war in europe 1938 – germany marches into austria unopposed 1938 – germany marches into austria...

War in EuropeWar in Europe

1938 – Germany marches into Austria 1938 – Germany marches into Austria unopposedunopposed

1938 – Germany meets with French 1938 – Germany meets with French premier Daladier and British prime premier Daladier and British prime minister Chamberlain to sign the Munich minister Chamberlain to sign the Munich Agreement – Germany now controls the Agreement – Germany now controls the Sudetenland (western border region of Sudetenland (western border region of Czechoslovakia) Czechoslovakia)

1939 – the remainder of Czechoslovakia is 1939 – the remainder of Czechoslovakia is invaded by Germanyinvaded by Germany

War in EuropeWar in Europe

August 23, 1939 – Germany and the Soviet August 23, 1939 – Germany and the Soviet Union sign a nonaggression pactUnion sign a nonaggression pact

Germany and the Soviet Union also sign Germany and the Soviet Union also sign secret agreement to divide Poland between secret agreement to divide Poland between themthem

Sept. 1, 1939 – Germany invades PolandSept. 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland Military strategy known as Blitzkrieg – use of Military strategy known as Blitzkrieg – use of

fast tanks, aircraft –take enemy by surprisefast tanks, aircraft –take enemy by surprise Sept. 3Sept. 3rdrd – Britain and France declare war on – Britain and France declare war on

Germany Germany

War in EuropeWar in Europe ‘‘The Phony War’ – The Phony War’ –

– buildup of French and British troops along buildup of French and British troops along France’s eastern border –the Maginot Line – France’s eastern border –the Maginot Line – waiting for something to happenwaiting for something to happen

1940 – Germany invades Denmark and 1940 – Germany invades Denmark and Norway Norway

1940 – Germany invades France from the 1940 – Germany invades France from the north and Italy invades from the southnorth and Italy invades from the south

Germany controls Paris and creates a Nazi-Germany controls Paris and creates a Nazi-controlled ‘puppet government’controlled ‘puppet government’

Summer of 1940 – the Battle of Britain – Summer of 1940 – the Battle of Britain – Germany attempts invasion of Britain but Germany attempts invasion of Britain but fails after relentless fightingfails after relentless fighting

America Moves Toward WarAmerica Moves Toward War

Congress passes the Neutrality Act of Congress passes the Neutrality Act of 1939 1939 – ““cash-and-carry policy”cash-and-carry policy”– Warring nations could buy U.S. arms as long Warring nations could buy U.S. arms as long

as they paid cash and transported them in as they paid cash and transported them in their own shipstheir own ships

September 1940 – Germany, Italy, and September 1940 – Germany, Italy, and Japan sign a mutual defense treaty –the Japan sign a mutual defense treaty –the Tripartite Pact – becoming known as the Tripartite Pact – becoming known as the Axis PowersAxis Powers

America Moves Toward WarAmerica Moves Toward War

1940 – Selective Training and Service Act1940 – Selective Training and Service Act– 16 million men between the ages of 21 and 35 16 million men between the ages of 21 and 35

were registeredwere registered March 1941 – Congress passes the Lend-Lease March 1941 – Congress passes the Lend-Lease

ActAct– The U.S. would lend or lease arms and other The U.S. would lend or lease arms and other

supplies to any country whose defense was supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the United Statesvital to the United States

June 1941 – Hitler invades the Soviet Union and June 1941 – Hitler invades the Soviet Union and the U.S. sends supplies to the Soviet Unionthe U.S. sends supplies to the Soviet Union

America Moves Toward WarAmerica Moves Toward War Spring 1941 – German submarines or “wolf Spring 1941 – German submarines or “wolf

packs” were attacking convoys at an alarming packs” were attacking convoys at an alarming raterate

September 1941 – U.S. Navy begins attacking September 1941 – U.S. Navy begins attacking subs and by 1943 the tide in submarine warfare subs and by 1943 the tide in submarine warfare begins to change.begins to change.

1941 – Atlantic Charter1941 – Atlantic Charter– Joint declaration of war aims between the U.S. and Joint declaration of war aims between the U.S. and

BritainBritain– Collective security, disarmament, self-determination, Collective security, disarmament, self-determination,

economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas.economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas. Dec. 7. 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl HarborDec. 7. 1941 – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Mobilizing for DefenseMobilizing for Defense

Building U.S. Defenses:Building U.S. Defenses:– Congress boosted defense spendingCongress boosted defense spending– Selective Training and Service Act – first Selective Training and Service Act – first

peacetime military draftpeacetime military draft– Lend-Lease Act – lending or lease of arms and Lend-Lease Act – lending or lease of arms and

other supplies to “any country whose defense other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States”was vital to the United States”

– Atlantic Charter – joint declaration of war aimsAtlantic Charter – joint declaration of war aims December 7, 1941 – “a date that will live December 7, 1941 – “a date that will live

in infamy”in infamy”

Mobilizing for DefenseMobilizing for Defense

Americans join the war effort:Americans join the war effort:– Selective Service System expanded the Selective Service System expanded the

draft and provided 10 million soldiers to draft and provided 10 million soldiers to meet the armed forces’ needsmeet the armed forces’ needs

– Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – worked as nurses , ambulance drivers, worked as nurses , ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, and pilotsradio operators, electricians, and pilots

– By 1943 – ‘auxiliary’ status dropped and By 1943 – ‘auxiliary’ status dropped and WACs received full U.S. Army benefits WACs received full U.S. Army benefits

Mobilizing for DefenseMobilizing for Defense Industrial response:Industrial response:

– The nation’s automobile plants The nation’s automobile plants were retooled to build tanks, were retooled to build tanks, planes, boats, and command carsplanes, boats, and command cars

– Factories across the nation Factories across the nation converted to war productionconverted to war production

– Shipyards turned out military Shipyards turned out military vessels in record-breaking timevessels in record-breaking time

– By 1944 – 18 million workers By 1944 – 18 million workers labored in war industries – more labored in war industries – more than 6 million were womenthan 6 million were women

The War for Europe and The War for Europe and North AfricaNorth Africa

War Plans:War Plans:– After Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt and Churchill met After Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt and Churchill met

for three weeks to develop strategiesfor three weeks to develop strategies– Churchill convinced Roosevelt to strike first Churchill convinced Roosevelt to strike first

against Germany, allowing for the Allies to gain against Germany, allowing for the Allies to gain an upper hand in Europe, and eventually give an upper hand in Europe, and eventually give more resources to the Pacific theatermore resources to the Pacific theater

Battle of the Atlantic:Battle of the Atlantic:– Early German U-boat campaigns eventually Early German U-boat campaigns eventually

gave way to Allied convoys and improved gave way to Allied convoys and improved tracking systems that turned the tide in the tracking systems that turned the tide in the Atlantic Atlantic


The Battle of Stalingrad:The Battle of Stalingrad:– Germans had been fighting on Soviet Union Germans had been fighting on Soviet Union

soil since June 1941 – Operation Barbarossasoil since June 1941 – Operation Barbarossa– July of 1942 – Germany attempts to take July of 1942 – Germany attempts to take

StalingradStalingrad– Stalingrad was on the verge of collapse until Stalingrad was on the verge of collapse until

winter set in, turning the tide for the Sovietswinter set in, turning the tide for the Soviets– German commanders surrendered in January German commanders surrendered in January

of 1943 of 1943 – Soviets lost over 1,000,000 soldiers defending Soviets lost over 1,000,000 soldiers defending

Stalingrad – Germany lost more than 230,000Stalingrad – Germany lost more than 230,000– After the Battle of Stalingrad, the Soviet Union After the Battle of Stalingrad, the Soviet Union

began moving westward toward Germanybegan moving westward toward Germany

Key American CommandersKey American Commanders

Dwight D. Eisenhower – Dwight D. Eisenhower – – Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Supreme Commander of Allied forces in

EuropeEurope General Douglas MacArthur – General Douglas MacArthur –

– commander of Allied forces in the Pacificcommander of Allied forces in the Pacific General George S. PattonGeneral George S. Patton Fleet Admiral Chester W. NimitzFleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz


The North African Front:The North African Front:– 1942 - Operation Torch – invasion of Axis-1942 - Operation Torch – invasion of Axis-

controlled North Africacontrolled North Africa– Allied commander – Dwight D. EisenhowerAllied commander – Dwight D. Eisenhower– May 1943 – enemy resistance ceasesMay 1943 – enemy resistance ceases

The Italian Campaign:The Italian Campaign:– Summer of 1943 – Mussolini stripped of power Summer of 1943 – Mussolini stripped of power

and arrestedand arrested– 1944 – Battle of Anzio – 25,000 Allied and 1944 – Battle of Anzio – 25,000 Allied and

30,000 Axis casualties30,000 Axis casualties– German resistance continued in Italy until the German resistance continued in Italy until the

war’s close in 1945war’s close in 1945


D-Day:D-Day:– Code-named Operation OverlordCode-named Operation Overlord– June 6, 1944June 6, 1944– Attack took place at Normandy in northern Attack took place at Normandy in northern

FranceFrance– Landing points – Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Landing points – Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and

Sword beachheadsSword beachheads– Within 1 month – 1 million troops landed, Within 1 month – 1 million troops landed,

567,000 tons of supplies, and 170,000 vehicles567,000 tons of supplies, and 170,000 vehicles


Battle of the Bulge:Battle of the Bulge:– October 1944 – Germans went on offensive October 1944 – Germans went on offensive

sending eight German tank divisions 60 miles sending eight German tank divisions 60 miles in allied territoryin allied territory

– Germans were eventually pushed back – losing Germans were eventually pushed back – losing 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and assault guns, 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and assault guns, and 1,600 planes – which could not be and 1,600 planes – which could not be replacedreplaced

– Malmedy – massacre of 120 American GIs by Malmedy – massacre of 120 American GIs by the German SS the German SS

As the Allies pushed eastward and the Soviets As the Allies pushed eastward and the Soviets westward, the horror of concentration camps westward, the horror of concentration camps were discovered and finally liberatedwere discovered and finally liberated

June 6,1944---------------

Normandy (D-Day)

Battle of the Bulge

16 December 1944 - 25 January

1945

Anzio (Operation Shingle)

January 1944

Monte Cassino

Spring of 1944

Operation Market-Operation Market-GardenGarden

September 17, 1944September 17, 1944

Invasion of Sicily

July 10, 1943

The War for Europe and North The War for Europe and North AfricaAfrica

April 12, 1945 – President Roosevelt died April 12, 1945 – President Roosevelt died of a stroke and Harry S. Truman became of a stroke and Harry S. Truman became the nation’s 33the nation’s 33rdrd president president

April 25, 1945 – Soviet Union storms BerlinApril 25, 1945 – Soviet Union storms Berlin April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicideApril 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicide May 8, 1945 – Eisenhower accepts the May 8, 1945 – Eisenhower accepts the

unconditional surrender of the Third Reichunconditional surrender of the Third Reich V-E Day – Victory in Europe Day is V-E Day – Victory in Europe Day is

celebratedcelebrated

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor had Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor had

fortunately missed the Pacific Fleet’s fortunately missed the Pacific Fleet’s submarines and aircraft carrierssubmarines and aircraft carriers

Six months following Pearl Harbor, the Six months following Pearl Harbor, the Japanese expanded their territory to include Japanese expanded their territory to include Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Hong Kong, French Indochina, Malaya, Burma, Thailand, and much of ChinaBurma, Thailand, and much of China

Many islands across the Pacific were also Many islands across the Pacific were also captured – Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake captured – Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Island, and Solomon IslandsIsland, and Solomon Islands

Philippines – Douglas MacArthur forced to Philippines – Douglas MacArthur forced to retreat and leave Bataanretreat and leave Bataan

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific Doolittle’s Raid:Doolittle’s Raid:

– April 1942 – James Doolittle leads 16 bombers in an April 1942 – James Doolittle leads 16 bombers in an attack on Tokyoattack on Tokyo

Battle of the Coral Sea:Battle of the Coral Sea:– Five-day battle in May of 1942 that stopped the Five-day battle in May of 1942 that stopped the

Japanese drive toward AustraliaJapanese drive toward Australia Battle of Midway:Battle of Midway:

– Japanese fleet attacked before they could take Midway Japanese fleet attacked before they could take Midway Island – losing four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 Island – losing four aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planesplanes

– Midway marked a turning point in the Pacific – the Allies Midway marked a turning point in the Pacific – the Allies started to reclaim many islands back from the Japanese started to reclaim many islands back from the Japanese and get closer to mainland Japan and get closer to mainland Japan

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific

The Allies go on the offensive:The Allies go on the offensive:– August 1942 – battle for Guadalcanal in the August 1942 – battle for Guadalcanal in the

Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands– October 1944 – Battle of Leyte Gulf - 178,000 October 1944 – Battle of Leyte Gulf - 178,000

Allied troops and 738 ships converge on Leyte Allied troops and 738 ships converge on Leyte Island in the Philippines – return of MacArthurIsland in the Philippines – return of MacArthur

– Battle of Leyte Gulf saw the Japanese use Battle of Leyte Gulf saw the Japanese use ‘kamikaze’ tactics – yet in three days of battle ‘kamikaze’ tactics – yet in three days of battle still suffered the loss of 3 battleships, 4 aircraft still suffered the loss of 3 battleships, 4 aircraft carriers, 13 cruisers, and almost 500 planes carriers, 13 cruisers, and almost 500 planes

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific Iwo Jima:Iwo Jima:

– Strategic island that could be used for bombers to reach Strategic island that could be used for bombers to reach JapanJapan

– Defended by 20,700 JapaneseDefended by 20,700 Japanese– 6,000 marines died taking the island – only 200 Japanese 6,000 marines died taking the island – only 200 Japanese

survivedsurvived Battle for Okinawa:Battle for Okinawa:

– April-June 1945 April-June 1945 – Over 12,000 Americans killedOver 12,000 Americans killed– An estimated 110,000 Japanese killedAn estimated 110,000 Japanese killed– 1,900 Kamikaze attacks – sinking 30 ships, and 1,900 Kamikaze attacks – sinking 30 ships, and

damaging more than 300, almost 5,000 seamen killeddamaging more than 300, almost 5,000 seamen killed


The Atomic Bomb Ends the War:The Atomic Bomb Ends the War:– Manhattan Project – research directed Manhattan Project – research directed

by J. Robert Oppenheimerby J. Robert Oppenheimer– More than 600,000 Americans involved More than 600,000 Americans involved

in the projectin the project– First test took place in New Mexico on First test took place in New Mexico on

July 16, 1945July 16, 1945– Truman makes the decision to use the Truman makes the decision to use the

atomic bombatomic bomb


August 6, 1945 – the August 6, 1945 – the Enola GayEnola Gay drops an drops an atomic bomb code-named Little Boy over atomic bomb code-named Little Boy over HiroshimaHiroshima

August 9, 1945 - second atomic bomb August 9, 1945 - second atomic bomb code-named Fat Man dropped on Nagasakicode-named Fat Man dropped on Nagasaki

September 2, 1945 – Japan formally September 2, 1945 – Japan formally surrenders aboard the U.S. battleship surrenders aboard the U.S. battleship MissouriMissouri

January 1942----------

Bataan PeninsulaFebruary 1942----------Java Sea

May 1942----------

Coral Sea

June 1942----------

Battle of Midway

February 1943-----------------Guadalcanal

Limit of Japanese

Advance

November 1943-----------------

Tarawa

January 1944---------------Kwajalein

February 1944---------------Enewetak

March 1944---------------

Bougainville Island

June 1944---------------

SaipanJuly to August 1944---------------

Guam

September 1944---------------

Peleliu

October 1944---------------

Gulf of Leyte

February to March 1945---------------

Iwo Jima

April to June 1945---------------Okinawa

Casualty:

USA – 1 carrier sunk, approximately 300 killed

JPN – 4 carriers sunk, 3057 killed

Casualty:

USA – over12,000 killed or wounded

JPN – 66,000 killed, 7,000 captured

Casualty:

USA – approximately 6,000 killed

JPN – more than 20,000 killed

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific Rebuilding Begins:Rebuilding Begins:

– The Yalta Conference – Feb. 1945 - Roosevelt Churchill and The Yalta Conference – Feb. 1945 - Roosevelt Churchill and Stalin (the Big Three) meet to decide fate of Germany and the Stalin (the Big Three) meet to decide fate of Germany and the postwar worldpostwar world

– Germany dived into four zones – American, British, Soviet, and Germany dived into four zones – American, British, Soviet, and FrenchFrench

Nuremberg War Trials:Nuremberg War Trials:– Nazi leaders put on trial for war crimes Nazi leaders put on trial for war crimes – 12 of 24 defendants sentenced to death12 of 24 defendants sentenced to death– Nearly 200 more Nazis found guilty of war crimesNearly 200 more Nazis found guilty of war crimes

The Occupation of Japan:The Occupation of Japan:– MacArthur commands the occupationMacArthur commands the occupation– More than 1,100 Japanese arrested and put on trialMore than 1,100 Japanese arrested and put on trial– Japan’s economy introduced to free-market practices Japan’s economy introduced to free-market practices – New constitution created allowing for women’s suffrage and New constitution created allowing for women’s suffrage and

basic freedomsbasic freedoms

war in europe 1938 – germany marches into austria unopposed 1938 – germany marches into austria...

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