war by hassaan

7/31/2019 WAR by Hassaan

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WAR

What is war?

War is an organized, armed, and, often, a prolonged conflict that is carried on

between states, nations, or other parties typified by extreme aggression,social disruption, and usually high mortality. War should be understood as an

actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between politicalcommunities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence.

Nationalism: deep devotion to ones nation. - This force unifies people, yetit can cause animosity, competition towards others, and feeling superiority. -Rivalries were enormous between the five Great Power Great Britain, France,

Italy, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungry.

Imperialism- The Scramble for Africa since Imperialism: policy which astrong country seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, and

socially. - The industrial revolution made it necessary to obtain more andmore natural resources, so the European countries looked to other places to

get their resources. - The 1800s spawned huge reveries Germany andFrance nearly went to war in 1905 over Morocco for example.

Militarism:Glorifying war and keeping a military ready for war - A big arms

race developed in the 1890s European armies doubled between 1890 to 1914- By 1914, conscription (the draft) was normal in the Western world (Great

Britain and the US were exceptions). This made for huge armies. Alliances -Alliances: military agreements to support your ally in war (a defensive pact

is a bit different it only works if you/an ally are attacked first) - Lead by the

Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Germany was united in 1871 after theFranco- Prussia war (France lost to Prussia). - Germany saw France as a

danger, and desperately wanted to isolate them. As a result, they allied withAustria-Hungry and later Italy. This was the Triple Alliance. By 1887, a peace

treaty with Russia was completed, so this gave Germany a lot of protection.


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War against Afghanistan:

The Soviet war in Afghanistan was a nine-year war during the Cold War fought by the Soviet

Army and the Marxist-Leninist government of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan against theAfghan Mujahedeen guerrilla movement and foreign "ArabAfghan" volunteers. The mujahedeen

received wide military and financial support from Pakistan, also receiving direct and indirectsupport by the United States and China. The Afghan government fought with the intervention ofthe Soviet Union as its primary ally. The War in Afghanistan began on October 7, 2001, as the

armed forces of the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and the Afghan United Front

(Northern Alliance) launched Operation Enduring Freedom. The primary driver of the invasionwas the September 11 attacks on the United States, with the stated goal of dismantling the al-

Qaeda terrorist organization and ending its use of Afghanistan as a base. The United States also

said that it would remove the Taliban regime from power and create a viable democratic state.

More than a decade into the war, NATO forces continue to battle a widespread Taliban insurgency,and the war has expanded into the tribal area of neighboring Pakistan. The War in Afghanistan is

also the United States' longest running war. The preludes to the war were the assassination of the

Northern Alliance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud on September 9, 2001, and the September 11attacks in the United States, in which nearly 3,000 civilians were killed in New York City,

Arlington, Virginia, and Shanksville, Pennsylvania. The United States identified members of al-

Qaeda, an organization based in, operating out of, and allied with the Taliban's Islamic Emirate ofAfghanistan, as the perpetrators of the attacks. In the first phase of Operation Enduring Freedom,

ground forces of the Afghan United Front working with teams of U.S. and British Special Forces

and with U.S. air support, ousted the Taliban regime from power in Kabul and most of Afghanistan

in a matter of weeks. Most of the senior Taliban leadership fled to neighboring Pakistan, somebeing flown out in the Kunduz airlift. The democratic Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was

established and an interim government under Hamid Karzai was created which was also

democratically elected by the Afghan people in the 2004 general elections. The International

Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was established by the U.N. Security Council at the end ofDecember 2001 to secure Kabul and the surrounding areas. This was after the US sought to make

sure that it would not interfere with its ongoing counterterrorism initiatives in the country,changing the originally titled "International Security Force" to ISAF. NATO assumed control of

ISAF in 2003. ISAF includes troops from 42 countries, with NATO members providing the core of

the force. The stated aim of the invasion was to find Osama bin Laden and other high-ranking al-Qaeda members to be put on trial, to destroy the organization of al-Qaeda, and to remove the

Taliban regime which supported and gave safe harbor to it. In 2003, Taliban forces started an

insurgency campaign against the democratic Islamic Republic and the presence of ISAF-troops in

Afghanistan. Their headquarters are alleged to be in or near Quetta, Pakistan. Since 2006,Afghanistan has experienced a dramatic increase in Taliban-led insurgent activity. Since the

coalition intervention in 2001, more than 5.7 million refugees have returned to Afghanistan. OnMay 21, 2012 the leaders of the NATO-member countries endorsed an exit strategy during the2012 NATO Summit in Chicago.


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War of Bosnia:

The Bosnian War or the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina was an international armed conflict that

took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1 March 1992 and 14 December 1995. The warinvolved several factions. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and

Herzegovina and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities withinBosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Ruska and Herzeg-Bosnia, who were led and supplied bySerbia and Croatia respectively. The war came about as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia.

Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from the Socialist Federal Republic of

Yugoslavia in 1991, the multi-ethnic Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which wasinhabited by Muslim Bosnians (44 percent), Orthodox Serbs (31 percent) and Catholic Croats (17

percent), passed a referendum for independence on 29 February 1992. This was rejected by the

political representatives of the Bosnian Serbs, who had boycotted the referendum and established

their own republic. Following the declaration of independence, the Bosnian Serbs, supported bythe Serbian government of Slobodan Milosevic and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), mobilized

their forces inside the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to secure Serbian territory,

then war soon broke out across the country, accompanied by the ethnic cleansing of the Bosnianpopulation, especially in Eastern Bosnia. It was principally a territorial conflict, initially between

the Serb forces mostly organized in the Army of Republic Ruska (VRS) on the one side, and the

Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBH) which was largely composed ofBosnians, and the Croat forces in the Croatian Defense Council (HVO) on the other side. The

Croats also aimed at securing parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina as Croatian. The Serb and Croat

political leadership agreed on a partition of Bosnia with the Karaorevo and Graz agreements,

resulting in the Croat forces turning on the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina andthe Croat-Bosnian war. The war was characterized by bitter fighting, indiscriminate shelling of

cities and towns, ethnic cleansing and systematic mass rape, mostly led by Serb and, to a lesser

extent, Croat forces. Events such as the Siege of Sarajevo and the Srebrenica massacre would

become iconic of the conflict. The Serbs, although initially superior due to the vast amount ofweapons and resources provided by the JNA, eventually lost momentum as the Bosnians and

Croats allied themselves against the Republic of Ruska in 1994 with the creation of the Federationof Bosnia and Herzegovina following the Washington agreement. After the Srebrenica and Markel

massacres, NATO intervened during the 1995 Operation Deliberate Force against the positions of

the Army of Republic of Ruska, which proved key in ending the war. The war was brought to anend after the signing of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina

in Paris on 14 December 1995. Peace negotiations were held in Dayton, Ohio, and were finalized

on 21 December 1995. The accords are now known as the Dayton Agreement. A 1995 report by

the Central Intelligence Agency found that Bosnian Serb forces were responsible for 90% of thewar crimes committed during the conflict. As of early 2008, the International Criminal Tribunal for

the former Yugoslavia had convicted 45 Serbs, 12 Croats and 4 Bosnians of war crimes inconnection with the war in Bosnia. The most recent research places the number of people killed at

around 100,000110,000 and the number of people displaced at over 2.2 million, making it the

most devastating conflict in Europe since the end of World War II.


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Advantages and Disadvantages of WAR

There are advantages and disadvantages in every war that can either be minute details or change

the whole course of the war. In the Revolutionary war, there were many advantages anddisadvantages of either side. America and Britain both had different things working for them or

against them; many of these things were very significant by the end of the war. Although bothsides had various advantages and disadvantages, America's advantages outweighed those of the

British. In the war, America had many things working for them, including familiarity of the land,quick access to supply lines, aid from abroad, and the motivation of fighting for a cause. The

Americans were extremely familiar with most of the lands that they fought on, giving them the

strategically advantage. The supply lines in America were very important to the soldiers gettingmunitions, food, and medical supplies to armies quickly in order for them to be able to fight again

fast. A major advantage the Americans had in the war was the help from the French, getting

supplies and troops. The most important advantage for the Americans was having a cause to fightfor. The idea of freedom from an oppressive king and freedom of government gave the Patriots a

very deep sense of commitment to the cause, which helped them to fight better. Although the

Americans had many advantages, they did have their share of disadvantages coming into the war.The Americans were extremely outnumbered by the British, having only 19,000 men. TheAmericans were also poorly trained and poorly armed, making it difficult to inflict many casualties

on the British army. Throughout the war, the British had more disadvantages then advantages. The

war started out with many British advantages like a giant army, a navy, and many quick wins in thebeginning of the war. The British army was composed of over 32,000 soldiers, nearly two times

the size of the American's army.

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