• Complete Study Guide page 118.
Ecosystems and Communities
Climate, What Shapes an Ecosystem, and Biomes
What is Climate
• Temperature, Precipitation and other environmental factors combine to produce weather and climate.– Weather—the day-to-day conditions of the Earth’s
atmosphere at a particular time and place.– Climate—the average year-after-year conditions of
temperature and precipitation in a particular region.
Climate
• Climate is caused by the interplay of many factors including:– Trapping of heat by the atmosphere (see
greenhouse effect)– Latitutde– Transport of heat by winds and ocean currents– Amount of precipitation– Shape and elevation of land masses
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The GreenhouseEffect
The natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by this layer of gases is called the greenhouse effect.
Sunlight
Earth’s Surface
Atmosphere
Some heat escapes into space
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Greenhouse gases trap some heat
Effect of Latitude on Climate
• Solar radiation strikes different parts of the Earth’s surface at an angle that varies throughout the year.
• At the equator, energy from the sun strikes the Earth almost directly.
• At the North and South Poles, the sun’s rays strike the Earth’s surface at a lower angle.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
The Effect of Latitude on Climate
Sunlight
Most direct sunlight
90°N North Pole
Temperate
Tropical
Temperate
PolarArctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
90°S South Pole
66.5°S
23.5°S
23.5°N
66.5°N
Polar
Sunlight
Sunlight
Sunlight
0°
Effects of Altitude on Climate
What Shapes an Ecosystem?
• The type of ecosystem an organism lives in provide an “address” for the organism.
• It also tells us about the climate and the neighbors it is likely to have.
• What shapes an ecosystem?– Biotic and Abiotic Factors– Niche– Community Interactions
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
• Biotic factors—all living organisms with which you might interact in the ecosystem.
• Abiotic factors—the physical, or nonliving, factors. Includes, temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, nutrient availability, soil type, and sunlight.
• Together the biotic and the abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives.
• This area where the organisms lives is also called a habitat.
How do abiotic factors influence biotic?
The Niche
• The habitat of organism is its address, the niche is its occupation.
• A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.– Place in food web– Temperature range for survival– How it reproduces
Community Interactions
• Community interactions can powerfully affect an ecosystem.
• They include:– Competition– Predation– Symbiosis
Competition
• Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
• Competitive-Exclusion principle—No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
• Figure 4-5—How do the Warblers all live in the same tree?
Predation (+/-)
• An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is predation.– The attacker is the predator– The one who is eaten is the prey
Symbiosis
• Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis.
• Three types of symbiosis:– Mutualism– Commensalism– Parasitism
Mutualism (+,+)
• Both species benefit from relationship.
Commensalism (+,0)
• One member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
Parasitism (+,-)
• On organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.
Ecological Succession
• Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community.
• This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession.
Types of Succession
Primary• 1st time plants or animals are established• New island• Volcanoes• Glaciers• Bare soil, rock
Secondary• After a “blowout”• Re-establish a
community• Already had living
organisms• Fire, flood, human
disruption
BOTH PRIMARY & SECONDARY have these
Succession communities:
1. Pioneer species
2. Intermediate species
3. Climax community
Pioneer species:
• Lichens (algae & fungi) break apart rock to make soil
• Grasses• Annual flowers• Mosses
Climax Community: final set of organisms suited to that climate
Biomes
• Ecologists group Earth’s diverse environments into Biomes—complex terrestrial communities that cover a large area and are characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular groups of plants and animals.
• Because each species is adapted to certain conditions, the climate of a region is an important factor in determining which organisms can survive there.
Major Biomes
• Tropical Rain Forest• Tropical Dry Forest• Tropical Savanna• Desert• Temperate Grassland
• Temperate Woodland (chaparral)
• Temperate Forest (deciduous)
• Coniferous Forest• Boreal Forest (Taiga)• Tundra
Tropical Rain Forest
• Abiotic: Hot and wet year-round, thin, nutrient-poor soil.
• Plants: broad leaves, evergreens, ferns
• Animals: Wide variety• Location: South and
Central America, Southeast Asia, Parts of Africa, southern India, and northeastern Austrailia
Tropical Dry Forest
• Abiotic: generally warm year-round, alternating wet and dry seasons
• Plants: tall deciduous trees, dense canopy
• Animals: tigers, monkeys, elephants, rhinos
• Location: parts of Africa, South and Central America, Mexico, India, Australia and tropical islands.
Tropical Savanna
• Abiotic: warm temperatures, seasonal rainfall, frequent fires
• Plants: Tall perrenial grasses, a few trees and shrubs
• Animals: Lions, leopards, cheetahs, hyenas, elephants, zebras
• Location: Eastern Africa, southern Brazil, Northern Austrailia
Desert
• Abiotic: Low precipitation
• Plants: Cacti, succulents• Animals: mountain lions,
gray foxes, mule deer pronghorn, hawks, roadrunners
• Location: Africa, Asia, Middle East, United States, Mexico, South America, Austrailia
Temperate Grassland
• Abiotic: warm to hot summers, cold winters, seasonal precipitation
• Plants: Lush perennial grasses and herbs
• Animals: coyotes, badgers, wolves, grizzly bears, rabbits, bison
• Location: central Asia, North America, Austrailia, central Europe, South America
Temperate Woodland and Shrubland (Chaparral)
• Abiotic: hot dry summers, moist winters
• Plants: Woody evergreen shrubs with small leathery leaves
• Animals: coyotes, foxes bobcats, mountain lions, deer, rabbits, lizards, snakes
• Location: West coast of North and South America, Around Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, Austrailia.
Temperate Forest
• Abiotic: cold to moderate winters, warm summers, year round precipitation
• Plants: Deciduous trees, some conifers and flowering shrubs, mosses and ferns
• Plants: deer, black bears, raccoons, skunks
• Location: Eastern US, SE Canada, most of Europe, Japan, China and Austrailia
Northwestern Coniferous Forest
• Abiotic: mild temperatures, abundant precipitation except in summer
• Plants: Douglas Fir, Sitka spruce, western hemlock, redwood
• Animals: bears, elk, deer, beavers
• Location; Pacific Coast of US and Canada
Boreal Forest (Taiga)
• Abiotic: long cold winters, short mild summers moderate precipitation
• Plants: Needleleaf coniferous trees, deciduous trees, berry shrubs
• Animals: lynxes, timber wolves, moose, beavers
• Location; North America, Asia, Northern Europe
Tundra
• Abiotic: Strong winds, low precipitation, short soggy summers, long cold, dark winters
• Plants: mosses, lichens, sedges, short grasses
• Animals: arctic fox, caribou, lemmings
• Location: Northern North America, Asia, and Europe
Homework
• STUDY FOR TEST—Powerpoint is online• Homework Packets– Warm-Ups #36-37—4 points– Study Guide—6 points– Chaparral Plant Lab—5 points– Canyon Hike—10 points– Extra Credit for exam—Text 116 webcode: cba-
2040• Study Guide 119