Warm Up 2/10 & 2/11

1. In which trophic level would you place an herbivore?

2. How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

3. In which trophic level do you find the greatest amount of biomass? Energy?

4. What is transpiration?

• 1. An herbivore is on the second trophic level

• 2. Only 10 % of the energy is available for the next trophic level

• 3. The greatest amount of biomass is found on the first trophic level. Also the greatest amount of energy.

• 4.Transpiration is evaporation of water from the leaves of plants.

Today

Hand in Mercury Poisoning Lab

Do Warm up

Review Homework

Quiz 1

Pre-Lab Explanation

Notes on Chapter 14

Interactions in Ecosystems

Chapter 14: Interactions in Ecosystems

What is Climate?Weather – the day-to-day condition of Earth’s

atmosphere at a particular time and place.

Climate – refers to the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region.

The Greenhouse EffectCarbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and a few other

atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range.

Greenhouse effect – natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases.

Light

Heat

GREENHOUSE EFFECT:CO2 lets sunlight through butretains the heat generatedby the sun

CO2

Adding CO2 to the airincreases the greenhouse effect

Removal of CO2 from the air byphotosynthesizing plants and

algae decreases the greenhouse

effect

CO2 CO2

The Greenhouse Effect

What Shapes an Ecosystem?Biotic Factors – biological influences on organisms

within an ecosystem. (living factors)

Abiotic Factors – physical, or nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem.

Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity

of the ecosystem in which the organism lives.

What Shapes an Ecosystem?Habitat – the area where an organism lives. Includes

both biotic and abiotic factors.

Niche – is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which the organism lives and

the way in which the organism uses those conditions.

Realized Niche – the range of resources an organism actually uses.

Fundamental niche - the range of conditions that a species can potentially tolerate and the range of resources it can potentially use.

• Virtual Investigation: Realized vs Functional Niche: Population Niches and competition

• Animated Biology: Survive within a Niche

Community InteractionsCommunity interactions, such as competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can powerfully affect an

ecosystem.

Resource – refers to any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.

Community InteractionsCompetitive Exclusion Principle – states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat

La Palma, Dominican Republic – competition for food is minimized because each lizard species perches in a certain microhabitat (niche).

Community InteractionsPredation – the interaction in which one organism

captures and feeds on another organism.

Studies show that predation can actually help maintain diversity. Gray wolves were killed out in many parts of North America. What happened to deer and herbivore populations? What happened to many plant species in North American ecosystems?

Videos on Predation

Predator prey Relationship: Sea Anemones

Predator Prey Relationship: Cockel and Snail

Community InteractionsMimicry – a harmless species resembles a poisonous or

distasteful species.

Batesian mimicry – a palatable or harmless species mimics the an unpalatable or harmful model.

Müllerian mimicry – two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.

Community InteractionsCamouflage or cryptic coloration – a passive defense that makes potential prey difficult to spot against its background.

Aposematic coloration – warning coloration; seen in animals with effective

chemical defenses.

SymbiosisAny relationship in which two species live closely

together.

Mutualism – both species benefit from the relationship.

SymbiosisCommensalism – one member of the association

benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

SymbiosisParasitism – one organism lives on or inside another

organism and harms it.

Video Clips

• Video Clip: Symbiotic Relationships

• Visual Concepts: Symbiosis

Ecological SuccessionEcosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem

changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the

community.

Ecological succession – a series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over

time.

Ecological SuccessionPrimary Succession – on land, succession that occurs on

surfaces where no soil exists.

Pioneer Species – the first species to populate an area.

• Visual Concept: Pioneer Species

• Temperate Forest Succesion Animation

Ecological SuccessionSecondary Succession – when a disturbance of some kind changes an existing community without removing the soil.

Succession changes the composition of species found in a community at a specific time by removing some of them or

changing the resources available

Each stage of succession consists of different species

Videos on Succession

• Crash Course: Ecological Succession

• Bozeman: Succession